Theoretical and experimental analysis of the effects of the series resistance on luminous efficacy in GaN-based light emitting diodes

In this paper, a new equivalent circuit model of GaN-based light emitting diodes （LEDs） is established. The impact of the series resistance to luminous efficacy is simulated using the MATLAB software. GaN-based LEDs with different n- contact electrode materials （LEDs with Ni/Au and LEDs with Cr/Au） are fabricated. By comparing and analyzing the results of performances, we concluded that both the series resistance and the carrier loss could affect the luminous efficacy severely. LEDs with lower series resistance have higher luminous efficacy and its efficiency droop is alleviated simultaneously. To improve luminous efficacy, the fabrication process should be optimized for lower series resistance.

Review of blue perovskite light emitting diodes with optimization strategies for perovskite film and device structure

Perovskite light emitting diodes(PeLEDs)have attracted considerable research attention because of their external quantum efficiency(EQE)of>20%and have potential scope for further improvement.However,compared to red and green PeLEDs,blue PeLEDs have not been extensively investigated,which limits their commercial applications in the fields of luminance and full-color displays.In this review,blue-PeLED-related research is categorized by the composition of perovskite.The main challenges and corresponding optimization strategies for perovskite films are summarized.Next,the novel strategies for the design of device structures of blue PeLEDs are reviewed from the perspective of transport layers and interfacial layers.Accordingly,future directions for blue PeLEDs are discussed.This review can be a guideline for optimizing perovskite film and device structure of blue PeLEDs,thereby enhancing their development and application scope.

A recent advances of blue perovskite light emitting diodes for next generation displays

The halide perovskite blue light emitting diodes(PeLEDs)attracted many researchers because of its fascinating optoelectrical properties.This review introduces the recent progress of blue PeLEDs which focuses on emissive layers and interlayers.The emissive layer covers three types of perovskite structures:perovskite nanocrystals(PeNCs),2-dimensional(2D)and quasi-2D perovskites,and bulk(3D)perovskites.We will discuss about the remaining challenges of blue PeLEDs,such as limited performances,device instability issues,which should be solved for blue PeLEDs to realize next generation displays.

Efficiency droop alleviation in blue light emitting diodes using the InGaN/GaN triangular-shaped quantum well

The InGaN/GaN blue light emitting diode（LED） is numerically investigated using a triangular-shaped quantum well model,which involves analysis on its energy band,carrier concentration,overlap of electron and hole wave functions,radiative recombination rate,and internal quantum efficiency.The simulation results reveal that the InGaN/GaN blue light emitting diode with triangular quantum wells exhibits a higher radiative recombination rate than the conventional light emitting diode with rectangular quantum wells due to the enhanced overlap of electron and hole wave functions（above 90%） under the polarization field.Consequently,the efficiency droop is only 18% in the light emitting diode with triangular-shaped quantum wells,which is three times lower than that in a conventional LED.

Fine-tuning the thicknesses of organic layers to realize high-efficiency and long-lifetime blue organic light-emitting diodes

By using p-bis（p - N, N-diphenyl-aminostyryl）benzene doped 2-tert-butyl-9, 10-bis-β-naphthyl）-anthracene as an emitting layer, we fabricate a high-efficiency and long-lifetime blue organic light emitting diode with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 6.19% and a stable lifetime at a high initial current density of 0.0375 A/cm2. We demonstrate that the change in the thicknesses of organic layers affects the operating voltage and luminous efficiency greater than the lifetime. The lifetime being independent of thickness is beneficial in achieving high-quality full-colour display devices and white lighting sources with multi-emitters.

