Preparation of High Ga Content Cu(In,Ga)Se₂Thin Films by Sequential Evaporation Process Added In₂S₃

High Ga content Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films incorporated sulfur were prepared by sequential evaporation from CuGaSe2 and CuInSe2 ternary compounds and subsequently Ga2Se3, In2Se3 and In2S3 binary compounds. The In2S3/(Ga2Se3+ In2Se3) ratio was varied from 0 to 0.13, and the properties of the thin films were investigated. XRD studies demonstrated that the prepared thin films had a chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)Se2 structure. The S/(Se+S) mole ratio in the thin films was within the range from 0 to 0.04. The band gaps of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films increased from 1.30 eV to 1.59 eV with increasing the ?In2S3 /(Ga2Se3+ In2Se3) ratio.

基于GRA-GASA-SVM的煤层瓦斯含量预测方法研究

为提升煤层瓦斯含量预测精度,提出一种采用遗传模拟退火算法混合优化支持向量机(SVM)参数的瓦斯含量预测模型(GRA-GASA-SVM模型)。该模型将GA和SA整合为遗传模拟退火算法协同优化SVM的参数,以解决传统网格寻优算法取值范围无法确定和单一智能算法优化程度有限等问题。利用灰色关联分析(GRA)压缩数据集维度,建立瓦斯含量预测参数体系并作为GASA-SVM的输入数据集。结果表明:SVM模型、GA-SVM模型和GASA-SVM模型10折交叉验证瓦斯含量预测总平均相对误差分别为15.98%、13.55%和10.58%。相比SVM模型和GA-SVM模型,GASA-SVM模型预测稳定性更优、预测精准度更高且对新样本泛化能力更强。

Investigation of gas content of organic-rich shale:A case study from Lower Permian shale in southern North China Basin,central China

Measuring gas content is an essential step in estimating the commerciality of gas reserves. In this study,eight shale core samples from the Mouye-1 well were measured using a homemade patented gas desorption apparatus to determine their gas contents. Due to the air contamination that is introduced into the desorption canister, a mathematical method was devised to correct the gas quantity and quality.Compared to the chemical compositions of desorbed gas, the chemical compositions of residual gas are somewhat different. In residual gas, carbon dioxide and nitrogen record a slight increase, and propane is first observed. This phenomenon may be related to the exposure time during the transportation of shale samples from the drilling site to the laboratory, as well as the differences in the mass, size and adsorptivity of different gas molecules. In addition to a series of conventional methods, including the USBM direct method and the Amoco Curve Fit(ACF) method, which were used here for lost gas content estimation, a Modified Curve Fit(MCF) method, based on the 'bidisperse' diffusion model, was established to estimate lost gas content. By fitting the ACF and MCF models to gas desorption data, we determined that the MCF method could reasonably describe the gas desorption data over the entire time period, whereas the ACF method failed. The failure of the ACF method to describe the gas desorption process may be related to its restrictive assumption of a single pore size within shale samples. In comparison to the indirect method, this study demonstrates that none of the three methods studied in this investigation(USBM, ACF and MCF) could individually estimate the lost gas contents of all shale samples and that the proportion of free gas relative to total gas has a significant effect on the estimation accuracy of the selected method. When the ratio of free gas to total gas is lower than 45%, the USBM method is the best for estimating the lost gas content, whereas when the ratio ranges from 45% to 75% or is more than 75%, the ACF and MCF methods, are the best options respectively.

Discussion on determination of gas content of coal and uncertainties of measurement

Gas content of coal is mostly determined using a direct method, particularly in coal mining where mine safety is of paramount importance. Direct method consists of measuring directly the volume of gas desorbed from coal in several steps, from solid then crushed coal. In mixed gas conditions the composition of the desorbed gas is also measured to account for contribution of various coal seam gas in the mix. The determination of gas content using the direct method is associated with errors of measurement of volume of gas but also the errors associated with measurement of composition of the desorbed gas. These errors lead to uncertainties in reporting the gas content and composition of in-situ seam gas. This paper discusses the current direct method practised in Australia and potential errors and uncertainty associated with this method. Generic methods of estimate of uncertainties are also developed and are to be included in reporting gas content of coal. A method of direct measurement of remaining gas in coal following the completion of standard gas content testing is also presented. The new method would allow the determination of volume of almost all gas in coal and therefore the value of total gas content. This method is being considered to be integrated into a new standard for gas content testing.

