Split Addition of Nitrogen-Rich Substrate at Thermophilic and Mesophilic Stages of Composting: Effect on Green House Gases Emission and Quality of Compost

Composting as a solution to the increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), also contribute to GHGs emission when not controlled and could lack some basic nutrients, especially nitrogen. This study assessed the split-additions of nitrogen-rich substrate to composting materials and their effect on GHGs emissions as well as the quality of the composts. Nitrogen-rich substrates formulated from pig and goat manure were co-composted with MSW for a 12-weeks period by split adding at mesophilic (˚C) and thermophilic (>50˚C) stages in five different treatments. Representative samples from the compost were taken from each treatment for physicochemical, heavy metals and bacteriological analysis. In-situ CH4, CO2, N2O gas emissions were also analyzed weekly during composting. It was observed that all the treatments showed significant organic matter decomposition, reaching thermophilic temperatures in the first week of composting. The absence affects the suitable agronomic properties. All nitrogen-rich substrate applied at thermophilic stage (Treatment two) recorded the highest N, P and K concentrations of 1.34%, 0.97% and 2.45%, respectively with highest nitrogen retention. In terms of GHG emissions, CO2 was highest at the thermophilic stage when N-rich substrate was added in all treatment, while CH4 was highest in the mesophilic stage with N-rich substrate addition. N2O showed no specific trend in the treatments. Split addition of the N-rich substrate for co-composting of MSW produced compost which is stable, has less nutrient loss and low GHG emissions. Split addition of a nitrogen-rich substrate could be an option for increasing the fertilizer value of MSW compost.

CH_3OH在Ga-rich GaAs(001)-(4×2)表面上的吸附与解离:团簇模型的密度泛函计算

采用简单团簇模型结合密度泛函理论研究了CH3OH在Ga-rich Ga As(001)-(4×2)表面上的吸附与解离过程.计算结果表明,CH3OH在Ga-rich Ga As(001)-(4×2)表面上首先会形成两种化学吸附状态,然后CH3OH经解离生成CH3O自由基和H原子吸附在表面不同位置上.通过比较各个吸附解离路径,发现解离后的H原子相对更容易吸附在位于表面第二层紧邻的As原子上.

Production of hydrogen-rich gas and multi-walled carbon nanotubes from ethanol decomposition over molybdenum modified Ni/MgO catalysts

A series of molybdenum modified Ni/MgO catalysts （Ni-Mo/MgO） with different loading ratios of Ni ： Mo were prepared by impregnation method. Ethanol decomposition to co-produce multi-walled carbon nanotubes and hydrogen-rich gas at temperatures of 600-800 ℃ was inves- tigated over the synthesized Ni-Mo/MgO catalysts. The results showed that the catalytic activity depended strongly on the reaction temperature and loading ratio of Ni ： Mo. According to the gaseous and solid products obtained, the reaction pathways for ethanol decomposition were suggested.

Investigation of gas content of organic-rich shale:A case study from Lower Permian shale in southern North China Basin,central China

Measuring gas content is an essential step in estimating the commerciality of gas reserves. In this study,eight shale core samples from the Mouye-1 well were measured using a homemade patented gas desorption apparatus to determine their gas contents. Due to the air contamination that is introduced into the desorption canister, a mathematical method was devised to correct the gas quantity and quality.Compared to the chemical compositions of desorbed gas, the chemical compositions of residual gas are somewhat different. In residual gas, carbon dioxide and nitrogen record a slight increase, and propane is first observed. This phenomenon may be related to the exposure time during the transportation of shale samples from the drilling site to the laboratory, as well as the differences in the mass, size and adsorptivity of different gas molecules. In addition to a series of conventional methods, including the USBM direct method and the Amoco Curve Fit(ACF) method, which were used here for lost gas content estimation, a Modified Curve Fit(MCF) method, based on the 'bidisperse' diffusion model, was established to estimate lost gas content. By fitting the ACF and MCF models to gas desorption data, we determined that the MCF method could reasonably describe the gas desorption data over the entire time period, whereas the ACF method failed. The failure of the ACF method to describe the gas desorption process may be related to its restrictive assumption of a single pore size within shale samples. In comparison to the indirect method, this study demonstrates that none of the three methods studied in this investigation(USBM, ACF and MCF) could individually estimate the lost gas contents of all shale samples and that the proportion of free gas relative to total gas has a significant effect on the estimation accuracy of the selected method. When the ratio of free gas to total gas is lower than 45%, the USBM method is the best for estimating the lost gas content, whereas when the ratio ranges from 45% to 75% or is more than 75%, the ACF and MCF methods, are the best options respectively.

