Airborne pollutants such as SO42- and NO3- that cause acid rain may pollute water resources via acid deposition. However, such effects on the water quality of the upper Rio Grande River section in Texas have not been ...Airborne pollutants such as SO42- and NO3- that cause acid rain may pollute water resources via acid deposition. However, such effects on the water quality of the upper Rio Grande River section in Texas have not been systematically studied. The objective of this study is to collect and analyze field data, and perform hydrological and water chemistry analyses to assess acid deposition effects on the river water quality. The analysis of the precipitation data indicates that the concentrations of ions decrease as the quantity of precipitation increases. The precipitation with higher concentrations of SO42- and NO3- has a lower pH while that with higher concentrations of Ca2+ and Na+ has a relatively higher pH value. The analysis of river data demonstrates that the pH value, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) generally decrease when the flow rate increases immediately following precipitation events. The drop in pH following a precipitation event is due to the low pH in the precipitation. The DO and TDS decrease after the precipitation due to the increased flow rate. The slightly higher pH and lower DO values in the eastern section of the river (where the basin is limestone-dominated) as compared to the western section is due to the limestone erosion caused by the acid deposition. The annual stone loss by the acid deposition is about 72,000 m3. The fluctuation between the pH value and the temperature suggests the effect of CaCO3 solubility on the pH value. The water chemistry analysis using Geochemist’s Work Bench (GWB) has been performed to estimate the effect on the oscillation of CaCO3 dissolution-precipitation process. The equilibrium pH decreases with decreasing temperature, but increases as the CaCO3 concentration decreases. The effect of limestone on observed daily pH fluctuations appears to be supported by the simulation.展开更多
根据1983年以来应用地球物理实验夏季班(Summer of Applied GeophysicalExperience(SAGE))现场测量的地球物理资料构制了新墨西哥北Rio Grande裂各Espanola盆地东部的地下结构模型。大约建立了742个新的重力观测站,1276个地面磁测站,30k...根据1983年以来应用地球物理实验夏季班(Summer of Applied GeophysicalExperience(SAGE))现场测量的地球物理资料构制了新墨西哥北Rio Grande裂各Espanola盆地东部的地下结构模型。大约建立了742个新的重力观测站,1276个地面磁测站,30km折射地震测线,19km反射地震测线,22个大地电磁测点以及几条施伦贝格(Schlum-berger)和偶极-偶极电阻率测线。我们的研究结果提供了一个主大陆裂谷的一条边界和该裂谷内一个张性盆地的沉积类型和构造模式的新信息。综合这些资料建立的一条断面显示出,EsPa?ola盆地是不对称的,中心附近约有2-3km的沉积物和沉积岩,向东部变薄至侧面的Sangre de Cristo 隆起前寒武纪露头。发现了一些垂直断距小于200m的小断层,但未见东部大边界断层。因而,EsPa?ofa盆地可能是一个不对称的西倾的半地堑。然而,主断层错距,靠近盆地轴减小,可能发生在Sanger de Cristo 隆起的前寒武纪岩石中。不论哪种情况,盆地的产状与现行的一些大陆裂谷构造演化的模型都不太相符,这些模型突出了产生不对称、枢纽半地堑的低角滑脱断层。它们预测主肩状隆起应发生在由铲状主断层所限定的地堑之边一侧,而不是枢纽边一侧。相反,对于EsPa?ofa盆地主隆起发生在东侧附近,这可能是盆地的枢纽边。在靠近盆地中心的新第三系沉积物和沉积岩中发现了一块具有高p波速度(4.4km/s)和低电阻率(5?·m)的厚古沉积岩楔,该楔在剖面的西端具有1.2 km的最大厚度,向东则变薄.物性监定结果认为,该层可能是早第三系,或是一块中一古生界岩段。如果是后者,它就有潜在的重要经济价值,因为这里可能存在白圣系岩段.白王系是众所周知的南部Albuquerque盆地和北部San Luis盆地产油气的岩层。然而,根据Yates La Mesa2号井的资料,断面南10km,该楔可能是中第三纪湖成沉积(NM0cD,1986)。巨厚的湖成沉积可能是出露在盆地南部、西南部和西北部边界的始新世Galisteo和古新世Rito地层的主湖相。大地电磁资料认为下伏在中央EsPa而la盆地下方的结晶基底比东部边界附近更具导电性。整个EsPa?ofa盆地下方深15km处下伏着一个约10?m的高电导层。浅部和深部低电阻带都可能起因于热的含盐流体。壳内深部的这类流体可以明显地降低地壳的剪切强度和使地壳的扩张集中在裂谷的西边一侧。展开更多
