Real-Time Multiple Guava Leaf Disease Detection from a Single Leaf Using Hybrid Deep Learning Technique

The guava plant has achieved viable significance in subtropics and tropics owing to its flexibility to climatic environments,soil conditions and higher human consumption.It is cultivated in vast areas of Asian and Non-Asian countries,including Pakistan.The guava plant is vulnerable to diseases,specifically the leaves and fruit,which result in massive crop and profitability losses.The existing plant leaf disease detection techniques can detect only one disease from a leaf.However,a single leaf may contain symptoms of multiple diseases.This study has proposed a hybrid deep learning-based framework for the real-time detection of multiple diseases from a single guava leaf in several steps.Firstly,Guava Infected Patches Modified MobileNetV2 and U-Net(GIP-MU-NET)has been proposed to segment the infected guava patches.The proposed model consists of modified MobileNetv2 as an encoder,and the U-Net model’s up-sampling layers are used as a decoder part.Secondly,the Guava Leaf SegmentationModel(GLSM)is proposed to segment the healthy and infected leaves.In the final step,the Guava Multiple Leaf Diseases Detection(GMLDD)model based on the YOLOv5 model detects various diseases from a guava leaf.Two self-collected datasets(the Guava Patches Dataset and the Guava Leaf Diseases Dataset)are used for training and validation.The proposed method detected the various defects,including five distinct classes,i.e.,anthracnose,insect attack,nutrition deficiency,wilt,and healthy.On average,the GIP-MU-Net model achieved 92.41%accuracy,the GLSM gained 83.40%accuracy,whereas the proposed GMLDD technique achieved 73.3%precision,73.1%recall,71.0%mAP@0.5 and 50.3 mAP@0.5:0.95 scores for all the aforesaid classes.

Development of a Functional Food Product Using Guavas

The global market of functional foods and demand for a healthy lifestyle among consumers in recent years is growing. Guava is a highly perishable fruit and a rich source of vitamin C. Guava Cheese (GC) is a semi-solid concentrated fruit product that could be consumed as a snack. The objectives were to develop a guava cheese (GC) and determine the antioxidant potential of the product. Formulation consisted of guava puree with added sucrose or agave, chia seeds and almonds. Pectin was added at select concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) along with citric acid to enhance the consistency of GC. Physiochemical and sensory parameters were analyzed for extended shelf life (3 months) studies. Moisture content, pH, water activity, color (L*, a*, b*) and texture profile analysis (hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness) did not change over the 90-day period. Ash, protein and fat contents of 0% pectin were 2% lower than GC with pectin. Sensory parameters (firmness, mouthfeel, flavor and overall acceptability) of GC 0% pectin and 1% GC were similar. Total content in 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% pectin added GC were 150.49 ± 32.76, 340.17 ± 54.65, 346.39 ± 53.04, and 355.72 ± 14.24 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100g. Flavonoid content in 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% GC were 159.73 ± 13.31, 332.77 ± 13.31, 341.65 ± 15.37, and 350.52 ± 16.60 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/100g. Similarly, antioxidant of potential measure by DPPH radical scavenging was similar in all samples (IC50 at 0.8 mg/ml). Guava cheese may be utilized as a healthy fruit snack because of added alternative sweeteners and functional ingredients to obtain health benefits. Adding pectin to guava cheese improved functionality by increasing antioxidant potential as well as physical properties.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>L.) Leaf Extracts on Ethanol-Induced Injury on Clone 9 Rat Liver Cells

Guava (Psidium guajava L.), a tropical fruit, belongs to Myrtaceae family. Leaves and fruits of guava have been reported to have an anti-diarrheal, hypoglycemic, lipid lowering, anti-bacterial in addition to antioxidant activities. The aim of this study was to investigate several guava leaf extract cytotoxic effects on healthy clone 9 liver cells and its hepatoprotective effects on ethanol-induced heap-toxicity. It was discovered that when the clone 9 liver cells were treated with guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) extracts for 24 hours, there was no retardation of growth as well as when ethanol and acetone extracts at low concentrations 100 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL were administered however cytototoxic effects were detected at higher concentrations. Water and hot water extracts in concentrations lower than or equal to 500 μg/mL revealed no cytotoxic effects. Injury induction to healthy clone 9 liver cells using 5% alcohol concentration for 30 minutes revealed the hepatoprotective properties of guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) extracts. This was significant in concentrations of 100 μg/mL or lower for ethanol and all concentrations for hot water extracts. Hot water extracts showed higher hepatoprotective and lower cytotoxic properties than other extracts.