Effect of an electron gas on a neutron-rich nuclear pasta

We studied the role that electron gas has on the formation of nuclear structures at subsaturation densities and low temperatures(T<1 Me V).Using a classical molecular dynamics model we studied isospin symmetric and asymmetric matter at subsaturation densities and low temperatures varying the Coulomb interaction strength.The effect of such variation was quantified on the fragment size multiplicity,the inter-particle distance,the isospin content of the clusters,the nucleon mobility and cluster persistence,and on the nuclear structure shapes.We found that the presence of an electron gas distributes matter more evenly,disrupts the formation of larger objects,reduces the isospin content,and modifies the nucleon average displacement,but does not affect the inter-nucleon distance in clusters.The nuclear structures are also found to change shapes by different degrees depending on their isospin content,temperature and density.

CO Selective Oxidation in Hydrogen-Rich Gas over Copper-Series Catalysts

The performances of CO selective oxidation in hydrogen-rich gas over fourcatalytic systems of CuO/ZrO_2, CuO/MnO_2, CuO/CoO and CuO/CeO_2 were compared. The reducibility ofthese catalysts and the effect of CuO and CeO_2 molar ratio of CuO/CeO_2 catalysts on the activityof selective CO oxidation are investigated by XRD and TPR methods. The results show that thecatalysts with the exception of CuO/ZrO_2 have the interactions between CuO and CoO, CeO_2 or MnO_2,which result in a decrease in the reduction temperature. Among the catalysts studied, CuO/ZrO_2catalyst shows the lowest catalytic activity while CuO/CeO_2 catalyst exhibits the best catalyticperformance. The CuO(10%)/CeO_2 catalyst attains the highest CO conversion and selectivity at 140and 160℃. The addition of 9% H_2O in the reactant feed decreases the activity of CuO/CeO_2 catalystbut increases its CO selectivity.

塔里木盆地西北缘沙井子断裂带的构造特征与形成演化

塔里木盆地西北缘的沙井子断裂带,位于塔北隆起的温宿凸起和北部坳陷的阿瓦提凹陷之间。它是塔里木盆地的一条一级断裂带,由沙井子断裂、英雄断裂、温宿断裂和沙南断裂组成。其中沙井子断裂是主干断裂,其它3条是其分支断裂。本轮研究新发现温宿分支断裂,并将沙南断裂解释为英雄断裂前缘的反冲断层,归属沙井子断裂带。沙井子断裂带的雏形形成于奥陶纪末—志留纪初,在泥盆纪末—石炭纪、二叠纪末—三叠纪初、侏罗纪末—白垩纪初、白垩纪末—古近纪初和新近纪—第四纪发生过多期冲断作用和新近纪末—第四纪初的张扭性构造变形后,才最终定型。沙井子断裂带是一条断控油气富集区带,温宿油田、托探1油藏、沙南1油藏、新苏地1油气藏等都受其控制。