A Quantitative Evaluation of Shale Gas Content in Different Occurrence States of the Longmaxi Formation: A New Insight from Well JY-A in the Fuling Shale Gas Field,Sichuan Basin

Comprehensive quantitative evaluation of shale gas content and the controlling factors in different occurrence states is of great significance for accurately assessing gas-bearing capacity and providing effective well-production strategies. A total of 122 core samples from well JY-A in the Fuling shale gas field were studied to reveal the characteristics of S_1 l shale,15 of which were selected to further predict the shale gas content in different occurrence states, which are dependent on geological factors in the thermal evolution process. Geological parameters were researched by a number of laboratory programs, and the factors influential in controlling shale gas content were extracted by both PCA and GRA methods and prediction models were confirmed by the BE method using SPSS software. Results reveal that the adsorbed gas content is mainly controlled by TOC, Ro, SSA, PD and pyrite content, and the free gas content is mainly controlled by S_2, quartz content, gas saturation and formation pressure for S_1 l in well JY-A. Three methods, including the on-site gas desorption method, the empirical formula method, and the multiple regression analysis method were used in combination to evaluate the shale gas capacity of well JY-A, all of which show that the overall shale gas content of well JY-A is in the range of 2.0–5.0 m^3/t and that the free gas ratio is about 50%, lower than that of well JY-1. Cause analysis further confirms the tectonics and preservation conditions of S_1 l in the geological processes, especially the influence of eastern boundary faults on well JY-A, as the fundamental reasons for the differences in shale gas enrichment in the Jiaoshiba area.

基于FPGA加速的煤矿瓦斯含量预测系统

为了实现对煤层未开采区域瓦斯含量的快速、准确预测,以某煤矿5#煤层为研究对象,根据文献资料分析得出,煤层瓦斯含量主要受到煤层厚度、深度、顶板和底板岩性、煤层变质程度和地质结构6种因素影响。使用BP神经网络构建了瓦斯含量预测模型,并将模型移植入FPGA中,结合实际数据进行测试,结果表明,瓦斯含量预测的准确率在94%左右,预测时间为125 ms。

页岩含气量现场测试技术进展与发展趋势

含气量是页岩气勘探评价及生产决策中的关键性基础参数,大三段式现场含气量解吸是准确、经济、快捷的首选方法。有别于煤层气思路,页岩含气量在测试原理、方法、技术及仪器等方面均取得了重要进展。无管化测试技术和小三段式测量方法的提出和应用,在提高解吸气测试精度的同时提供了更多有价值的信息。从借鉴于煤层气的条件回推法到多点测量约束拟合法,页岩损失气测量方法更加摆脱了对假设条件的依赖。基于非接触式扭矩传递的方法原理,实现了残余气测试过程中的全程气密。双三段式的含气量准确测量,为总含气量、游吸比、可采系数等含气结构参数的分析和求取奠定了基础,但页岩的可采气量并不是损失气和解吸气的简单加和。高精度含气量现场解吸的应用领域广泛,高精度解吸数据的系统获得、含气结构多参数的预测评价、智能评价技术的实践应用等,是页岩含气量现场解吸发展的基本方向。

Effect of Spraying with GA₃on the Quality and Oil Content of Syrian Okra Seeds <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>(L.)

This study aimed to estimate the effect of spraying of okra plants, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) with GA3 on the quality and oil content of the seeds. For this, the local okra variety was selected and used, which was growing widespread in the coastal region of Syria. This study was carried out in Al-Haffa area, Lattakia governorate, Syria (with 105 MSL elevation) for two seasons 2019-2020. The results showed that the effect of spraying with GA3 was more evident in the quality of the seeds as well as oil content at 75 ppm concentration with 68.7 g weight of 1000 seeds and 5.31% seed oil percentage. This study also showed that oil of local okra variety seed was rich in the essential fatty acids namely, linoleic, palmitic, oleic, stearic and linolenic, treatment with 75 ppm concentration of GA3 was more effective in the seed content of essential fatty acids with 42.30%, 32.55%, 9.20%, 6.73% and 5.72%, respectively. Finally, our results were indicated that treatment of okra plants at 75 ppm of GA3 enhanced the quality and oil content of seeds compared to the other concentrations.

Investigation of effects of clay content on F-Ф relationship by Lattice gas automation using digital rock model

The Lattice Gas Automation （LGA） method, which is improved by introducing a reflection coefficient for the border between phases to show its effect on current path, is used in this paper to simulate the current flow in digital rock for investigating the effects of clay content and clay distribution types on the relationship between formation factor（F） and rock porosity（φ）. The digital rock model is constructed by simulating a natural deposit of matrix particles with different shapes and radius. Based on the simulation results, it was found that both dispersed clay and laminated clay can lead to a non-Archie relationship of F-φ. The non-Archie effect of laminated clay on the F-φ relationship was more significant than that of dispersed clay. Moreover, a realistic model is developed in this work for quantitatively describing the effect of clay content （Denoted as Vsh） on parameters a and m. These study results have further demonstrated the validity of LGA in study of electrical transport properties at a pore scale.