A Novel Framework for Multi-Classification of Guava Disease

Guava is one of the most important fruits in Pakistan,and is gradually boosting the economy of Pakistan.Guava production can be interrupted due to different diseases,such as anthracnose,algal spot,fruit fly,styler end rot and canker.These diseases are usually detected and identified by visual observation,thus automatic detection is required to assist formers.In this research,a new technique was created to detect guava plant diseases using image processing techniques and computer vision.An automated system is developed to support farmers to identify major diseases in guava.We collected healthy and unhealthy images of different guava diseases from the field.Then image labeling was done with the help of an expert to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy fruit.The local binary pattern(LBP)was used for the extraction of features,and principal component analysis(PCA)was used for dimensionality reduction.Disease classification was carried out using multiple classifiers,including cubic support vector machine,Fine K-nearest neighbor(F-KNN),Bagged Tree and RUSBoosted Tree algorithms and achieved 100%accuracy for the diagnosis of fruit flies disease using Bagged Tree.However,the findings indicated that cubic support vector machines(C-SVM)was the best classifier for all guava disease mentioned in the dataset.

Effect of Drying Techniques on Antioxidant Capacity of Guava Fruit

Frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with low risk of chronic diseases. Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is a tropical, seasonal fruit rich in antioxidants, vitamin C and polyphenol compounds. Drying is one of the common methods to preserve and extend the shelf life of guava. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drying techniques on the antioxidant activity of guava fruit. Guava was air dried in air dryer (45°C), freeze dryer and by osmatic drying techniques. Fresh guava extracts (FGE), freeze dried guava extracts (FDGE), oven dried guava extracts (ODGE) and osmotic-dehydrated guava extracts (OSGE) guava extracts were prepared and analyzed for total polyphenols (TP), flavonoids, antioxidant potential by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (NORS). Inhibitory potential of guava extracts on enzymes α-glucosidase, α-amylase and lipase was also determined. TP in FG, FD, OD, and OS were 415.69 ± 56.95, 295.30 ± 4.11, 303.57 ± 1.41, and 182.93 ± 6.48 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100g, respectively. Flavonoids in Fresh, FD, OD, and OS were 202.01 ± 0.16, 96.93 ± 1.73, 105.07 ± 0.58, and 76.13 ± 2.74 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/100 g, respectively. FD extracts were the most effective in scavenging DPPH radical. Whereas FRAP, TEAC and TAC activities were found to be higher in FG followed by OD and FD. However, NORS activity of FD was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower compared to other treatments. Inhibition of α-glycosidase, α-amylase and lipase enzymes was (19% - 90%) observed at 0.4, 0.8, and 0.8 mg/ml, respectively. In conclusion, considering this in-vitro study, drying could be effectively utilized to preserve guava fruit with minimum effect on health benefits.

MMP-2 Inhibitory Activity of PBS Extract of Guava Leaves

PBS (Phosphate Buffed Saline), pH 7.4 extract of Guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) inhibits the active MMP-2 like molecule both of plant origin as well as active MMP-2 of human (breast cancer patients’ saliva) origin. The zymogram and ELISA were developed of different samples following standard methods. The isolation and identification of the new MMP-2 inhibitor(s) for its molecular characterization is under investigation.

RADIATION OR WAXING EFFECT ON SHELF LIFE OF GUAVA FRUIT

Red and white guavas were treated with wax emulsion or irradiation (0.25-2.0 kGy) and kept for 12 days at room temperature. Initiation of rot attack occurred after 3 days which increased significantly during further storage. In the waxed fruits rottage, weight loss and vitamin loss were significantly less than controls and irradiated ones. Sensory scores decreased with storage time and they ranged 3.7-4.5, 2.1-3.9 and 2.3-2.7 in waxed, radiated and untreated controls respectively, after 12 days storage. Waxing was found to increase the. shelf life of this fruit for 3-4 d while irradiation exhibited no beneficial effects.

