Nickel-based superalloys, well-established in aeronautics, have recently gained significant traction in additive manufacturing. Inconel 939 is one of the alloys increasingly playing a vital role in this field. This pa...Nickel-based superalloys, well-established in aeronautics, have recently gained significant traction in additive manufacturing. Inconel 939 is one of the alloys increasingly playing a vital role in this field. This paper examines the development of the Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect in additively manufactured Inconel 939 in comparison with cast Inconel 939. A detailed analysis of tensile test characteristics was conducted, complemented by a high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) investigation. The PLC region exhibited several properties during tensile testing, such as stress-strain behavior, cycle scale, and overall stress increase. The HR-SEM analysis of Gamma prime (γ') precipitates revealed distinct morphologies, which are suggested to be linked to the features of the PLC region. Samples with a high amount of γ' precipitates showed a less pronounced PLC region, while those with fewer γ' precipitates displayed a more distinct PLC effect. A mechanism for the cyclic drop-and-rise stress behavior, based on the work of Varvenne and La-Rose, was proposed, possibly induced by the varying morphologies of γ' precipitates in the IN939 alloy. Further study is needed to deepen the understanding of the relationship between the γ' micro-(nano) structure and the PLC phenomenon.展开更多
The effect of Ru on γ＇ precipitation behavior and evolution in single crystal superalloys with different Ru contents were investigated by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy,3D atomic pr...The effect of Ru on γ＇ precipitation behavior and evolution in single crystal superalloys with different Ru contents were investigated by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy,3D atomic probing,differential scanning calorimetry.The results show that the solvus of the γ＇ phase decreases gradually with increasing Ru content in the alloys by casting or by the same solution and aging treatments,the alloy with a larger Ru content yields a smaller γ＇ phase.The addition of Ru increases the growth rate and coarsening rate of the γ＇ phase.Ru mainly distributes in the γ phase,which causes more Re and Mo partition into the γ＇ phase,increasing the absolute value of mismatch and the rafting rate of the γ＇ phase.展开更多
Low thermal expansion superalloys have been used for a number of years in a variety of applications, including gas turbine engines. The low thermal expansion characteristics of the most widely used class of materials ...Low thermal expansion superalloys have been used for a number of years in a variety of applications, including gas turbine engines. The low thermal expansion characteristics of the most widely used class of materials are derived from the ferromagnetic characteristics of Ni, Fe, and Co-based austenitic matrices containing little or no Cr.Alloy developments have been aimed at improving the oxidation resistance and stress accelerated grain boundary oxygen (SAGBO) attack.INCONEL alloy 783 is an oxidation resistant, low coefficient of thermal expansion superalloy developed for gas turbine applications. Alloy 783 represents a culmination in the development, of an alloy system with very high alumtnum content that, in addition to forming γ′,causes βaluminide phase precipitation in the austenitic matrix.This type of structure can be processed to resist both SAGBO and general oxidation,while providing low thermal expansion and useful mechanical properties up to 700℃.Key aspects of the alloy's development are presented.展开更多
Microstructural evolution during directional solidification （DS） of Ni-base superalloy IN792＋Hf has been investigated with an emphasis on theγ′precipitates and MC-type carbides.The quantitative image analyses rev...Microstructural evolution during directional solidification （DS） of Ni-base superalloy IN792＋Hf has been investigated with an emphasis on theγ′precipitates and MC-type carbides.The quantitative image analyses revealed that the increase in the solidification rate up to 100μm/s at constant thermal gradient of 178 K/cm resulted in a fine and uniform distribution ofγ′precipitates.The relationship between the as-castγ′size and cooling rate was also determined for DS IN792＋Hf.In the mean time,the MC carbide size was found to be dependent both on the solidification rate and the S/L interface morphology while the area fraction of MC carbide was significantly influenced by the S/L interface morphology.展开更多