Benthic macroinvertebrates (aquatic insects) were collected from the Rio Grande upstream and downstream of Los Alamos Canyon (LAC), a major drainage that crosses Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands in northern...Benthic macroinvertebrates (aquatic insects) were collected from the Rio Grande upstream and downstream of Los Alamos Canyon (LAC), a major drainage that crosses Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands in northern New Mexico, USA. LAC contains legacy waste, including radionuclides and polychlorinated biphenyls, and occasionally discharges storm water and snowmelt flows to the Rio Grande. The Rio Grande is the major waterway that flows southward across the state. In 2009, rock baskets were placed in waters 61- to 76-cm-deep within each reach (five per reach), and, after approximately 6 weeks of colonization, the rock baskets were retrieved. All samples were sorted completely and organisms were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Both reaches in 2009 were dominated by the collector filtering net-spinning caddisfly, Hydropsyche occidentalis. In 2011, benthic macroinvertebrates were collected using D kick nets from shallow riffle locations (15- to 31-cm depth) from each reach (six per reach). These samples were collected after post- (Las Conchas) fire flooding events moved sediment and ash through the two study areas—the downstream reach, however, was affected by higher flows and greater number of flooding events than those affecting the upstream reach. Each kick net sample consisted of ten 1-m (kick) samples. The 10 subsamples were composited and organisms were picked from randomly selected cells in a sorting pan until 500 organisms had been identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Both reaches in 2011 were dominated by the collector-gathering mayfly, Baetis tricaudatus. A bioassessment of the downstream reach compared with the upstream (reference) reach was conducted by scoring 10 metrics related to the structure and function of the benthic macroinvertebrate community. While 2009 ranked at the highest level (nonimpaired), 2011 ranked a level lower (slightly impaired). The slightly lower bioassessment score of the downstream reach in 2011 may be a result of flooding impacts following the Las Conchas fire rather than of LANL operations. Overall, based on the similarity of benthic macroinvertebrate metrics between reaches and the composition of benthic macroinvertebrates favoring pollution intolerant taxa, LANL influences, if any, via the LAC system to the Rio Grande are not significantly impacting water quality of the Rio Grande.展开更多
There is a need for an alternative sustainable fuel based on renewable sources and efficient carbon dioxide scrubbers. Alkyl esters prepared by transesterification of vegetable oils from various plants have been evalu...There is a need for an alternative sustainable fuel based on renewable sources and efficient carbon dioxide scrubbers. Alkyl esters prepared by transesterification of vegetable oils from various plants have been evaluated. In this work the potential of sustainable macroalgae bioethanol in biofuel production by transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil was assessed. Rhizoclonium grande macroalgae was collected from Shimoni shores in Kwale, Shelly beach in Mombasa, Jamvi la Wageni in Mtongwe Likoni, English point near Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Mombasa, dried and processed to obtain 5.36% ± 0.355% v/w bioethanol using Aspergilus niger for hydrolysis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation. J. curcas seeds were collected from contracted farmers of Energy Africa in Shimba hills, Coast region. Oil from the seeds was machine cold pressed and solvent extracted using n-hexane giving 44% - 53%v/w yield. The physicochemical properties of the J. curcas oil were investigated. Transesterification of J. curcas oil was carried out using bioethanol from the algae with 63% - 70% FAEE yield. Characterisation