Slight free falling impact test for assessing guava maturity

A non-destructive method for assessing the maturity of guava was developed based on the mechanical properties of the fruit under the slight falling impact test. The levels of maturity were classified with cluster and discriminant analyses on the primitive impact measurements and their derivatives. The accuracy of classification was improved with linear discriminant analysis and the number of indices being processed was reduced with stepwise regression analysis. The accuracy of classification is 84.21%. The performance shows that slight falling impact together with linear discriminant analysis provides a promising non-destructive approach in assessing the maturity of guavas.

Effect of the administration of Psidium guava leaves on blood glucose, lipid profiles and sensitivity of the vascular mesenteric bed to Phenylephrine in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The leaf of Psidium guava is traditionally used in Asia to manage, control and treat diabetes. We designed this study to elucidate the effect of the administration of oral doses of aqueous and ethanol extract from Psidium guava leaves on plasma glucose, lipid profiles and the sensitivity of the vascular mesenteric bed to Phenylephrine in diabetic and non diabetic rats. Animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 10): two groups served as non-diabetic controls (NDC), while the other groups had diabetes induced with a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Psidium guava-treated chronic diabetic (PSG-CD) and Psidium guava-treated controls (PSG-C) received 1g/l of Psidium guavaadded to the drinking water for 8 weeks. The mesenteric vascular beds were prepared using the McGregor method. Administration of Psidium guava caused Ca/Mg ratio, plasma glucose, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations to return to normal levels, and was shown to decrease alteration in vascular reactivity to vasoconstrictor agents. Our results support the hypothesis that Psidium guava could play a role in the management of diabetes and the prevention of vascular complications in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Antibacterial Activities of <i>Psidium guajava</i>(Guava) and <i>Velvet tamarin</i>(Icheku) Local Chewing Sticks on <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>Isolated from Human Mouth

Globally dental diseases are mainly caused by Streptococcus mutans, it is one of the leading causative agents of dental caries worldwide, because of its resistance to conventional antibacterial agents, alternative therapies are used to control resistance of oral pathogens. This research was done to determine the antibacterial activities of Psidium guajava (guava) and Velvet tamarin (Icheku) chewing sticks on Streptococcus mutans isolated from the oral cavity. The study was conducted in Owerri Imo State Nigeria during November-December period. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts was done using appropriate techniques. The procedure used for antimicrobial susceptibility test was disk diffusion method. Serial dilutions of Psidium guajava (guava) and Velvet tamarind (Icheku) extracts were prepared, Muller-Hinton media was used to put together the extract of serial dilutions of Psidium guajava (guava) and Velvet tamarin (Icheku) and a microbiological procedure were used for visually determining the minimum inhibitory concentration as well as minimum bactericidal concentration. Phytochemical evaluation of the plants’ extracts revealed that it contains saponins, tannins, alkaloid, steriods, glycosides and phenol. The results obtained from the antibacterial susceptibility testing of the extracts against Streptococcus mutans showed that the zones of inhibition recorded ranged from 18 mm to 27 mm. Ethanol (Soxhlet) extract of Icheku twig showed no zone of inhibition on the isolated organism. The ethanol (soxhlet) extract of the individual Psidium guajava (guava) and Velvet tamarin (Icheku) has a better antibacterial effect when compared to their aqueous extracts and combined forms. Psidium guajava (Guava) and Velvet tamarin (Icheku) twigs are made up of composite that is active against S. mutans and can be used in oral hygiene. There is a need for further investigation on the plant extracts as the rural poor make use of it because it is cheap, readily available and the rich also use it once they are in the village mostly in Eastern Nigeria. Similarly chewing sticks has been reported to be practiced by 90 of rural population in Nigeria.

Combined Radiometric Analysis Related to Guava Leaf Phenology in Response to Soil Application of Paclobutrazol (PBZ)

The leaf-response to three-soil applied treatments of Paclobutrazol (PBZ;1000, 2000 and 0 ppm-control) was studied in a high-density plantation of eight guava (Psidium guajava) genotypes trees. All materials were prunned in vase form, with two to three major branches, yearly prunning for triggering the annual production cycle, and average height of 2.0 m. The dataset comprises fourth radiometric indices highly related to plant physiological activities. The dataset model took into account data collection dates, guava genotypes, and the positional effect of sun radiation on leaves based on their proximity to the canopy level and downward to the base of the woody seasonal-branch. Unexpectedly, there were no significant differences (NS) in PBZ treatments for genotypes, leaf position and radiometric indices. Analysis of the radiometric indices data revealed that anthocyanin (ARI index) and chlorophyll (PRI index) have a strong inverse relationship. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found between guava genotypes, and anthocyanin content;these results show that guava genotypes have varied responses, which could derive in their classification based-on drought resistance or low water requirements, however, it is important to note that additional research is required to determine the scope of these indications.