Carrier Dynamics Determined by Carrier-Phonon Coupling in InGaN/GaN Multiple Quantum Well Blue Light Emitting Diodes

Phonon sidebands in the electrolumiescence(EL) spectra of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well blue light emitting diodes are investigated. S-shaped injection current dependence of the energy spacing(ES) between the zero-phonon and first-order phonon-assisted luminescence lines is observed in a temperature range of 100–150 K.The S-shape is suppressed with increasing temperature from 100 to 150 K, and vanishes at temperature above200 K. The S-shaped injection dependence of ES at low temperatures could be explained by the three stages of carrier dynamics related to localization states:(i) carrier relaxation from shallow into deep localization states,(ii) band filling of shallow and deep localization states, and(iii) carrier overflow from deep to shallow localization states and to higher energy states. The three stages show strong temperature dependence. It is proposed that the fast change of the carrier lifetime with temperature is responsible for the suppression of S-shaped feature.The proposed mechanisms reveal carrier recombination dynamics in the EL of InGaN/GaN MQWs at various injection current densities and temperatures.

Pure blue and white light electroluminescence in a multilayer organic light-emitting diode using a new blue emitter

We characterized the 6,12-bis{[N-（3,4-dimethylphenyl）-N-（2,4,5-trimethylphenyl）]amino} chrysene （BmPAC）, which has been proven to be a blue fluorescent emission with high EL efficiency. The blue fluorescent device exhibits good performance with an external quantum efficiency of 5.8% and current efficiency of 8.9 cd/A, respectively. Using BmPAC, we also demonstrate a hybrid phosphorescence/fluorescence white organic light-emitting device （WOLED） with high efficiency of 36.3 cd/A. In order to improve the relative intensity of blue light, we plus a blue light-emitting layer （BEML） in front of the orange light emitting layer （YEML） to take advantage of the excess singlet excitons. With the new emitting layer of BEML/YEML/BEML, we demonstrate the fluorescence/phosphorescence/fluorescence WOLED exhibits good performance with a current efficiency of 47 cd/A and an enhanced relative intensity of blue light.

High color rendering index white organic light-emitting diode using levofloxacin as blue emitter

Levofloxacin （LOFX）, which is well-known as an antibiotic medicament, was shown to be useful as a 452-nm blue emitter for white organic light-emitting diodes （OLEDs）. In this paper, the fabricated white OLED contains a 452-nm blue emitting layer （thickness of 30 nm） with 1 wt% LOFX doped in CBP （4,4＇-bis（carbazol-9-yl）biphenyl） host and a 584-nm orange emitting layer （thickness of 10 nm） with 0.8 wt% DCJTB （4-（dicyanomethylene）-2-tert-butyl-6-（1,1,7,7- tetramethyljulolidin-4-yl-vinyl）-4H-pyran） doped in CBE which are separated by a 20-nm-thick buffer layer of TPBi （2,2＇,2＂-（benzene-1,3,5-triyl）-tri（1-phenyl-lH-benzimidazole）. A high color rendering index （CRI） of 84.5 and CIE chromaticity coordinates of （0.33, 0.32）, which is close to ideal white emission CIE （0.333, 0.333）, are obtained at a bias voltage of 14 V. Taking into account that LOFX is less expensive and the synthesis and purification technologies of LOFX are mature, these results indicate that blue fluorescence emitting LOFX is useful for applications to white OLEDs although the maximum current efficiency and luminance are not high. The present paper is expected to become a milestone to using medical drug materials for OLEDs.

Two-color light-emitting diodes with polarization-sensitive high extraction efficiency based on graphene

In the present study, graphene photonic crystals are employed to enhance the light extraction efficiency（LEE） of two-color, red and blue, light-emitting diode（LED）. The transmission characteristics of one-dimensional（1D） Fibonacci graphene photonic crystal LED（FGPC-LED） are investigated by using the transfer matrix method and the scaling study is presented. We analyzed the influence of period, thickness, and permittivity in the structure to enhance the LEE. The transmission spectrum of 1D FGPC has been optimized in detail. In addition, the effects of the angle of incidence and the state of polarization are investigated. As the main result, we found the optimum values of relevant parameters to enhance the extraction of red and blue light from an LED as well as provide perfect omnidirectional and high peak transmission filters for the TE and TM modes.