煤层瓦斯含量测定技术及装备研究进展

瓦斯含量是煤与瓦斯突出危险预测、煤层瓦斯资源量估算、矿井瓦斯治理工程设计的重要参数。围绕如何在大区域准确快速测定煤层瓦斯含量,依托国家科技重大专项、国家自然科学基金和煤炭企业联合基金等项目科技攻关,在取样、测试方面取得了一定进展。主要表现在如下4个方面:①煤层瓦斯含量测定取样经历了孔口接样、岩心管定点取样、压力引射定点取样和密闭取样4个阶段,密闭取样装备保压能力达到11.5 MPa,煤心直径达到38 mm;②针对不同煤层地质条件,发展形成了顺煤层定向长钻孔密闭取样、底板穿层钻孔密闭取样和顶(底)板梳状定向长钻孔密闭取样3种取样技术;③在河南焦作和山西晋城矿区硬煤层中,顺层定向长钻孔取样深度达到516 m,密闭取样法测得煤层瓦斯含量较常规取样法分别平均提高了0.44倍和1.04倍。在安徽淮南矿区碎软煤层中,穿层钻孔密闭取样深度达到209 m,测得煤层瓦斯含量较常规取样法平均提高了0.26倍;在安徽淮北矿区碎软煤层中,顶(底)板梳状钻孔密闭取样深度达到484 m,测得煤层瓦斯含量较常规取样法平均提高了0.19倍,密闭取样法在煤层瓦斯含量测定精度、探测范围上优于常规取样法;④在瓦斯含量测试方面,除了传统解吸法测试,发展了系列煤矿井下瓦斯含量快速测试装备,可实现最快30 min内测得煤层瓦斯含量,一般用于百米孔内的瓦斯含量测试。提出了煤层瓦斯含量测定密闭取样装备需向小型化、轻量化的方向发展,并能实现随钻密闭取样。在测试上,应根据实际情况确定合理的解吸终止限,并将测试装备和密闭取样装备进一步结合,以实现深孔瓦斯含量快速准确测定。密闭取样技术已成为煤层瓦斯含量大区域精准勘查、预测的主要手段,是煤炭安全高效开采的重要技术保障。

不同构造单元页岩孔隙结构差异及其油气地质意义——以四川盆地泸州地区深层页岩为例

不同构造单元页岩储层品质、含气性差异明显,构造改造作用对页岩气勘探开发具有控制作用,但关于深层页岩气的构造控制作用机理研究较少,相关认识尚不明确,制约了深层页岩气的勘探开发。为此,通过“岩心—薄片—扫描电镜”多尺度观察、全岩矿物X射线衍射分析、核磁共振等技术手段,对比分析了四川盆地南部泸州地区不同构造单元上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组深层页岩孔隙结构和储层特征的差异,探讨了不同构造单元页岩孔隙结构差异与储层品质的耦合关系,明确了页岩气产量差异的内在地质原因,落实了构造改造作用下的页岩气勘探开发有利区。研究结果表明:①向斜区页岩主要以有机质孔隙、非构造裂缝为主,孔径大;背斜区页岩孔隙结构被强烈改造,以矿物粒间孔、构造裂缝为主,矿物粒间孔狭长且定向排列,孔径小。②向斜区构造相对稳定,有机质孔隙、矿物粒间孔以及成岩裂缝保存较好,宏孔占比高,储集性能好,含气量和产量高;背斜区页岩储层发育大量构造裂缝与断层,孔隙和成岩裂缝被压实,孔径减小,储集性能变差,含气量和产量低。③距盆缘剥蚀区越远,构造越稳定的单元,保存条件越好,该类构造单元页岩储层越发育,含气量和产量越高,页岩气勘探开发潜力越大。结论认为,构造运动对于压力系统的影响是形成不同构造单元深层页岩孔隙结构特征差异的重要因素,并控制了页岩储层的含气性与产量;向斜区深层保存条件好,远离剥蚀区,为勘探开发的最有利区,该认识可为深层页岩气勘探开发提供技术支撑。

