Chinese Grouse (Bonasa sewerzowi):its natural history,behavior and conservation

The Chinese Grouse (Bonasa sewerzowi) is a bird endemic to China,inhabiting the conifer-dominated high mountains.It occurs in the most southern range of grouse and is the smallest grouse species in the world.The Chinese Grouse has been listed as an endangered species by the China Red Data Book and placed in Category I of nationally protected animals.Since 1995,we have systematically conducted work on the Chinese Grouse using radiotelemetry techniques at the Lianhuashan Nature Reserve in Gansu Province,western China.In this presentation we summarize the mating behavior,nest site selection,incubation rhythm,winter social behavior,diet and other natural history characteristics of this species.With the aid of landscape ecological methods,we also analyze the condition of habitat fragmentation and propose suggestions for conservation.

The importance of willow to the Chinese Grouse:evidence from analysis on their breeding territories at Lianhuashan,China

Background: The habitat features of breeding territory have important adaptive significance for the survival and reproduction of territory holders.The Chinese Grouse(Tetrastes sewerzowi) is a rare and endemic species with rela?tively small distribution range and decreasing population trend.It is important to elucidate breeding territory habitat requirements of the Chinese Grouse for habitat management and conservation actions.Methods: Using radio?telemetry and field observations,we determined the core areas of 65 breeding territories of males.Two to three samples were selected in each core breeding territory as used sites and compared with nearby sites with no grouse occurrence using logistic regression.Results: Our model showed a high accuracy in prediction of core breeding territory used by males,which preferred stands with more small deciduous trees(0.5 m ≤ height < 5 m),more small willow trees(Salix spp.,0.5 m infl≤ height < 5 m),greater willow cover,and greater herb cover.The number of small willow trees had the great?estuence on males' core breeding territory selection.Dense shrubs were also chosen compared with unused sites Tall conifer trees was an important determinant in the distribution of Chinese Grouse at the landscape scale,and was relatively important in the univariate model,but not included in our final multivariable model.Conclusions: Male Chinese Grouse established territories at sites with abundant food resources.At the landscape scale,the Chinese Grouse occurred in alpine conifer forest.At the territory scale,small willow trees had the most important effect on males' core breeding territory selection.We suggest that the forest gaps in dense conifer for?est are important for improving the occurrence of willows and facilitating breeding territory establishment for the Chinese Grouse.

Egg laying and incubation rhythm of the Chinese Grouse(Tetrastes sewerzowi)at Lianhuashan,Gansu,China

Background:Incubating birds must balance the conflict between thermal needs of the developing embryos and their self?maintenance needs for energy.The Chinese Grouse (Tetrastes sewerzowi) lives in high mountain conifer forests and faces energy stress,cold environment,and predation pressure.Females might adjust incubation rhythm to adapt to these constraints. Methods:Two methods were used to investigate egg laying and incubation pattern of the Chinese Grouse;25 nests were monitored by data loggers and 12 nests by infrared video cameras. Results:Female Chinese Grouses usually laid an egg every 2 days.The incubation period was 28-31 days. Overall incubation constancy for Chinese Grouse was 93%. The females took 5.0 recesses per day and 34% of all 1696 recesses were taken in the crepuscular period. The average recess duration was 20.3 min. Females took more and shorter recesses in the latter part of incubation.The females who allocated more time to foraging had a higher reproductive success. Conclusions:Probably due to its high egg/body mass ratio,the Chinese Grouse has a long laying interval of 49 h. We suggest that,due to energy stress,females have relatively more recesses and they increase the number of recesses as incubation progresses.To compensate for the embryos'thermal needs, they extend the incubation period and shorten the recess duration in this cold environment.

Characteristics of seasonal movement of hazel grouse(Bonasa bonasia) in a temperate forest

TThhiiss ssttuuddyy were carried out in the Experimental Forest (37 48?10?N, 127 48?50?E) of Gangwon Forest Development Institute, Gamjeong-ri, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do Province, Korea from Dec. 1999 to Jul. 2002. Eight individuals (three males and five females) of hazel grouse were captured and they were marked with a 14-g necklace-type transmitter. The surveying results showed that females were more active than males throughout the year, but males were more mobile than females in spring. The degree of movement for females and males was similar from summer to winter. The overlap degree of habitat was very large from spring to autumn. Hazel grouse had greater shifts in area use in winter. They used similar area from spring to autumn, made a shift in their habitat use in winter, and then shifted back to the previous habitat.