Enhancement of light output powers of GaN-based light emitting diodes with textured indium tin oxide transparent layer by using corrosive liquid

In order to promote the light output powers of GaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs), two kinds of novel corrosive liquidshave been developed in this paper to roughen the surface of the indium tin oxide (ITO) current spreading layer of LEDs. As aresult, the textured transparent ITO layer greatly enhanced the external quantum efficiency of the LEDs. Provided that a wafersample was dipped in a kind of corrosive liquid developed by us for only about 60 s, the light output powers of the LEDs canbe promoted by 24.7%, compared with conventional GaN-based LEDs. It is obvious that the presented method is simple, rapidand cost-effective.

Sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes based on quasi-two-dimensional layered perovskites

A mixed organic（4-phenylbutylamine, 4-PBA） and inorganic（cesium, Cs） cations are used to deposit quasi-two-dimensional layered perovskites. This layered perovskites exhibit good film coverage as twodimensional perovskites and high emission performance close to three-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites. Light-emitting diodes（LEDs） are fabricated by using solution process based on the quasi-two-dimensional layered perovskites. The perovskite LEDs exhibit a sky-blue emission with electroluminescence peak at 491 nm and a low turn on voltage at 2.9 V. The maximum external quantum efficiency reaches 0.015% at brightness of 186 cd/m^2.

Blue-light emitting diodes and flat display based on poly(p-phenylenevinylene) copolymers

Copolymers containing alternating flexible aliphatic blocks and rigid poly (p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) blocks were synthesized and characterized. It was found that the fluorescent intensity increases with increasing length of the flexible blocks. Bright blue-light emitting diodes were fabricated using PPV copolymers as electroluminescent layers. The devices show 190 cd/m2 light-emitting brightness at 460 nm and 15 V turn-on voltage. The effects of oxadiawle derivative PBD and tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum Alq3 electron-transporting layers on the luminance and stability of the devices are discussed.

Progress and prospects of GaN-based LEDs using nanostructures

Progress with GaN-based light emitting diodes （LEDs） that incorporate nanostructures is reviewed, especially the re- cent achievements in our research group. Nano-patterned sapphire substrates have been used to grow an A1N template layer for deep-ultraviolet （DUV） LEDs. One efficient surface nano-texturing technology, hemisphere-cones-hybrid nanostruc- tures, was employed to enhance the extraction efficiency of InGaN flip-chip LEDs. Hexagonal nanopyramid GaN-based LEDs have been fabricated and show electrically driven color modification and phosphor-free white light emission because of the linearly increased quantum well width and indium incorporation from the shell to the core. Based on the nanostruc- tures, we have also fabricated surface plasmon-enhanced nanoporous GaN-based green LEDs using AAO membrane as a mask. Benefitting from the strong lateral SP coupling as well as good electrical protection by a passivation layer, the EL intensity of an SP-enhanced nanoporous LED was significantly enhanced by 380%. Furthermore, nanostructures have been used for the growth of GaN LEDs on amorphous substrates, the fabrication of stretchable LEDs, and for increasing the 3-dB modulation bandwidth for visible light communication.

Efficient polymer light-emitting diodes with violet blue emission based on blends of PSiF6-PPP and PSiFC6C6

有效聚合物有紫蓝排放的轻射出的二极管(PLEDs ) 用 paraphenylene-co-silafluorene (PSiF6-PPP ) 和聚合物的共聚物的混合被制作 poly (9,9''-alkyl-3,6-silafluorene )(PSiFC6C6 ) 。设备的表演对混合比率敏感。当到 PS1FC6C6 的 PS1F6-PPP 的集体比率是 1 时：3，最高的外部量效率在 105 cd-m~ 的发光性是 1.96%(-2), 它的电镀物品光(EL ) 光谱在 398 nm 达到顶点，在半最大值的完整的宽度是 67 nm。设备表演的改进由于从 PSiFC6C6 的精力转移到 PS1F6-PPP 和电子和洞的平衡注射。

Lattice constant effects of photonic crystals on the extraction of guided mode of GaN based light emitting diodes

