The paper presents an analysis of the selected stanzas of Siva Satakam (One Hundred Verses on Siva)--the most important hymn devoted to Siva composed in Malayalam by Narayana Guru. The analysis shows that there is a...The paper presents an analysis of the selected stanzas of Siva Satakam (One Hundred Verses on Siva)--the most important hymn devoted to Siva composed in Malayalam by Narayana Guru. The analysis shows that there is a tendency in the hymn to emphasise the equal status of Sanskrit and Dravidian literary tradition. Several stanzas are constructed on the basis of Sanskrit stories or myths; however, this "classical" scheme is filled with Tamil or Malayalam concepts, ideas, and key words. What is more, Narayana Guru employs so called twilight language used by authors of Tamil philosophical works in order to provide a receiver of the poem with the opportunity to interpret some stanzas in accordance with Sanskrit as well as Dravidian tradition. The introduction of a person belonging to lower caste of South India as the one who is able to attain liberation, as well as presentation of the welt-known philosophical concepts as equal or even subordinated to the Dravidian ideas could become a significant contribution to the social activity of Guru comprising among others the concern for spiritual and social uplift of the lower caste people of Kerala.展开更多
The paper presents an analysis of the concept of the higher/the lower energy (para-apara maya/prakrti/sakti) in the Atmopadesa Satakam ("One Hundred Verses of Self-instruction"), the most important philosophica...The paper presents an analysis of the concept of the higher/the lower energy (para-apara maya/prakrti/sakti) in the Atmopadesa Satakam ("One Hundred Verses of Self-instruction"), the most important philosophical work of Narayana Guru composed in Malayalam. In order to better understand the issue, the same pair of opposites is discussed at length on the basis of Narayana's earlier Malayalam poems--devotional hymns (Siva Satakarn--"One Hundred Verses on Siva", Kah Natakam--"Dance of Kali", and Janani Nava Ratna Manjari--"Nine Gemmed Bouquet to Mother") as well as later Sanskrit philosophical work [Darsuna Mala--"Garland of Visions"). The comparative analysis of these texts demonstrates that--whereas Darsana Mala reflects more or less accurately Vedantic concepts, Atrnopadesa Satakam presents deeply syncretic formation, influenced to a large extent by philosophical systems related to bhakti (devotion), like Sata or Saiva Siddhanta. The reason for such a state of affairs could be the purpose of Malayalam work destined to become vehicle for instructions given to lower caste people in Kerala. The paper offers an analysis of the relevant passages of the texts accompanied with explanatory notes extracted from the commentarial literature.展开更多
Four ministers explain China’s stimulus measures and future prospectsT he GDP grew 8.7 percent year on year in 2009, beating the government-set target of 8 percent. Though overshadowed
The Italian fertility expert whose avowed aim is to create the first human clone,said on Wednesday three women were pregnant with clones, but complained that thebabies would be viewed as freaks by a hostile society.
文摘The paper presents an analysis of the selected stanzas of Siva Satakam (One Hundred Verses on Siva)--the most important hymn devoted to Siva composed in Malayalam by Narayana Guru. The analysis shows that there is a tendency in the hymn to emphasise the equal status of Sanskrit and Dravidian literary tradition. Several stanzas are constructed on the basis of Sanskrit stories or myths; however, this "classical" scheme is filled with Tamil or Malayalam concepts, ideas, and key words. What is more, Narayana Guru employs so called twilight language used by authors of Tamil philosophical works in order to provide a receiver of the poem with the opportunity to interpret some stanzas in accordance with Sanskrit as well as Dravidian tradition. The introduction of a person belonging to lower caste of South India as the one who is able to attain liberation, as well as presentation of the welt-known philosophical concepts as equal or even subordinated to the Dravidian ideas could become a significant contribution to the social activity of Guru comprising among others the concern for spiritual and social uplift of the lower caste people of Kerala.
文摘The paper presents an analysis of the concept of the higher/the lower energy (para-apara maya/prakrti/sakti) in the Atmopadesa Satakam ("One Hundred Verses of Self-instruction"), the most important philosophical work of Narayana Guru composed in Malayalam. In order to better understand the issue, the same pair of opposites is discussed at length on the basis of Narayana's earlier Malayalam poems--devotional hymns (Siva Satakarn--"One Hundred Verses on Siva", Kah Natakam--"Dance of Kali", and Janani Nava Ratna Manjari--"Nine Gemmed Bouquet to Mother") as well as later Sanskrit philosophical work [Darsuna Mala--"Garland of Visions"). The comparative analysis of these texts demonstrates that--whereas Darsana Mala reflects more or less accurately Vedantic concepts, Atrnopadesa Satakam presents deeply syncretic formation, influenced to a large extent by philosophical systems related to bhakti (devotion), like Sata or Saiva Siddhanta. The reason for such a state of affairs could be the purpose of Malayalam work destined to become vehicle for instructions given to lower caste people in Kerala. The paper offers an analysis of the relevant passages of the texts accompanied with explanatory notes extracted from the commentarial literature.
文摘Four ministers explain China’s stimulus measures and future prospectsT he GDP grew 8.7 percent year on year in 2009, beating the government-set target of 8 percent. Though overshadowed
文摘The Italian fertility expert whose avowed aim is to create the first human clone,said on Wednesday three women were pregnant with clones, but complained that thebabies would be viewed as freaks by a hostile society.