开采保护层与预抽煤层瓦斯防突效果分析

为比较开采保护层与预抽煤层瓦斯防突效果,以1124(3)运顺开采保护层段和预抽煤层瓦斯段煤巷掘进为试验对象,统计了试验地点煤巷掘进期间残余瓦斯含量、钻屑瓦斯解吸指标K1、钻屑量等防突指标,采用假设检验方法推断了各防突指标是否有差别,分析了开采保护层段和预抽煤层瓦斯段各防突指标产生差别的原因,验证了开采保护层区域防突措施比预抽煤层瓦斯区域防突措施更加安全可靠。

Effects of sulfur dioxide on growth， gas exchange rate and leaf sulfur content of massion pine seedlings

The effects of sulfur dioxide(SO_2) on the dry weight growth gas exchange rate and leaf sulfur content of massion pine(Pinus massoniana Lamb. )were investigated. The results obtained in this study show that the dry weight growth and net photosynthetic rate of masson pine seedlings are reduced by exposure to SO_2 at ≥100 ppb. From these results,one of the main causes in the dieback of masson pine forest reported in Chongqing,China may be relatively high concentrations of atmospheric SO_2 in the relevant area.

壳源氦气成藏主控因素及资源评价方法研究

当前国内外尚无系统的氦气资源评价方法以及针对性的参数取值标准。通过天然气和氦气的成藏要素对比,明确了载体气和壳源氦气的异源同储、同源同储和同源异储3类共生关系,以及壳源氦气成藏的8个关键因素。构建了4类10种氦气资源分级分类评价方法,其中含量法包括5个亚类,统计法包括1个亚类,类比法包括3个亚类,成因法1个亚类,初步解决了氦气资源定量计算的难题。结果表明:高氦气含量的气藏一般为常压及低压气藏,氦气含量与氦源岩类型、铀钍含量和氦源岩规模3个参数呈正向关系,而与离主断裂距离、埋深和生烃强度3个参数呈负相关,适度的基底构造活动有利于氦气释放及富集。基于8类氦气成藏主控因素与氦气含量的定量关系,建立了氦气含量类比法。基于异源同储不同序的原理,构建了氦气资源规模序列法;基于放射性元素衰变释氦机理,建立了氦气成因法。氦气资源评价方法在国内外得到了较为广泛的应用,研究成果将为我国氦气储量规模发现提供了有效支撑。

叶轮开孔参数对气液两相高速离心泵的影响

为保持高速离心泵在气液两相条件下的性能稳定性,采用CFD数值模拟方法探究不同孔径和位置叶轮开孔对高速离心泵的性能影响。结果表明:开孔泵的性能趋于稳定,随着入口含气率的增大,开孔泵的扬程逐渐降低。而原始无孔泵扬程随着入口含气率的增大而显著下降。因此,在入口含气率较大的情况下,开孔可以提高高速离心泵的性能;当入口含气率不足时,有孔泵的性能不如原始无孔泵,扬程随着孔径的增大而减小。当孔径为3.5 mm时,扬程衰减超过18%,因此孔径不应>3 mm;随着开孔孔径的增大,叶轮中的气体体积减小,而孔径越大,泵内的水力损失越大。因此在选择孔径时,必须在叶轮中的气体体积和泵的水力损失之间进行权衡;开孔的径向位置值越小,孔越靠近叶轮中心,水力损失越大;开孔的径向位置值越大,叶轮中气体体积就越大,在选择开孔的径向位置时,仍然需要权衡。对于所研究的高速离心泵,仿真结果表明,径向位置为14 mm和孔径为2 mm的选择是可取的,可以很好地平衡叶轮中气体体积和水力损失。

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部石炭纪本溪组致密砂岩储层含气性测井综合评价

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部石炭纪本溪组致密砂岩粒度较细,泥质含量较高,孔隙度低、渗透率极差,使测井对其含气性的解释难度增大。基于化验分析资料,重点应用核磁共振、阵列声波、阵列感应等成像测井资料,结合常规测井,建立了4类7种方法的本溪组细粒致密砂岩储层含气性测井评价方法研究,利用测井资料综合开展储层含气性的有效识别。研究表明,综合运用常规和成像测井,对本溪组细粒致密砂岩储层含气性综合评价提供了更加有效的途径。开展本溪组细粒致密砂岩储层含气性测井综合评价研究,对煤系致密砂岩气的勘探和开发具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。

新疆后峡盆地煤层气井产量影响因素分析

新疆后峡盆地煤层气井单井产量差异悬殊,单井产量控制因素不明确,采用统计分析、线性回归分析法和灰色关联数学分析法,对煤层气井单井产能影响因素进行了定量表征。基于后峡盆地煤层气井单井产能差异性,煤层气井主要被划分为了3种不同的类型;I类煤层气井储层特征好,采用较小的加砂强度和加液强度,结合较小的压降,排采效果好;III类煤层气井储层特征较差,尤其是含气量较低,采用同样的储层改造手段和排采制度较难获取好的排采效果。对筛选的22个影响煤层气井产能的因素进行定量评价分析,研究表明:含气量对煤层气井产能具有显著的控制作用,而储层改造程度和排采制度的合理制定,是煤层气井高效生产的关键。