氦气资源形成地质条件、成因机理与富集规律

借鉴含油气系统思路及方法,基于典型富氦气田解剖,并利用地球化学成藏方法技术,研究天然气中氦气资源形成的地质条件、成因机理与富集规律。结果表明:①氦气“生-运-聚”机理与天然气有显著差异性,氦气主要为基底富U、Th元素缓慢α衰变或深部壳幔氦释放,沿岩石圈复合输导体系运移至天然气成藏系统,依附适宜载体气聚集成藏。②氦运移输导主要受“岩石圈断裂、基底断裂、沉积层断裂、有效输导层”复合输导体系控制,基于地下流体中“氦-气-水”相平衡及相-势耦合综合分析,提出氦气运聚过程中具有“水溶相、气溶相、游离相”3种主要赋存状态,存在氦气“集流、渗流、扩散”3种运移方式。③富氦气藏形成和氦气富集通常受控于“优质氦源、高效输导、适宜载体”3大主控要素,具有“脱溶汇聚、浮力驱动、压差驱替”3种聚集成藏动力类型,已发现富氦气藏具有相对“近氦源、邻断裂、低势区、高部位”的分布规律和成藏模式。④氦气富集区勘探和评价需要依托天然气兼探/并探,在评价落实氦气“源-运-聚”要素与天然气“生-储-盖”条件耦合匹配性、局部相对低势高部位有利圈闭载体气区的基础上,综合评价优选“通源连圈、低势高位、气氦适配”的有利氦气富集区。

Organic Richness and Organic Matter Quality Studies of Shale Gas Reservoir in South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia

Talang Akar Formation is a proven hydrocarbon source rock in South Sumatra basin. The formation contains dominant shale at the top, with some sandstone interbeds. Whereas it contains coarse to very coarse sandstone beds at the bottom. The lower sandstone unit also contains carbonaceous shale and some coal seams. The geochemical analysis is important to identify a source rock quality in shale gas. The quality of source rock is determined by richness of the source rock and type of kerogen. 37 samples were collected from well cuttings in JML-1 and JML-2 wells. Samples we are received into the laboratories in the form of well site canned ditch cuttings, bagged ditch cuttings in various stages of preparation from wet, unwashed to dried, washed;sidewall cores, conventional cores, outcrop samples. The richness of a source rock can be defined by the content of organic carbon which is measured as total organic carbon (TOC). Based on geochemical result of analysis, quantity of shale hydrocarbon potential is indicated by the TOC value of 0.52 wt% - 6.12 wt% (fair to excellent criteria), with average of shale thickness more than 50 m. Tmax is an indication of the maturation stage of organic material and Hydrogen Index (HI) is a parameter used to explain the origin of organic material. HI versus Tmax crossplot was analysed for kerogen type determination and presence of type II/III kerogen was identified. This study concludes that the source rock contains abundant humic organic matter that was deposited in a transitional (Fluvio-deltaic) to marginal marine environment under oxic conditions.

Noble Gas Isotopic Compositions of Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts from the Western Pacific Ocean and Their Geological Implications

Noble gas isotopic compositions of various layers in three-layered （outer, porous and compact layers） cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts and their basaltic and phosphorite substrates from the western Pacific Ocean were analyzed by using a high vacuum gas mass spectrum. The analytical results show that the noble gases in the Co-rich crusts have derived mainly from the ambient seawater, extraterrestrial grains such as interplanetary dust particles （IDPs） and wind-borne continental dust grains, and locally formation water in the submarine sediments, but different noble gases have different sources. He in the crusts derives predominantly from the extraterrestrial grains, with a negligible amount of radiogenic He from the eolian dust grains. Ar is sourced mainly from the dissolved air in the seawater and insignificantly from radiogenic Ar in the eolian continental dust grains or the formation water. Xe and Ne derive mainly from the seawater, with minor amounts of extraterrestrial Xe and Ne in the IDPs. Compared with the porous and outer layers, the compact layer has a relatively high 4He content and lower 3He/4He ratios, suggesting that marine phosphatization might have greatly modified the noble gas isotopic compositions of the crusts. Besides, the 3He/4He values of the basaltic substrates of the cobalt-rich crusts are very low and their R/R. ratios are mostly 〈0.1 R., which are similar to that of phosphorite substrates （0.087 R.）, but much lower than that of fresh submarine MORB （8.75±14 Ra） or seamount basalts （3-43 Ra）, implying that the basaltic substrates have suffered strong water/rock interaction and reacted with radiogenic ^4He and P-rich upwelling marine currents during phosphatization. The trace elements released in the basalt/seawater interaction might favor the growth of cobalt-rich crusts. The relatively low ^3He/^4He values in the seamount basalts may be used as an important exploration criterion for the cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts.