IN738LC is a polycrystalline, nickel-based superalloy, which provides a high performance in aggressive environments at temperatures above 650°C. At this high temperature, the expected properties are good corrosio...IN738LC is a polycrystalline, nickel-based superalloy, which provides a high performance in aggressive environments at temperatures above 650°C. At this high temperature, the expected properties are good corrosion resistance, optimal thermal properties, and creep and fatigue resistance. These required properties are obtained via solid solution hardening and precipitation hardening of a face-centered cubic (fcc) Ni matrix phase. The size, morphology and distribution of precipitates determine the properties of the material. Thus, microstructure control is very important for effective use of IN738LC. In this study, a number of heat treatments were conducted to observe the evolution of precipitates. The formation of bimodal microstructure at 1140°C is explored. The data shows formation of a duplex size precipitate microstructure after 5 min of the aging. Formation mechanism of the duplex structure is discussed. Coarsening and dissolution mechanisms at 1120°C are discussed. Precipitates are found to grow up to a critical size in coherent and cubical morphology, beyond which dissolution sets in.展开更多
A theoretical treatment on the oxide-controlled dwell fatigue crack growth of aγ'strengthened nickelbased superalloys is presented.In particular,this study investigates the influence of an externally applied load...A theoretical treatment on the oxide-controlled dwell fatigue crack growth of aγ'strengthened nickelbased superalloys is presented.In particular,this study investigates the influence of an externally applied load and variations in theγ'dispersion on the grain boundary oxide growth kinetics.A dislocation-based viscoplastic constitutive description for high temperature deformation is used to simulate the stress state evolution in the vicinity of a crack at elevated temperature.The viscoplastic model explicitly accounts for multimodalγ'particle size distributions.A multicomponent mass transport formulation is used to simulate the formation/evolution of an oxide wedge ahead of the crack tip,where stress-assisted vacancy diffusion is assumed to operate.The resulting set of constitutive and mass transport equations have been implemented within a finite element scheme.Comparison of predicted compositional fields across the matrix/oxide interface are compared with experiments and shown to be in good agreement.Simulations indicate that the presence of a fineγ'size distribution has a strong influence on the predicted ow stress of the material and consequently on the relaxation in the vicinity of the crack-tip/oxide wedge.It is shown that a unimodal dispersion leads to reduced oxide growth rates(parabolic behavior)when compared to a bimodal one.Stability conditions for oxide formation are investigated and is associated with the prediction of compressive stresses within the oxide layer just ahead of the crack tip,which become progressively negative as the oxide wedge develops.However,mechanical equilibrium requirements induce tensile stresses at the tip of the oxide wedge,where failure of the oxide is predicted.The time taken to reach this critical stress for oxide failure has been calculated,from which dwell crack growth rates are computationally derived.The predicted rates are shown to be in good agreement with available experimental data.展开更多
文摘Nickel-based superalloys, well-established in aeronautics, have recently gained significant traction in additive manufacturing. Inconel 939 is one of the alloys increasingly playing a vital role in this field. This paper examines the development of the Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect in additively manufactured Inconel 939 in comparison with cast Inconel 939. A detailed analysis of tensile test characteristics was conducted, complemented by a high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) investigation. The PLC region exhibited several properties during tensile testing, such as stress-strain behavior, cycle scale, and overall stress increase. The HR-SEM analysis of Gamma prime (γ') precipitates revealed distinct morphologies, which are suggested to be linked to the features of the PLC region. Samples with a high amount of γ' precipitates showed a less pronounced PLC region, while those with fewer γ' precipitates displayed a more distinct PLC effect. A mechanism for the cyclic drop-and-rise stress behavior, based on the work of Varvenne and La-Rose, was proposed, possibly induced by the varying morphologies of γ' precipitates in the IN939 alloy. Further study is needed to deepen the understanding of the relationship between the γ' micro-(nano) structure and the PLC phenomenon.
基金Project(U1037601) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The effect of Ru on γ＇ precipitation behavior and evolution in single crystal superalloys with different Ru contents were investigated by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy,3D atomic probing,differential scanning calorimetry.The results show that the solvus of the γ＇ phase decreases gradually with increasing Ru content in the alloys by casting or by the same solution and aging treatments,the alloy with a larger Ru content yields a smaller γ＇ phase.The addition of Ru increases the growth rate and coarsening rate of the γ＇ phase.Ru mainly distributes in the γ phase,which causes more Re and Mo partition into the γ＇ phase,increasing the absolute value of mismatch and the rafting rate of the γ＇ phase.
