A new ceramide from transgenic crown galls of Panax quinquefolium

A new ceramide （1） was isolated from transgenic crown galls of Panax quinquefolium. The structure was elucidated as （2S, 3S, 4R, 20E）-2-[（2＇R）-2＇-hydroxylpalmitoylamino]-20-hexacosene- 1, 3, 4-triol on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods.

Initial Stages in the Formation of Galls Induced by Geoica utricularia in Pistacia terebinthus Leaflets: Origin of the Two Vascular Bundles which Characterize the Wall of the Galls

Only a few species of aphids induce galls. Among these, Paracletus cimiciformis, Forda marginata, Forda formicaria, Geoica utricularia and Baizongia pistaciae induce galls on Pistacia terebinthus leaflets. Prior to present study the author examined microscopically P. terebinthus leaflets. He also studied the microscopic morphology of galls induced by the five species mentioned above. A clear microscopic difference between these galls is that in the wall of galls induced by the genera Paracletus and Forda a single vascular bundle is seen. The interpretation is that these galls are laminae of the modified leaflets. However, in the walls of the galls induced by the genera Geoica and Baizongia, two vascular bundles are observed. In the present paper a study of the early stages of development of galls produced by G. utricularia is described. The study was designed to explain the origin of the two vascular bundles present in the walls of these galls. The findings indicate that the aphid induces a massive development of the two vascular bundles present in the midvein of the leaflets of P. terebinthus: the main vascular bundle and the small supernumerary vascular bundle. Both these extremely developed vascular bundles occupy the walls of the galls induced by G. utricularia.

The Abundance and Population Dynamics of Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae) Galls on Eucalyptus spp.in China

The blue gum chalcid, Leptocybe invasa Fisher ＆ La Salle, invaded China in 2007 and has subsequently caused substantial damage to eucalyptus trees. In the current paper, we investigated the susceptibility of 10 Eucalyptus spp. and Eucahetus dunnii to L. invasa in the field, determined the density of galls as well as the gall volume on these tree species, and monitored the population dynamics of wasps in Hainan and Guangdong provinces of China. The order of susceptibility to L. invasa was Eucalyptus urophyllaxEucalyptus camaldulensis〉E, urophylla （coppices）〉Eucalyptus exserta〉 Eucalyptus grandisxE, urophylla in Hainan, and Eucalyptus propinqua〉Eucalyptus saligna〉E, exserta〉Eucalyptus microcorys〉Eucahetus dunnii〉E, camaldulensis〉Eucalyptus tereticornis〉Eucalyptus robust in Guangdong, China. Although L. invasa generally damages the midribs and petioles of young leaves and the tender bark of twigs of eucalyptus, galls were not observed on leaves of E. microcorys, E. camaldulensis, or E. dunnii. Gall volume significantly differed among the tree species, and gall volume and wasp number were positively correlated. In Dongfang, Hainan Province, the overwintering period of L. invasa emergencing through the year was from the end of December to March of the next year, and the number of population was the greatest on E. urophylla^E, camaldulensis, and the smallest on E. grandis E. urophylla. In Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, L. invasa hardly emerged in winter from December to June of the next year, and the population was the greatest on E. propinqua, and the smallest on E. microcorys.

Clinical Study on hepatectomy with choledochofiberscope in liver gallstones

Objective:To analyze the clinical Study of hepatectomy with choledochofiberscope in liver gallstones, and provide reference for clinical treatment.Methods:A total of 96 patients with liver and gall stone in hospital from January 2013 to February 2016 were selected, patients were randomly divided into observation group and control group. All Patients were taken treatments of choledochofiberscope lithotripsy, observation group patients were given liver lesion resection, treatments of patients were compared.Results: The operation time of the observation group (3.0±0.6) h and intraoperative blood loss of min (386±169) mL and control group operation time (4.0±0.1) h and intraoperative blood loss of min (395±202) mL, show not significantly different. The effective rate (89.6%) in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (66.7%). The postoperative complications included infection, cholangitis, biliary tract bleeding, two groups of patients with postoperative complication rate was not significantly different. The residual stone rate (6.3%) and recurrence rate (6.3%) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (22.9%) and the rate of recurrence (54.2%).Conclusion: Liver and gallbladder stones in the implementation of liver resection and fiber bile duct mirror treatment is clear, high security, with the use of value.