of the bioethanol and ethyl esters was done using GC-MS. Physicochemical and fuel properties of the biofuel were investigated at Technical University of Mombasa (TUM), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Government Chemist and Kenya Pipeline Laboratories in Mombasa. There was significant difference in physicochemical and fuel properties observed in density, calorific value, kinematic viscosity, pour point and cloud point between the Jatropha oil and Jatropha fatty acid ethyl esters (JAT FAEE) samples. No significant difference observed in the physicochemical and fuel properties between the JAT FAEE and standard biodiesel samples. This was according to statistical analysis of data done using STATA/SE 13.0 and Xlstat at 95% confidence level (P < 0.05) two-tailed. From the findings bioethanol from R. grande biomass used in transesterification has a potential to improve the sustainability, physicochemical and fuel properties of biofuel from J. curcas a non-food crop. The effect of the use of bioethanol and its byproduct on shelf life of the biofuel can further be investigated.展开更多
法国不仅盛行浪漫,更盛产奢侈品,除了豪车、美酒、服饰、时尚商品外,音响产品和音乐文化艺术一样不落,处处体现价值,提高品味,很多奢侈品不仅是土豪男士们的热爱,也是众多女性的梦幻尊贵。那么,法国音响产品属于入列奢侈品的话,今天笔...法国不仅盛行浪漫,更盛产奢侈品,除了豪车、美酒、服饰、时尚商品外,音响产品和音乐文化艺术一样不落,处处体现价值,提高品味,很多奢侈品不仅是土豪男士们的热爱,也是众多女性的梦幻尊贵。那么,法国音响产品属于入列奢侈品的话,今天笔者要说的这款FOCAL旗舰Grande Utopia EM EVO黑金版音箱,绝对可以是其中之一。展开更多
FOCAL 1028 Be Grande Gold至尊金版落地音箱既承接FOCAL的技术，又展示了它作为一款限量特别版产品的魅力 作为一款全球范围内只在中港澳销售的特别版产品，FOCAL这款1028 Be Grande Gold至尊金版落地箱无论在制作工艺还是单元配置上...FOCAL 1028 Be Grande Gold至尊金版落地音箱既承接FOCAL的技术，又展示了它作为一款限量特别版产品的魅力 作为一款全球范围内只在中港澳销售的特别版产品，FOCAL这款1028 Be Grande Gold至尊金版落地箱无论在制作工艺还是单元配置上，均延续了原系列的既有特色与水准。这款音箱属于1000Be概念版产品。FOCAL在设计上通过使用玫瑰金高音面板、特制钢琴漆红木外皮、铍振膜高音单元、W三明洽中低音单元来凸现出这款音箱作为特别版的特殊之处，同时，也展现其在厂方著名系列中的承接作用。展开更多
文摘Airborne pollutants such as SO42- and NO3- that cause acid rain may pollute water resources via acid deposition. However, such effects on the water quality of the upper Rio Grande River section in Texas have not been systematically studied. The objective of this study is to collect and analyze field data, and perform hydrological and water chemistry analyses to assess acid deposition effects on the river water quality. The analysis of the precipitation data indicates that the concentrations of ions decrease as the quantity of precipitation increases. The precipitation with higher concentrations of SO42- and NO3- has a lower pH while that with higher concentrations of Ca2+ and Na+ has a relatively higher pH value. The analysis of river data demonstrates that the pH value, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) generally decrease when the flow rate increases immediately following precipitation events. The drop in pH following a precipitation event is due to the low pH in the precipitation. The DO and TDS decrease after the precipitation due to the increased flow rate. The slightly higher pH and lower DO values in the eastern section of the river (where the basin is limestone-dominated) as compared to the western section is due to the limestone erosion caused by the acid deposition. The annual stone loss by the acid deposition is about 72,000 m3. The fluctuation between the pH value and the temperature suggests the effect of CaCO3 solubility on the pH value. The water chemistry analysis using Geochemist’s Work Bench (GWB) has been performed to estimate the effect on the oscillation of CaCO3 dissolution-precipitation process. The equilibrium pH decreases with decreasing temperature, but increases as the CaCO3 concentration decreases. The effect of limestone on observed daily pH fluctuations appears to be supported by the simulation.