梨木炭蒸汽气化制取富氢燃气的试验研究

生物质气化技术已得到广泛的应用,但气化过程产生的焦油会影响设备稳定运行。为了大幅减少焦油的干扰,以梨木的热解炭为原料,在管式炉中进行水蒸气气化制取富氢燃气试验研究,探究了反应温度、K_(2)CO_(3)添加量及利用次数对气化特性的影响。结果表明:900℃时H_(2)的产气量为2.19 L/g,合成气中H_(2)含量超过58%;K_(2)CO_(3)添加量为10%时产气效果最佳,此时合成气中H_(2)+CO含量达到了88.5%。当K_(2)CO_(3)催化剂在第三次利用时,仍有较好的催化效果。

胺基材料在二氧化碳分离膜领域研究进展

膜法碳捕集是实现双碳目标的重要途径,但受限于材料本身,膜材料的分离性能存在上限。胺基材料可以和CO_(2)发生可逆反应,能够显著提高膜材料的分离性能,常被作为促进传质的载体引入到膜体系。本文介绍了胺基材料促进CO_(2)传质的机理,重点归纳了胺基材料引入到膜体系的4类方法(涂覆法、反应法、接枝法、掺杂法)及制备膜材料的性能,并分析其优势与不足。本文指出胺基材料促进CO_(2)传质机理需要进一步探索,强调开发高胺基密度的膜材料和以更加“牢固”的方式将胺基材料引入膜体系是领域未来需重点发展的方向,利用机器学习提高膜材料设计效率对该领域发展具有指导意义。分析表明真实工况下胺基膜材料的性能稳定性、设备稳定性以及工艺稳定性是值得关注的研究领域,建立完整的胺基膜法CO_(2)捕集技术链仍面临巨大挑战。

东胜气田致密高含水气藏合采气井层间干扰影响因素

为了明确鄂尔多斯盆地北缘致密高含水气藏合采气井层间干扰及其影响因素,指导同类型气藏合采气井高效开发,以该盆地北缘东胜气田致密高含水气藏为研究对象,分析了储集层地质条件、储集层改造对合采井产层段贡献的影响,指出了该类合采气井层间干扰的主控因素。研究结果表明:(1)合采井各产层段贡献率主要受各产层段的孔隙度、渗透率及含气饱和度控制,其产层段孔隙度占主导地位;(2)储层压裂改造对于提高气井产量具有较大的作用,但对合采井各产层段的贡献率却很小;(3)对于致密高含水气藏而言,含气饱和度是合采井产层段贡献率及层间干扰的一个重要影响因子;(4)合采井各产层段之间的孔隙度级差、渗透率级差及含气饱和度级差直接影响着合采井层间干扰程度。结论认为:(1)合采井产层段的孔隙度越大、渗透性越好、含气饱和度越高,则产层段的产量贡献率越大;(2)合采井孔隙度、渗透率及含气饱和度3个参数的级差越大,层间干扰程度越大,当孔隙度级差大于1.248或渗透率级差大于2.69或含气饱和度级差大于1.22时,合采井层间干扰已经非常严重,亟需开展治理。