Galls as a Disputed Resource for Female Parasitoid Wasps Contests

We investigated how the parasitoid Torymus sp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) attacking galls of Schismatodiplosis lantanae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) behaves in the presence of a conspecific female competitor in the patch. Presence of a competitor greatly changed resident exploitation behavior. Wasps alone spent more time in gall exploitation behaviors (walk-antennate and probe) and in post-oviposition behaviors (stationary and groom), and when intruders were present they spent more time walking. The attack strategy was through threatening: raising wings and pointing the antennae towards the opponent. Different from theoretical expectations, residents were not always the attacker. Number of galls in the patch and female wasp size did not affect contest outcomes, although gall exploitation time and time on leaf were significant factors for the probability of having attacks. Overall, the study highlights the fact that intruder interest in the host was the main cause of contests and also this is a unique report both in terms of the target species and the nature of the disputed resource, a gall-inducer inside a singular spatial unit, the gall.

执照更新中经验反馈对核电厂老化管理实践的影响

通用老化经验报告(GALL报告)是美国核管会(NRC)发布的用于指导核电厂运行执照更新审查的技术文件,是核电厂开展老化管理和运行许可证延续等工作的重要依据。2010年发布第2版GALL报告后,NRC于2011~2016年间先后发布了10份ISG文件,基于执照更新审查过程中新的经验反馈对GALL报告的内容进行更新和补充讨论。通过对10份ISG文件的深入调研,全面分析了其变更内容,对其涉及的老化管理新对象、新技术和新要求进行总结,并对GALL报告在执照更新中的经验反馈对我国核电厂老化管理实践的影响进行初步评价,为我国核电厂日常老化管理、定期安全审查和运行许可证延续申请等工作提供有力的技术支撑和经验参考。

Laparoscopic management of remnant gall bladder with stones: Lessons from a tertiary care centre's experience

Objective:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is currently the gold standard for treating symptomatic gallstone disease.Despite its success,approximately 10%of patients may experience persistent biliary symptoms,leading to the post-cholecystectomy syndrome.A remnant gallbladder with cystic duct or bile duct stones is one of the causes of this syndrome.The objective of this study was to shed light on the clinical manifestations,evaluation,therapeutic strategies,and outcomes associated with laparoscopic management of symptomatic remnant gallbladders.Methods:This was a retrospective study,conducted over a five-year period(January 2017 to December 2022)at Apollo Hospitals in South India.All patients who underwent laparoscopic completion cholecystectomy for a remnant gall bladder were included.The following data were collected:patient demographics,symptoms,preoperative investigations,intraoperative details and post operative outcomes.Results:In total,36 patients were included and analysed.The majority of patients were male(25,69.4%),with a mean age of 50.7±12.1 years.The most common presentation was pain in the upper abdomen or right upper quadrant region(24,66.7%).The laparoscopic approach was attempted in all patients,with a success rate of 94.4%.Two patients required conversion to open surgery.Cholecystoenteric fistula to the colon was observed in one patient.Choledocholithiasis was observed in 7 patients(19.4%),and stone clearance was successfully achieved using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in all patients preoperatively.Conclusion:Incomplete gall bladder removal either intentionally or unintentionally leaves a remnant gall bladder that is at risk for stone formation and infection.Patients who have this clinical entity with symptoms require a redo or complete cholecystectomy,a complex procedure associated with certain risks.This study highlights the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic completion cholecystectomy for the management of remnant gallbladder with cystic duct or bile duct stones.

Comparative analysis of the biodiversity of fungal endophytes in insect-induced galls and surrounding foliar tissue

Insect-induced galls are abnormal plant growths that can provide food and shelter to their inhabitants,resulting in stressed plant tissue that may alter the conditions for the colonization or proliferation of endophytic fungi.We investigated the effect gall formation has on fungal endophyte communities and diversity.Using three closely-related gallforming aphid species that specialize on poplars,we characterized fungal endophyte diversity in galls and surrounding petiole and leaf lamina tissue.A total of 516 fungal endophyte samples were isolated from 272 tissue samples(32 leaves,31 petioles,and 209 galls),resulting in 23 distinct morphotypes.Despite sharing a common host plant and often forming spatially contiguous galls,the endophyte profiles within the galls of each aphid species were distinct,not only from the galls of the other species,but also from surrounding plant tissue.These results suggest that insect galls can affect the composition of fungal endophyte species in plant tissues,by altering either the colonization or proliferation of their endophytic mycobiota.Likewise,fungal endophytes may be important in the ecology and evolution of insect galls.