We have fabricated a series of square-lattice hole photonic crystal (2PhC) arrays simultaneously at the un-current injection region on a special sample of GaN based light emitting diode (LED) by using focus ion beam milling (FIBM). The lattice constants of the 2PhC arrays vary from 230 to 1500 nm,while the 2PhC arrays have a constant area of about 9 μm×18 μm and a fixed depth of 150±10 nm which approaches but does not penetrate the active layer. Microscopic electroluminescence images and spectral measurements consistently confirm that the top emitting intensities from different 2PhCs are all enhanced compared with the unpatterned region. It is demonstrated that the output coupling of propagating guided modes is realized by the diffracted transmission of the 2PhCs. The enhancement factors of the guided modes compared with the unpatterned region are plotted as function of the lattice constant. It is found that the highest enhancements for the extraction of guided modes were obtained for the lattice constant of 230 and 460 nm of 2PhCs. The results are discussed by the two-dimensional rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).

含氟膦氧衍生物修饰的纯蓝光钙钛矿发光二极管

实现高效蓝色电致发光是钙钛矿发光二极管(PeLEDs)商业应用的关键挑战,特别是波长为465~475 nm的纯蓝光。蓝光PeLEDs的低效率主要源于混合卤素策略导致的高缺陷密度和降维策略导致的载流子注入困难。本文以氯/溴混合卤素准二维钙钛矿为研究对象,探究了小分子添加剂膦氧衍生物((五氟苯基)甲基)二苯基氧化膦(PFPO)在钙钛矿前驱体溶液中的作用机理及其对钙钛矿薄膜形貌、光学和器件性能的影响。实验结果显示,PFPO修饰后的钙钛矿薄膜光致发光强度和寿命均有增加,说明PFPO具有良好的缺陷钝化能力。紫外-可见光吸收光谱证实修饰后薄膜中小n相吸收强度明显降低,说明小n相得到了显著抑制,减少了非辐射复合路径,同时有利于激子能量转移。器件结果表明,PFPO处理后的PeLEDs器件最大外量子效率从1.83%提升到3.62%,发光峰位于466 nm,对应的CIE为(0.123,0.079),与标准蓝光CIE坐标(0.131,0.046)接近。

以二氢苊骨架构建的深蓝光有机电致发光材料

合成了4种在二氢苊骨架上连接咔唑或三苯胺电子给体和氰基苯电子受体的发光材料,考察了电子给体连接方式及种类对材料光电性能的影响.目标化合物的单晶结构分析结果显示,位阻导致给/受体与二氢苊骨架不共平面,从而降低了共轭程度,消除了分子间π⁃π堆积作用,分子间依靠大量的C—H…π分子间相互作用稳定,只有3CzAB存在分子内π⁃π堆积作用.4种化合物均具有非常高的热稳定性,5%热失重温度(Td,5%)高于343℃.这些材料在PMMA薄膜中的发光均为深蓝光发射(403~432 nm),光致发光效率高(0.60~0.94),荧光寿命为5.4~8.6 ns.电致发光性能测试结果表明,以三苯胺为给体的材料PaAB的电致发光性能最佳,最大亮度可达2427 cd/m,峰值电流效率、功率效率和外量子效率分别为2.43 cd/A,1.53 lm/W和1.58%,色坐标(CIEx,y)为(0.15,0.09),为深蓝光发射.