Trade-offs between wood production and forest grouse habitats in two regions with distinctive landscapes

Background:Forest management affects the viability of forest grouse populations,causing alterations to habitat quality.At the regional level,common targets for wood harvesting and safeguarding of specific habitats are negotiated between various stakeholders.Analysing potential trade-offs between forest grouse habitats and wood production in the region could support resource-smart decision making.Methods:In this paper,we compiled trade-off curves represented as production possibility frontiers demonstrating the relationship between forest grouse habitat area and wood removal,using a Finnish forestry dynamics model and the Finnish Multi-Source National Forest Inventory.For the modelling of forest grouse habitats,a landscape-level occurrence model based on nationwide wildlife triangle census data was used.Five alternative forest scenarios in terms of wood removal were compiled for two study areas in Finland representing two different landscape structures.Results and conclusions:Results showed that impacts on forest grouse habitats were case-specific.In the southern study area,increasing the roundwood harvesting rate affected grouse habitats more strongly as forests were already fragmented for other land uses and became more spruce-dominated over time.If the maximum sustainable removal rate was implemented,predicted grouse habitat area was 55%less than in a no-removal scenario.In the eastern study area,a more heavily forested region,the decrease was far lower at 22%.Scenario results were also compared to levels of recorded(business as usual)wood removal and that envisaged by valid regional forestry programmes,and their sustainability in terms of grouse habitat area was discussed.The production possibility frontiers calculated in this study support the evaluation of the loss of suitable habitat caused by different wood harvesting rates,or vice versa,the economic cost of increasing habitat areas.

Spring home range and social behavior of Hazel grouse at Changbai Mountain

The spring home range and social behavior of Hazel grouse, (Bonasa bonasia) were studied at Changbai Mountain using radiotelemetry in 1993–94. Flock dissolution and pair formation started in mid-March. Paired males held territories in spring, the area was from 3.2 hm2 to 17.3 hm2 (n=2). Hazel grouse was proved to be monogamous by radiotelemetry work. The overlap of home range between paired No.10 and No.8 was 82.4%. The time of birds being together was 83.0% of the time during the prelaying period (n=53), showing that the pair bond was stable. Unpaired males showed different behavior, held a territory or wandering, and they changed their behavior in early May. The study suggested that unpaired males gave up their reproduction goal, and the acquisition for survival became more important in early May, when female started incubation.

养心氏片治疗颈动脉粥样硬化症临床观察

目的观察养心氏片治疗颈动脉粥样硬化症的临床疗效。方法将颈动脉粥样硬化症患者60例随机分为两组,均予常规治疗并加用辛伐他汀,治疗组加用养心氏片,均治疗12个月;比较两组治疗后颈动脉粥样硬化的分级积分、Crouse积分及中医症状积分变化。结果治疗组总有效率91.33%,对照组为76.67%;治疗组Crouse积分及中医症状积分改善优于对照组。结论养心氏片治疗颈动脉粥样硬化症疗效满意。

血塞通治疗颈动脉粥样硬化症30例

目的观察血塞通注射液治疗颈动脉粥样硬化症的临床疗效。方法选择颈动脉粥样硬化症病人60例,随机分为两组。对照组30例采用常规西药治疗;治疗组30例除常规西药外加用血塞通注射液。两组均治疗1个月,比较两组治疗前后颈动脉粥样硬化的分级积分和Crouse积分。结果治疗组总有效率为91.33%,对照组为90.00%,两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前后Crouse积分比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论血塞通注射液可有效治疗颈动脉粥样硬化症。

蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊对颈动脉狭窄患者粥样硬化斑块的影响

目的观察蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊对颈动脉狭窄患者粥样硬化斑块的影响。方法纳入2013年1月—2013年12月在西南医科大学附属中医医院就诊、经颈动脉彩色超声证实为颈动脉狭窄的患者142例,其中轻度狭窄60例,中度狭窄60例,重度狭窄22例,按1∶1的比例简单随机分为蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊观察组(简称蛭龙组)和阿司匹林对照组(简称对照组),在生活方式干预和基础疾病治疗的基础上,蛭龙组给予蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊1.2 g,tid口服,对照组给予阿司匹林肠溶片100 mg,qd口服。疗程1a。观察蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊与阿司匹林对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块IMTmax、Grouse积分及斑块稳定性的影响。结果(1)IMTmax:治疗后,颈动脉不同狭窄程度的患者IMTmax均有明显改善(P<0.05)。其中,在颈动脉轻度狭窄患者中,蛭龙组IMTmax值较对照组进一步降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在颈动脉中度、重度狭窄患者中,蛭龙组与对照组疗效无差异(P>0.05)。(2)Grouse积分:治疗后,颈动脉轻度、中度、重度狭窄患者的Grouse积分均有明显改善(P<0.05)。在颈动脉轻度狭窄患者中,蛭龙组Grouse积分较对照组进一步降低(P<0.05)。在颈动脉中度及重度狭窄患者中,蛭龙组与对照组疗效比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)不稳定斑块所占百分比:治疗后,蛭龙组与对照组颈动脉不稳定斑块均有所减少(P<0.05)。在颈动脉轻度狭窄患者中,蛭龙组不稳定斑块所占百分比较对照组减少更为明显(P<0.05);在颈动脉中度及重度狭窄患者中,2组疗效无差异(P>0.05)。结论蛭龙活血通瘀胶囊能够降低颈动脉狭窄患者IMTmax、Grouse积分及斑块不稳定性,对颈动脉轻度狭窄患者的作用优于阿司匹林。