东胜气田致密高含水气藏合采气井效果评价及产出影响因素分析

为了确定鄂尔多斯盆地北缘致密高含水气藏合采气井开发效果,指导同类型气藏合采气井高效开发。以东胜气田致密高含水气藏为研究对象,分析了单采井与合采井不同开发阶段、不同井区及纵向上的产出效果,以及合采井层间含气性差异对合采井产出的影响,明确了东胜气田致密高含水气藏合采井的开发效果及层间产出的影响因素。研究结果表明:①东胜气田致密高含水气藏合采井具有初期压力高、产量高的特征,但整体开发效果与气藏含气性或产水情况有相关性;②通过参数对比分析,合采井生产层产出效果与产层物性、含气性具有明显的正相关性,产层之间的含气性差异也会影响合采开发效果;③合采井稳定生产临界携液(携泡)流量与气井水气比也具有一定的相关性。结论认为:①东胜气田致密高含水气藏合采井初期压力、产量较高,但在低含气饱和度(高水气比)区域合采井整体开发效果较差,同时气田合采井随着开发时间的推移纵向上层间的产出状况也不断发生变化;②合采气井生产层物性、含气性越好,生产层的产出效果越好,且以物性条件为主导,但在较大的层间含气性差异下,合采井层间易发生严重的气液倒灌使得整体开发效果变差;③合采气井水气比越高,稳定生产临界携液(携泡)流量越大。

济阳坳陷古近系沙三下—沙四上亚段咸化湖盆证据及页岩油气地质意义

济阳坳陷是渤海湾盆地常规油气最为富集的坳陷之一,也是页岩油获得全面战略性勘探突破的坳陷,古近系沙河街组发育沙三下亚段、沙四上亚段2套主力烃源岩,其沉积环境颇受争议。利用页岩系统取芯井岩石学、元素地球化学、同位素和包裹体等资料对页岩沉积环境进行系统研究。结果表明:古近系沙三下—沙四上亚段页岩为气候控制下的咸化湖盆的产物,主要发育富碳酸盐纹层状岩相,碳酸盐矿物质量分数高,多呈纹层状、透镜状产出,平均质量分数为43%,背散射扫描电镜下部分页岩样品发现NaCl、BaSO_(4)和SrSO_(4)典型的咸化湖盆标志性矿物,页岩沉积期水体盐度相对较高;水体环境的w(Sr)/w(Ba)大于1,Sr元素质量分数大于500μg/g,B元素质量分数大于75×10^(-6),相当硼质量分数主要分布在300×10^(-6)~700×10^(-6),均显示为咸化环境;页岩w(^(87)Sr)/w(^(86)Sr)为0.710 7~0.712 4,明显高于同期海水的w(^(87)Sr)/w(^(86)Sr),结合对应稀土元素Ce正异常特征,认为沉积期水体条件受控于盆地自身环境,与海侵没有必然联系;碳酸盐矿物δ^(18)O主要分布在-11‰~-3‰,δ^(13)C主要分布在0~6‰,δ^(18)O、δ^(13)C均偏大,与沉积期湖盆气候相对干旱、湖水蒸发作用增强有关;页岩中检测到气液两相原生盐水包裹体均一化温度范围在32.5~45.3℃,对应盐度范围为19.21%~27.78%,成岩早期地层流体盐度较高;气候控制下的咸水环境为富碳酸盐页岩形成提供条件,奠定济阳坳陷古近系沙三下—沙四上亚段页岩油富集高产的基础。

Galfenol合金的显微组织和磁致伸缩性能

采用非自耗真空电弧熔炼方式制备了不同Ga含量条件下的Fe100-XGaX(X=16、19、21、27)合金铸锭,系统研究了不同成分合金铸锭的显微组织结构和磁致伸缩性能。结果发现,铸态Fe-Ga合金室温基本结构为无序的bcc结构,随着Ga原子含量的增加,立方晶格的晶格常数逐渐增加。富Ga相的数量和分布直接影响着铸态合金的磁致伸缩性能,Fe81Ga19合金的饱和磁致伸缩最大,达到93×10-6,Fe79Ga21合金由于在26.64°附近存在(111)面有序DO3相的析出,进一步抑制了磁致伸缩性能的提高,其饱和磁致伸缩最小只有20×10-6。铸态多晶Fe84Ga16合金沿〈110〉方向具有一定的择优取向,因偏离〈100〉易磁化方向,因此其磁致伸缩系数较低。