文摘根据1983年以来应用地球物理实验夏季班(Summer of Applied GeophysicalExperience(SAGE))现场测量的地球物理资料构制了新墨西哥北Rio Grande裂各Espanola盆地东部的地下结构模型。大约建立了742个新的重力观测站,1276个地面磁测站,30km折射地震测线,19km反射地震测线,22个大地电磁测点以及几条施伦贝格(Schlum-berger)和偶极-偶极电阻率测线。我们的研究结果提供了一个主大陆裂谷的一条边界和该裂谷内一个张性盆地的沉积类型和构造模式的新信息。综合这些资料建立的一条断面显示出,EsPa?ola盆地是不对称的,中心附近约有2-3km的沉积物和沉积岩,向东部变薄至侧面的Sangre de Cristo 隆起前寒武纪露头。发现了一些垂直断距小于200m的小断层,但未见东部大边界断层。因而,EsPa?ofa盆地可能是一个不对称的西倾的半地堑。然而,主断层错距,靠近盆地轴减小,可能发生在Sanger de Cristo 隆起的前寒武纪岩石中。不论哪种情况,盆地的产状与现行的一些大陆裂谷构造演化的模型都不太相符,这些模型突出了产生不对称、枢纽半地堑的低角滑脱断层。它们预测主肩状隆起应发生在由铲状主断层所限定的地堑之边一侧,而不是枢纽边一侧。相反,对于EsPa?ofa盆地主隆起发生在东侧附近,这可能是盆地的枢纽边。在靠近盆地中心的新第三系沉积物和沉积岩中发现了一块具有高p波速度(4.4km/s)和低电阻率(5?·m)的厚古沉积岩楔,该楔在剖面的西端具有1.2 km的最大厚度,向东则变薄.物性监定结果认为,该层可能是早第三系,或是一块中一古生界岩段。如果是后者,它就有潜在的重要经济价值,因为这里可能存在白圣系岩段.白王系是众所周知的南部Albuquerque盆地和北部San Luis盆地产油气的岩层。然而,根据Yates La Mesa2号井的资料,断面南10km,该楔可能是中第三纪湖成沉积(NM0cD,1986)。巨厚的湖成沉积可能是出露在盆地南部、西南部和西北部边界的始新世Galisteo和古新世Rito地层的主湖相。大地电磁资料认为下伏在中央EsPa而la盆地下方的结晶基底比东部边界附近更具导电性。整个EsPa?ofa盆地下方深15km处下伏着一个约10?m的高电导层。浅部和深部低电阻带都可能起因于热的含盐流体。壳内深部的这类流体可以明显地降低地壳的剪切强度和使地壳的扩张集中在裂谷的西边一侧。
文摘Benthic macroinvertebrates (aquatic insects) were collected from the Rio Grande upstream and downstream of Los Alamos Canyon (LAC), a major drainage that crosses Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands in northern New Mexico, USA. LAC contains legacy waste, including radionuclides and polychlorinated biphenyls, and occasionally discharges storm water and snowmelt flows to the Rio Grande. The Rio Grande is the major waterway that flows southward across the state. In 2009, rock baskets were placed in waters 61- to 76-cm-deep within each reach (five per reach), and, after approximately 6 weeks of colonization, the rock baskets were retrieved. All samples were sorted completely and organisms were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Both reaches in 2009 were dominated by the collector filtering net-spinning caddisfly, Hydropsyche occidentalis. In 2011, benthic macroinvertebrates were collected using D kick nets from shallow riffle locations (15- to 31-cm depth) from each reach (six per reach). These samples were collected after post- (Las Conchas) fire flooding events moved sediment and ash through the two study areas—the downstream reach, however, was affected by higher flows and greater number of flooding events than those affecting the upstream reach. Each kick net sample consisted of ten 1-m (kick) samples. The 10 subsamples were composited and organisms were picked from randomly selected cells in a sorting pan until 500 organisms had been identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Both reaches in 2011 were dominated by the collector-gathering mayfly, Baetis tricaudatus. A bioassessment of the downstream reach compared with the upstream (reference) reach was conducted by scoring 10 metrics related to the structure and function of the benthic macroinvertebrate community. While 2009 ranked at the highest level (nonimpaired), 2011 ranked a level lower (slightly impaired). The slightly lower bioassessment score of the downstream reach in 2011 may be a result of flooding impacts following the Las Conchas fire rather than of LANL operations. Overall, based on the similarity of benthic macroinvertebrate metrics between reaches and the composition of benthic macroinvertebrates favoring pollution intolerant taxa, LANL influences, if any, via the LAC system to the Rio Grande are not significantly impacting water quality of the Rio Grande.