文摘Low thermal expansion superalloys have been used for a number of years in a variety of applications, including gas turbine engines. The low thermal expansion characteristics of the most widely used class of materials are derived from the ferromagnetic characteristics of Ni, Fe, and Co-based austenitic matrices containing little or no Cr.Alloy developments have been aimed at improving the oxidation resistance and stress accelerated grain boundary oxygen (SAGBO) attack.INCONEL alloy 783 is an oxidation resistant, low coefficient of thermal expansion superalloy developed for gas turbine applications. Alloy 783 represents a culmination in the development, of an alloy system with very high alumtnum content that, in addition to forming γ′,causes βaluminide phase precipitation in the austenitic matrix.This type of structure can be processed to resist both SAGBO and general oxidation,while providing low thermal expansion and useful mechanical properties up to 700℃.Key aspects of the alloy's development are presented.
文摘Microstructural evolution during directional solidification （DS） of Ni-base superalloy IN792＋Hf has been investigated with an emphasis on theγ′precipitates and MC-type carbides.The quantitative image analyses revealed that the increase in the solidification rate up to 100μm/s at constant thermal gradient of 178 K/cm resulted in a fine and uniform distribution ofγ′precipitates.The relationship between the as-castγ′size and cooling rate was also determined for DS IN792＋Hf.In the mean time,the MC carbide size was found to be dependent both on the solidification rate and the S/L interface morphology while the area fraction of MC carbide was significantly influenced by the S/L interface morphology.
基金Supported by Bogazici University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) (05HA601)
文摘IN738LC is a polycrystalline, nickel-based superalloy, which provides a high performance in aggressive environments at temperatures above 650°C. At this high temperature, the expected properties are good corrosion resistance, optimal thermal properties, and creep and fatigue resistance. These required properties are obtained via solid solution hardening and precipitation hardening of a face-centered cubic (fcc) Ni matrix phase. The size, morphology and distribution of precipitates determine the properties of the material. Thus, microstructure control is very important for effective use of IN738LC. In this study, a number of heat treatments were conducted to observe the evolution of precipitates. The formation of bimodal microstructure at 1140°C is explored. The data shows formation of a duplex size precipitate microstructure after 5 min of the aging. Formation mechanism of the duplex structure is discussed. Coarsening and dissolution mechanisms at 1120°C are discussed. Precipitates are found to grow up to a critical size in coherent and cubical morphology, beyond which dissolution sets in.
文摘A theoretical treatment on the oxide-controlled dwell fatigue crack growth of aγ'strengthened nickelbased superalloys is presented.In particular,this study investigates the influence of an externally applied load and variations in theγ'dispersion on the grain boundary oxide growth kinetics.A dislocation-based viscoplastic constitutive description for high temperature deformation is used to simulate the stress state evolution in the vicinity of a crack at elevated temperature.The viscoplastic model explicitly accounts for multimodalγ'particle size distributions.A multicomponent mass transport formulation is used to simulate the formation/evolution of an oxide wedge ahead of the crack tip,where stress-assisted vacancy diffusion is assumed to operate.The resulting set of constitutive and mass transport equations have been implemented within a finite element scheme.Comparison of predicted compositional fields across the matrix/oxide interface are compared with experiments and shown to be in good agreement.Simulations indicate that the presence of a fineγ'size distribution has a strong influence on the predicted ow stress of the material and consequently on the relaxation in the vicinity of the crack-tip/oxide wedge.It is shown that a unimodal dispersion leads to reduced oxide growth rates(parabolic behavior)when compared to a bimodal one.Stability conditions for oxide formation are investigated and is associated with the prediction of compressive stresses within the oxide layer just ahead of the crack tip,which become progressively negative as the oxide wedge develops.However,mechanical equilibrium requirements induce tensile stresses at the tip of the oxide wedge,where failure of the oxide is predicted.The time taken to reach this critical stress for oxide failure has been calculated,from which dwell crack growth rates are computationally derived.The predicted rates are shown to be in good agreement with available experimental data.