Evolutionary timescale of chalcidoid wasps inferred from over one hundred mitochondrial genomes

Chalcidoidea is one of the most biologically diverse groups among Hymenoptera.Members are characterized by extraordinary parasitic lifestyles and extensive host ranges,among which several species attack plants or serve as pollinators.However,higher-level chalcidoid relationships remain controversial.Here,we performed mitochondrial phylogenomic analyses for major clades(18out of 25 families)of Chalcidoidea based on 139 mitochondrial genomes.The compositional heterogeneity and conflicting backbone relationships in Chalcidoidea were assessed using various datasets and tree inferences.Our phylogenetic results supported the monophyly of 16families and polyphyly of Aphelinidae and Pteromalidae.Our preferred topology recovered the relationship(Mymaridae+(Signiphoridae+Leucospidae)+(Chalcididae+((Perilampidae+Eucharitidae)+remaining Chalcidoidea))).The monophyly of Agaonidae and Sycophaginae was rejected,while the gall-associated((Megastigmidae+Ormyridae)+(Ormocerinae+Eurytomidae))relationship was supported in most results.A six-gene inversion may be a synapomorphy for most families,whereas other derived gene orders may introduce confusion in phylogenetic signals at deeper nodes.Dating estimates suggested that Chalcidoidea arose near the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary and that two dynamic shifts in diversification occurred during the evolution of Chalcidoidea.We hypothesized that the potential codiversification between chalcidoids and their hosts may be crucial for accelerating the diversification of Chalcidoidea.Ancestral state reconstruction analyses supported the hypothesis that gallinducers were mainly derived from parasitoids of gallinducers,while other gall-inducers were derived from phytophagous groups.Taken together,these findings advance our understanding of mitochondrial genome evolution in the major interfamilial phylogeny of Chalcidoidea.

Identification of genes associated with gall bladder cell carcinogenesis:Implications in targeted therapy of gall bladder cancer

Gall bladder cancer(GBC)is becoming a very devastating form of hepatobiliary cancer in India.Every year new cases of GBC are quite high in India.Despite recent advanced multimodality treatment options,the survival of GBC patients is very low.If the disease is diagnosed at the advanced stage(with local nodal metastasis or distant metastasis)or surgical resection is inoperable,the prognosis of those patients is very poor.So,perspectives of targeted therapy are being taken.Targeted therapy includes hormone therapy,proteasome inhibitors,signal transduction and apoptosis inhibitors,angiogenesis inhibitors,and immunotherapeutic agents.One such signal transduction inhibitor is the specific short interfering RNA(siRNA)or short hairpin RNA(shRNA).For developing siRNAmediated therapy shRNA,although several preclinical studies to evaluate the efficacy of these key molecules have been performed using gall bladder cells,many more clinical trials are required.To date,many such genes have been identified.This review will discuss the recently identified genes associated with GBC and those that have implications in its treatment by siRNA or shRNA.

Isolated traumatic gallbladder injury: A case report

BACKGROUND Isolated gallbladder injury(GI)(IGI)directly induced by abdominal trauma is rare.Symptoms,indications,and imaging examinations of IGI are frequently non-specific,posing tremendous diagnostic challenges,which are simple to overlook and may have severe implications.Improving doctors'understanding of gallbladder injury(GI)facilitates early detection and decreases the likelihood of severe consequences,including death.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of IGI caused by blunt violence(after falling from three meters with the umbilicus as the stress point)and performed laparoscopic repair of the gallbladder rupture,which helps clinicians understand IGI and reduce the severe consequences of delayed diagnosis.Through extensive medical history and dynamic abdominal ultrasound evaluation,doctors can identify GI early and begin surgery,thereby decreasing the devastating repercussions of delayed diagnosis.CONCLUSION This article aims to improve clinicians'understanding of IGI and propose a method for the diagnosis and treatment of GI.