ZnSe基蓝光量子点的中间壳层结构调控及其发光性能研究

ZnSe作为一种不含重金属的宽带隙量子点(QDs),近年来在蓝光量子点及其发光二极管器件领域受到广泛关注。然而,ZnSe基核壳结构蓝光量子点的核壳界面处通常存在较大的晶格失配,易于形成缺陷态捕获载流子,从而影响其光学性能。本文通过将均质的单层ZnSeS合金层替换为具有组分渐变结构的ZnSeS合金层,合成了具有径向方向Se/S浓度渐变梯度的ZnSeS合金中间壳层的ZnSeTe/ZnSe/ZnSeS/ZnS量子点,并利用X射线衍射谱、稳态光致发光光谱、时间分辨发光光谱、透射电镜和电致发光测试等表征手段研究了不同合金中间壳层对量子点结构、形貌和光学性能的影响。结果表明,所合成的具有组分梯度ZnSeS壳层的量子点的发射波长均为深蓝色(444.5 nm),发射线宽窄(<18 nm),尺寸均一,具有闪锌矿结构,结晶度高;随着ZnSeS合金中间壳层沿量子点径向方向组分渐变平滑度的不断提高,量子点的荧光量子效率(PLQY)和色纯度等光学性质依次改善,其中通过S原子扩散形成的具有线性缓变ZnSeS壳层的量子点具有最窄的发射线宽(15.8 nm)和最高的PLQY(20.7%)。利用这种具有最优荧光性能的量子点作为发光材料制备的发光二极管器件的最大外量子效率为1.8%,最高亮度为750 cd/m^(2)。本研究提出的量子点合成方案和结构优化策略有助于促进高质量无毒蓝光ZnSe基核/壳量子点的发展。

LiCl掺杂PEDOT∶PSS提高蓝光量子点发光二极管的性能

基于全溶液制备的量子点发光二极管(QLEDs)通常存在电子-空穴注入不平衡的问题,严重地限制了蓝光QLEDs器件性能的提升。本文研究了不同浓度的金属卤化物(Li Cl)掺杂对聚(乙烯二氧噻吩)∶聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PEDOT∶PSS)薄膜的形貌、导电率、透光性以及所制备QLEDs器件性能的影响规律。实验结果表明,Li Cl的掺杂浓度(质量分数)为2%时蓝光QLED器件性能的提升效果最佳,这主要归因于Li Cl掺杂后的PEDOT∶PSS薄膜导电率和透光性的增强以及器件中空穴注入效率的提高。相较于未掺杂的PEDOT∶PSS基QLED器件,基于Li Cl掺杂的蓝光QLED器件的最大亮度、峰值电流效率、峰值功率效率和峰值外量子效率分别从5 083 cd·m^(-2)、0.91 cd·A^(-1)、0.59 lm·W^(-1)和2.31%提升到7 451 cd·m^(-2)、1.38 cd·A^(-1)、0.89 lm·W^(-1)和3.51%。结果表明,采用Li Cl掺杂PEDOT∶PSS空穴注入层是提高蓝光QLED性能的一种有效策略。

NaYSiO_(4)∶Ce^(3+)蓝色荧光粉的发光性质及其在白光发光二极管上的应用

采用高温固相法合成了NaYSiO_(4)∶xCe^(3+)(0.01≤x≤0.05)系列蓝色荧光粉。NaYSiO_(4)∶xCe^(3+)荧光粉在250~360 nm之间的宽带吸收能与紫外LED芯片很好地匹配。NaYSiO_(4)∶xCe^(3+)荧光粉中存在多个Ce^(3+)离子荧光中心,且在紫外光激发下表现出峰值波长位于414 nm附近的宽带蓝光发射。NaYSiO_(4)∶0.02Ce^(3+)荧光粉在300~350 nm紫外光激发下量子效率在25%以上。NaYSiO_(4)∶0.02Ce^(3+)荧光粉表现出优良的化学稳定性,在水中浸泡14 d后荧光强度和量子效率几乎不变。将NaYSiO_(4)∶0.02Ce^(3+)蓝色荧光粉、商用(Sr,Ba)_2SiO_(4)∶Eu^(2+)绿色荧光粉和商用(Ca,Sr)AlSiN_(3)∶Eu^(2+)红色荧光粉涂覆于310 nm紫外LED芯片上制备得到了显色指数高达95的LED器件。当驱动电流从50 mA逐渐增大到300 mA时,制备的LED器件表现出稳定的暖白光发射,其色坐标几乎不变。上述结果说明,本研究报道的NaYSiO_(4)∶0.02Ce^(3+)蓝色荧光粉在紫外LED芯片驱动的白光发光二极管照明上有着潜在应用价值。