南川地区浅层常压页岩气吸附解吸机理与开发实践

中国浅层常压页岩气勘探开发尚处于探索阶段,目前在四川盆地及周缘地区实施的多口浅层页岩气井钻遇含气层显示良好,初步揭示了浅层页岩气具有较大的勘探开发潜力。但浅层常压页岩中天然气的赋存状态以吸附气为主,勘探开发面临吸附解吸规律不清、针对性排采工艺尚待建立等问题。为此,以重庆市南川地区武隆区块常压页岩气田为对象,选取不同埋深条件下的岩心样品,开展了页岩储层评价与室内等温吸附实验,基于等温吸附曲线,建立了浅层页岩气吸附解吸模型并划分了吸附气3个解吸阶段,明确了浅层常压页岩气吸附解吸机理及其影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)浅层常压页岩气等温吸附曲线呈“厂”字形特征,随着储层压力下降,解吸速率从缓慢解吸突变至快速解吸;(2)通过对解吸效率曲线的曲率进行求解,可得到解吸速率突变拐点对应的“敏感解吸压力”,盆外浅层常压页岩气敏感解吸压力一般介于1.8~2.5 MPa;(3) PD1HF井开展降流压解吸试验,通过人工举升将井底流压降至2.5 MPa以下时吸附气快速解吸释放,气井产能达到原来的5倍以上,实现了浅层常压页岩气井产能的重大突破。结论认为,南川地区武隆区块浅层常压页岩气吸附解吸特征的明确及其开发实践的成功,对推动南川地区浅层常压页岩气效益开发及国内同类型浅层常压页岩气的开发具有重要指导意义。

锂离子电池燃烧过程可燃气体伴生行为研究

为研究锂离子电池热失控燃烧过程中产生的可燃气体伴生行为,将5种常用不同型号(10440、14500、18650、21700、32650)的锂离子电池作为实验对象,通过加热片引发电池单体热失控,分析了热失控过程电池的燃烧行为、气体组分及浓度含量,同时也考虑能量密度对可燃性气体含量的影响机制。研究结果表明:电池发生热失控后有四种燃烧行为,会产生CO、HCL、CO_(2)、NH_(3)等烟气,其中总释放量最高的是CO气体,不同火灾燃烧行为与产气浓度的关系与在热失控温度变化曲线在时间上具有相似性。烟气生成量与能量密度的增加呈线性增加的关系。

基于实测数据的高炉煤气单位热值含碳量推荐值的修正方法

钢铁工业碳排放核算方法依据GB/T 32151.5-2015《温室气体排放核算与报告要求第5部分:钢铁生产企业》所提供的排放因子法,单位热值含碳量(C_(C))作为表征可燃物质在单位热值下碳元素含量的指标,是排放因子法计算碳排放量的重要影响因子。前人对于钢铁工业碳排放研究主要侧重于各种核算方法之间的差异性,而对于单位热值含碳量推荐值准确性鲜有研究。为研究可燃物质单位热值含碳量对于碳排放计算的影响,选择钢铁工业炼铁工序副产气体高炉煤气作为研究对象,基于某钢厂高炉煤气各项指标实测数据,计算得出不同组分(CO和CO_(2))含量下高炉煤气C_(C)实测值,分析不同组分含量高炉煤气低位发热量实测值、全碳组分C_(C)实测值、燃烧过程C_(C)实测值等实测参数变化。结合排放因子法广泛应用的现状,基于C_(C)实测值波动情况,提出3种将C_(C)推荐值修正为燃烧过程C_(C)的方法,在各自适用条件修正值与实测值的偏差均小于5%;最后,用该钢厂高炉炼铁工序2021年有关统计数据,针对高炉煤气C_(C)推荐值修正前后高炉本体碳排放计算结果进行对比分析,修正前高炉本体每吨铁的碳排放量-0.19 t,修正后高炉本体每吨铁的碳排放量0.415 t,修正结果与真实碳排放情况较吻合。研究结果表明,在计算钢铁工业高炉本体二氧化碳排放时,使用实测均值、修正系数w(CO)[w(CO)+w(CO_(2))]和w(CO)—C_(com)拟合曲线修正高炉煤气单位热值含碳量,计算结果与实际相符。