WMSN图像节点低内存小波变换方法研究

基于Le Gall 5/3滤波器提出了一种逐行小波变换方法,处理器从图像节点SD卡逐行读出图像信息,完成多级变换后将变换结果行写入SD卡。该方法 SRAM内存需求低,且仅涉及定点整数乘法、加法及移位操作。应用所提方法对一幅256像素×256像素仔猪灰度图像进行小波变换实验,结果表明,该方法以合理的定点运算代价换取了3.968 KB的SRAM开销以及8.718 s的时间开销。为基于小波变换的WMSN节点图像压缩奠定了基础,使农业生产图像在低带宽WMSN上高效传输成为可能。

基于GAL器件的步进电机控制器的研究与设计

介绍了利用阵列逻辑器件GAL16V8对三相六拍步进电机实现控制的方法及其电路设计。通过计算机和编程器对GAL进行编程,可以满足各种控制要求。该电路简单,工作稳定可靠,编程灵活方便。

稻瘿蚊的饲养研究(英文)

[ Objective ] The paper is to explore the breeding of rice gall midge. [ Method ] The morphological characteristics, living habits, breeding method and resistance identification of rice gall midge are introduced. [ Result] TN1 can be used as feedstuff to feed rice gall midge, and water should be sprayed to keep moisture during the breeding process. The damage caused by mice, rice planthopper, ants and spiders during the breeding process should be paid attention, mice and ants can be controlled by water insulation method, rice planthopper and spiders can be controlled by tap water rinsing method and artificial capture method, respec- tively. [ Conlcusion] The study provides reference for further study on rice gall midge.

美国核电厂GALL报告解读

GALL报告是美国NRC颁布的用于指导审查核电厂执照更新申请的技术文件,它采用表单化形式,从具体的构筑物与部件层面出发,详细记录了材料、环境、老化效应与机理、老化管理大纲间逐一对应的关系。基于文献调研与分析,从开发背景、发展历史、内容框架、应用情况等方面介绍了GALL报告的基本信息,应是我国对该文件的首次全面解读,对我国建立核电厂老化管理大纲及有关核电厂延寿的核安全监管法规具有重要参考价值。

Damaging Agents and Tree’s Health Condition in an Urban Forest

Urban trees are subjected to different damaging agents throughout their lifetime. The aims of this study were to identify tree damaging agents, and to obtain a Damage Severity Index (DSI) in order to categorize tree health condition at San Juan de Aragon Park. Each tree was identified at species level in 28 randomly established plots in ten sections of the study area. Up to two types of damage were recorded per tree, based on the FIA (Forest Inventory an Analysis Program) protocol, and a DSI was obtained for each damaged tree considering location of damage, nature of the damaging agent and severity. A total of 753 trees were assessed and 12 species and 27 damaging agents were identified. Cankers, galls, the pepper tree psyllid and the red gum lerp psyllid were the most frequent damaging agents. Australian pine, red gum, Mediterranean cypress, Mexican white cedar, and California pepper were the most affected species. The DSI ranged from 3 to 17 and the average was 7.9. Sections J and H and the species California pepper, Australian pine, and Mexican white cedar presented the highest DSI. The tree population had a moderate health condition, while the aforementioned sections and tree species showed the poorest.

桃根癌病菌拮抗放线菌抑菌活性物质的分离及其初步鉴定(英文)

[ Objective ] The paper was to isolate and preliminarily identify the antibacterial active substances of antagonistic actinomyeete strain G19 obtained from the soil highly affected by peach crown gall （Agrobacterium tumefaciens）. [ Method] The antibacterial substances of antagonistic actinomycete strain G19 were ex- tracted using protein precipitation method, then isolated and purified using high performance liquid chromatography and medium-pressure preparative chromatogra- phy. Its molecular weight was determined by MALDI-TOFMS method, and the related functional groups were verified through chemical color reaction. [ Result] Seven peptide portions were produced from the antibacterial substances of antagonistic actinomycete strain G19 with the molecular weights of 900 - 1 300 Da after isolation and purification. It could be also inferred that it contained Cys, and carried with H2O and Na＋. Color reaction of functional groups verified that the sub- stance was polypeptide containing glycosyl. [ Conclusion] The result provided basis for the final definition of the structure of antibacterial substances in antagonistic actinomycete strain G19.

Pharmacognostic studies of insect gall of Quercus infectoria Olivier(Fagaceae)