Development and Evaluation of IPM Modules for the Management of Guava Fruit Fly

Field studies were carried out during kharif 2016 and summer 2017 at Udyanagiri,UHS,Bagalkot,Karnataka,India to evaluate IPM modules against fruit fly in an already established guava orchard of variety Sardar(L-49).Among four modules,the mean fruit damage was significantly the lowest in M3(0.68%)followed by M2(1.19%)and M1(2.21%)and were on par with each other during kharif 2016.During summer 2017,M3 recorded significantly lowest damage(0.59%)followed by M2(0.92%)and M1(2.41%)but were on with each other.The highest per cent protection was afforded by M3(95.76 and 96.76,respectively)during 2016 and 2017.The average fruit yield over the years of experimentation revealed significantly the highest fruit yield(8.13 t/ha)from M3 followed by M2(7.32 t/ha)and M1(5.31 t/ha).Among the four modules,highest B:C was from M3(7.65)followed by M2(6.67)and M1(4.91).

A review of meroterpenoids and of their bioactivity from guava(Psidium guajava L.)

Psidium guajava Linn.(family Myrtaceae),is commonly known as guava.Guava is consumed in large quantities throughout the world due to its ease of cultivation and high nutritional value.As an important perennial fruit tree distributed around the world,guava has been widely used to manage various diseases in traditional medicine.Guava has been shown significant bioactivity such as antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,immunomodulatory,antimicrobial,antidiabetic,and anticancer properties.A large number of studies indicated that guava contains various type of phytochemicals including monoterpenes,sesquiterpenes,triterpenes,phenolics,and meroterpenoids.Among them,meroterpenoids are characteristic components of guava,which are hybrid of acylphloroglucinol with terpenoids(monoterpenes,sesquiterpenes).Modern pharmacological investigations showed intricate Psidium meroterpenoids possess a wide range of bioactivities.Although a large and growing body of literatures have investigated the Psidium meroterpenoids isolated from guava,a comprehensive review of Psidium meroterpenoids and their bioactivities has not been conducted.Therefore,this review provides a comprehensive compile of 75 meroterpenoids isolated from guava and their bioactivities between 2007 and May 2022.Furthermore,the possible biosynthesis way and future directions of Psidium meroterpenoids have also been discussed.

基于皮质醇调控的番石榴幼果水提物降血糖机制

为研究番石榴幼果水提物对糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用机制,通过链脲佐菌素诱导建立糖尿病小鼠模型,将小鼠分为正常组、正常降糖组、模型组、阳性组和番石榴幼果提取物高、中、低剂量组。测定小鼠的空腹血糖值、糖耐量、血脂4项,对肝、肾、胰腺组织进行病理学观察,对血清样本进行非靶向代谢组学研究,研究番石榴幼果对糖尿病小鼠的改善作用。结果显示,相较于模型组,番石榴幼果水提物高剂量组可显著降低糖尿病小鼠的血糖水平(P<0.05),提高对葡萄糖的耐受能力(P<0.05),并降低了血清中甘油三酯与总胆固醇水平(P<0.05),对糖尿病小鼠的肝脏、肾脏及胰腺组织(组织形态完整性)具有一定的保护作用。通过血清代谢组学分析筛选出27种有显著回调作用的差异代谢物,明确皮质醇的合成和分泌是一条最相关的代谢通路。结论:番石榴幼果水提物具有一定的降血糖、调节血脂水平和保护肝、肾、胰腺组织的功效,通过调节机体皮质醇激素的水平达到改善糖尿病的目的。