文摘There is a need for an alternative sustainable fuel based on renewable sources and efficient carbon dioxide scrubbers. Alkyl esters prepared by transesterification of vegetable oils from various plants have been evaluated. In this work the potential of sustainable macroalgae bioethanol in biofuel production by transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil was assessed. Rhizoclonium grande macroalgae was collected from Shimoni shores in Kwale, Shelly beach in Mombasa, Jamvi la Wageni in Mtongwe Likoni, English point near Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Mombasa, dried and processed to obtain 5.36% ± 0.355% v/w bioethanol using Aspergilus niger for hydrolysis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation. J. curcas seeds were collected from contracted farmers of Energy Africa in Shimba hills, Coast region. Oil from the seeds was machine cold pressed and solvent extracted using n-hexane giving 44% - 53%v/w yield. The physicochemical properties of the J. curcas oil were investigated. Transesterification of J. curcas oil was carried out using bioethanol from the algae with 63% - 70% FAEE yield. Characterisation of the bioethanol and ethyl esters was done using GC-MS. Physicochemical and fuel properties of the biofuel were investigated at Technical University of Mombasa (TUM), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Government Chemist and Kenya Pipeline Laboratories in Mombasa. There was significant difference in physicochemical and fuel properties observed in density, calorific value, kinematic viscosity, pour point and cloud point between the Jatropha oil and Jatropha fatty acid ethyl esters (JAT FAEE) samples. No significant difference observed in the physicochemical and fuel properties between the JAT FAEE and standard biodiesel samples. This was according to statistical analysis of data done using STATA/SE 13.0 and Xlstat at 95% confidence level (P < 0.05) two-tailed. From the findings bioethanol from R. grande biomass used in transesterification has a potential to improve the sustainability, physicochemical and fuel properties of biofuel from J. curcas a non-food crop. The effect of the use of bioethanol and its byproduct on shelf life of the biofuel can further be investigated.
文摘法国不仅盛行浪漫,更盛产奢侈品,除了豪车、美酒、服饰、时尚商品外,音响产品和音乐文化艺术一样不落,处处体现价值,提高品味,很多奢侈品不仅是土豪男士们的热爱,也是众多女性的梦幻尊贵。那么,法国音响产品属于入列奢侈品的话,今天笔者要说的这款FOCAL旗舰Grande Utopia EM EVO黑金版音箱,绝对可以是其中之一。
文摘FOCAL 1028 Be Grande Gold至尊金版落地音箱既承接FOCAL的技术，又展示了它作为一款限量特别版产品的魅力 作为一款全球范围内只在中港澳销售的特别版产品，FOCAL这款1028 Be Grande Gold至尊金版落地箱无论在制作工艺还是单元配置上，均延续了原系列的既有特色与水准。这款音箱属于1000Be概念版产品。FOCAL在设计上通过使用玫瑰金高音面板、特制钢琴漆红木外皮、铍振膜高音单元、W三明洽中低音单元来凸现出这款音箱作为特别版的特殊之处，同时，也展现其在厂方著名系列中的承接作用。