Objective:To study the detailed pharmacognostic profile of galls of Quercus infectoria Olivier(Q.infectoria olivier)(Fagaceae),an important medicinal plant used in the Indian system of medicine.Methods:Samples of galls of Q.infectoria were studied by macroscopical,microscopical,physiochemical,phytochemical.fluorescence analysis and othjer methods for standardization as recommended by WHO.Results:Macroscopically,the crude drug is globose with horny appearances on external surface(1.4-2.3 cm in length and 1-1.5 cm in diameter),with greyish-brown to brownish-black in colour externally and dark brown buff colored.Surface is smooth with numerous horny protuberances giving rough touch,and witfi unpleasant odour.Microscopically,a wide zone of radially elongated parenchyma cells between upper and lower epidermis were found.The vascular strands were present at all places and radially elongated sclerides touched the lower epidermis.In physico-chemical studies,the moisture,total ash,acid insoluble ash,alcohol soluble,water soluble,petroleum ether,chloroform extractive value and tannin content were found to be 2.790,5.020,0.110,38.780,41.210,0.402,1.590 and 49.200 percentage respectively.Prcliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenols,flavonoids,steroids,triterpenes,tannins,saponins and alkaloids.Cooclusions:The results of the present study serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this medicinally important plant drug material for future investigations and applications.

GALL线评价Twin-Block治疗安氏Ⅱ类1分类的侧貌变化

目的:基于Andrews六要素的美学理论,尝试用GALL线评价Twin-Block治疗青少年Ⅱ^(1)错[牙合]引起的侧貌改变。方法:收集18例戴用Twin-Block矫治器7~13个月的10~13岁Ⅱ^(1)错[牙合]患者,用GALL线作为参考对矫治前后的头颅侧位片进行测量,并以传统的评价指标为对照,评价软硬组织的变化。结果:18例患者矫治后,以GALL线为参考平面测量指标在评价硬组织变化方面得出了与传统评价指标基本一致的结果:下颌骨长度明显增加,下颌位置前移;上前牙舌倾下前牙唇倾,面下1/3高度增加(P<0.01);但在评价软组织变化方面较传统指标更灵敏。结论:以GALL线为参考可直观的反映出Ⅱ^(1)错[牙合]患者矫治后的变化,较传统的测量方法更加直观及个性化。

Multiorgan chronic inflammatory hepatobiliary pancreatic murine model deficient in tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2

AIM: To provoke persistent/chronic multiorgan inflammatory response and to contribute to stones formation followed by fibrosis in hepatobiliary and pancreatic tissues. METHODS: Tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2(TNFR1/R2) deficient mice reared in-house were given dibutyltin dichloride(DBTC) twice within 10 d by oral gavage delivery. Sham control animals received vehicle treatment and na?ve animals remained untreated throughout the study. Animals were monitored daily for symptoms of pain and discomfort. The abdominal and hindpaw hypersensitivity were assessed with von Frey microfilaments. Exploratory behaviors were recorded at the baseline, after initiation of treatment, and before study termination. Histopathological changes were examined postmortem in tissues. Collagen accumulation and fibrosis were confirmed with Sirius Red staining. RESULTS: Animals lost weight after oral administration of DBTC and developed persistent inflammatory abdominal and hindpaw hypersensitivity compared to sham-treated controls(P < 0.0001). These pain related secondary mechanical hypersensitivity responses increased more than 2-fold in DBTC-treated animals. The drastically diminished rearing and grooming rates persisted after DBTC administration throughout the study. Gross as well as micropathology at one month confirmed that animals treated with DBTC developed chronic hepatobiliary injuries evidenced with activation of stellate cells, multifocal necrosis, fatty degeneration of hepatocytes, periportal infiltration of inflammatory cells, and prominent biliary ductal dilation. The severity of hepatitis was scored 3.7 ± 0.2(severe) in DBTC-treated animals vs score 0(normal) in shamtreated animals. Fibrotic thickening was extensive around portal ducts, in hepatic parenchyma as well as in lobular pancreatic structures and confirmed with Sirius Red histopathology. In addition, pancreatic microarchitecture was presented with distortion of islets, and parenchyma, infiltration of inflammatory cells, degeneration, vacuolization, and necrosis of acinar cells and distention of pancreatic ducts. Extent of pancreatic damage and pancreatitis were scored 3.6 ± 0.4(severe) for DBTC-treated in contrast to score 0(normal) in sham-treated animals. The gall bladder became expanded with ductal distention, and occasional bile stones were detected along with microscopic hepatic lesions. DBTC-treated animals developed splenic hypertrophy with increased weight and length(P < 0.01) along with thymic atrophy(P < 0.001). Finally, colitic lesions and colitis were prominent in DBTC-treated animals and scored 3.4 ± 0.3(moderately severe) vs 0(normal) for the sham-treated animals. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of chronic inflammatory multiorgan hepatobiliary pancreatitis, along with fibrosis and calculi formation induced reliably utilizing oral DBTC administration in TNFR1/R2 deficient mice.