福建番石榴环斑病菌的分离鉴定、生物学特性及抑制剂筛选

【目的】明确番石榴果实采后环斑病发生的致病病原菌及其对番石榴果实采后品质的影响,筛选能抑制该病原菌的有效抑制剂。【方法】病原菌分离于发生环斑病的番石榴果皮病健交界处,并对该致病菌进行形态学鉴定、分子鉴定与系统发育树分析。另外,初步研究番石榴环斑病菌的生物学特性、环斑病菌侵染对果实采后品质的影响和评价不同抑制剂(ε-聚赖氨酸、水杨酸和褪黑素)对环斑病菌的体外抑菌效果。【结果】根据环斑病菌的菌丝与分生孢子的形态特征及基于rDNA-ITS、TUB和TEF-1α测序结果构建的系统发育树,将福建番石榴环斑病菌鉴定为棒状新拟盘多毛孢(Neopestalotiopsis clavispora)。葡萄糖和D-果糖、蛋白胨、7、25℃分别作为番石榴N. clavispora菌丝生长的最适碳源、氮源、pH、温度。此外,与未接种N. clavispora番石榴果实相比,接种N. clavispora果实具有较高的病斑直径和细胞膜透性,较低的果实硬度和色调角h值。体外试验表明,适当浓度的ε-聚赖氨酸、水杨酸和褪黑素处理对番石榴N. clavispora的菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,可作为抑制N. clavispora侵染所致番石榴果实采后环斑病的抗菌剂。【结论】引起福建番石榴果实环斑病的病原菌为棒状新拟盘多毛孢(N. clavispora),且4.000 mg·mL^(-1)ε-聚赖氨酸对病原菌具有很好的抑制效果,可为后续番石榴环斑病的防治研究提供科学依据。

番石榴果实品质及其影响因素研究进展

果实品质是影响消费者选择水果的重要因素之一,也是决定其商品价值及能否推广的重要依据。番石榴作为热带、亚热带地区广泛种植的重要经济果树,具有极高的食用价值和药用价值,现已成为我国果农增收的优稀热带水果之一。近年来,国内外围绕番石榴果实品质的研究取得了较大进展。概述了番石榴的主要果实品质,包括外观品质、营养品质与风味品质(口感品质和香气品质),并从影响番石榴果实品质的因素包括品种、水肥管理、栽培管理、采收与贮运等方面展开论述,以期为番石榴果实品质提升提供参考。

番石榴花粉生活力及柱头可授性研究

为研究番石榴最佳花粉采集期、授粉期及去雄期,以番石榴新鲜花粉为试材,采用正交设计试验,筛选最优培养基配方,进而测定不同保存时间及不同开放状态的花粉生活力和柱头可授性。结果显示,培养基组分对番石榴花粉生活力的影响程度由强到弱为糖>硼酸>氯化钙,最佳处理组合为150 g/L蔗糖+0 g/L硼酸+0.3 g/L氯化钙,其花粉生活力为91.9%。花粉生活力随保存时间延长而降低,新鲜采摘的番石榴花粉生活力为89.69%,保存96 h的花粉生活力为0%。番石榴花在时期Ⅲ(花苞完全裂开、萼片脱落)花粉生活力最高,时期Ⅳ(花瓣展开)柱头可授性最强;另外,时期Ⅰ和Ⅱ的花粉囊并未打开,柱头上未附着花粉且花粉生活力较低。因此,番石榴花的最佳授粉期为时期Ⅳ,最佳花粉采集期为时期Ⅲ,最佳去雄期为时期Ⅰ和Ⅱ。

清炒番石榴叶的炮制工艺研究

目的:优选清炒番石榴叶的炮制工艺,为该饮片的生产提供实验指导。方法:以外观性状、金丝桃苷含量、槲皮素含量为评价指标,采用单因素试验考察投药量、炒制温度和炒制时间对清炒番石榴叶质量的影响,设计正交试验优选清炒番石榴叶的最佳炮制工艺。结果:影响样品中的金丝桃苷及槲皮素含量的因素大小排序为炒制时间>炒制温度>投药量,其中炒制温度和炒制时间对结果具有显著性影响,而投药量的影响则不显著。优选出清炒番石榴叶的最佳炮制工艺为180℃清炒2 min,投药量为30 g。结论:本实验建立的清炒番石榴叶炮制工艺稳定可行,可为生产清炒番石榴叶饮片提供实验依据。