Fe_(82)Ga_(18)合金的磁致伸缩效应及显微组织研究

采用真空感应熔炼惰性气体吹铸方法,制备出了晶粒组织沿径向择优生长的φ3 mm Fe82Ga18合金棒材,沿轴向饱和磁致伸缩值达到92×10-6。系统研究了Fe82Ga18合金不同热处理方式下的相结构和磁致伸缩性能,通过对比退火前后合金的组织结构及性能发现,吹铸法制备的Fe82Ga18合金棒材,大的磁致伸缩性能缘自合金内部所具有的大量短程有序富Ga原子团簇,同时该合金沿〈110〉方向具有择优生长的趋势。

取向Galfenol合金的结构与磁致伸缩应变

采用非自耗真空电弧熔炼方式制备了不同Ga含量的Fe100-XGaX(X=17、19)合金铸锭,利用定向凝固的方法试验研究了取向多晶Fe-Ga合金的结构与磁致伸缩应变。研究发现,采用定向凝固工艺制备的Fe83Ga17合金试样沿轴向呈现出明显的{110}织构特征。在低场下不同成分两种试样的磁致伸缩随磁场的增加迅速增大,在磁场强度大约为40 kA/m时Fe83Ga17合金的磁致伸缩λ达到饱和,为55×10-6。Ga含量为19%的定向凝固试样沿轴向取向性有所降低,晶粒中存在很多的亚晶界。富Ga相的析出和亚晶界的出现不利于磁致伸缩性能的提高。

准噶尔盆地高效勘探主要策略与方向

准噶尔盆地进入富烃凹陷勘探新阶段,面临勘探目标越来越深、越来越散、越来越隐蔽,储层孔渗条件越来越差,已发现储量升级率低、储量动用率低等新挑战,如何提高勘探成效、实现油田效益发展是迫切需要回答的问题。通过新一轮盆地整体研究和再认识,认为准噶尔盆地多层系烃源灶空间分布具有互补性,“既富油,也多气”,突破了盆地“油多气少”传统认识;富烃凹陷发育4类规模有效储集体,空间分布侧向有序、纵向叠置;存在源内常规—非常规有序聚集、源上退覆式扇三角洲砂砾岩大面积成藏、中浅层断—砂耦合立体成藏3种成藏体系。文章结合准噶尔盆地资源特点、地质新认识、勘探开发技术适应性及可持续效益发展目标等,提出“油气并举、常非并重、深浅兼顾、多域增储”高效勘探策略,指出三大勘探方向及九大勘探领域,有望助力油田实现效益可持续发展。

美国典型富氦无机成因气田中氦气地质特征与聚集机制

美国广泛发育具有经济效益的富氦无机成因天然气田,如其中富氦氮气田甚至可以含有高达10%的氦。原地和周边地区的基底提供充足的氦源而氮气可来自不同圈层,且通常N_(2)/He(He>0.1%)在5~50之间。但是富氦氮气田在美国独特地质环境之外是否也有发现还需要进一步的研究。富氦二氧化碳气田中的氦主要也来自壳源且产量可观。科罗拉多高原上的富氦二氧化碳气田均被认为是来源于新生代晚期的岩浆活动,且该地区岩浆岩具有较高的U、Th含量。地下水溶气脱气-再溶解(Groundwater Gas Stripping and Re-dissolution,GGS-R)模型被普遍认为可以合理解释CO_(2)气藏中氮气、氦等惰性气体的聚集成藏机制。具体来说,幔源CO_(2)载体气充注时将溶解在地下水中的大气源惰性气体与壳源惰性气体脱出成藏,并与地下水达到水/气溶解平衡。虽然不同气田的平衡值各有不同,但是科罗拉多高原上的各气田均显示出相似的范围值,即在相应的储层压力和温度下为0~100 cm^(3)水/cm^(3)气。本文系统分析美国无机成因富氦气藏的氦气生成、运移和聚集机制,讨论氦气在经历氦源岩内游离相扩散初次运移后通过水溶相、气容相集流或是多相渗流方式进行的二次运移及由无机成因载体气N_(2)和CO_(2)共同参与的富集成藏机制,既可为我国氦气勘查提供理论认识依据,也可为二氧化碳地质评价和开发利用及安全封存提供参考。