Evaluation of Interferon-Gamma Release Assay Testing and Tuberculin Skin Test for Early Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), a sensitive microbiological diagnostic method, in children and adolescents with suspected tuberculosis in a country with a high burden of tuberculosis. Method: This study included 581 children and adolescents aged 4 - 19 years who were suspected of having tuberculosis, were latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and had received at least one dose of BCG vaccine between April 17, 2019, and February 24, 2021. The study evaluated the TST results of 106 patients who had a positive Quantiferon test and were suspected of having tuberculosis. Results: The study included 581 patients aged between 4 and 19 years. Of these, 106 patients tested positive for the Quantiferon test, while 19 were indeterminate and 456 were negative. The Quantiferon test positivity rate was 18.24%. Among the 106 QFT-Plus-positive cases, 23 patients also tested positive for TST. The difference in distribution was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The QFT-Plus test is considered an alternative to TST and other microbiological diagnostic methods for early tuberculosis diagnosis, particularly in children and adolescents.

Cortico-striatal gamma oscillations are modulated by dopamine D3 receptors in dyskinetic rats

Long-term levodopa administration can lead to the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Gamma oscillations are a widely recognized hallmark of abnormal neural electrical activity in levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Currently,studies have reported increased oscillation power in cases of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.However,little is known about how the other electrophysiological parameters of gamma oscillations are altered in levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Furthermore,the role of the dopamine D3 receptor,which is implicated in levodopa-induced dyskinesia,in movement disorder-related changes in neural oscillations is unclear.We found that the cortico-striatal functional connectivity of beta oscillations was enhanced in a model of Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore,levodopa application enhanced cortical gamma oscillations in cortico-striatal projections and cortical gamma aperiodic components,as well as bidirectional primary motor cortex(M1)↔dorsolateral striatum gamma flow.Administration of PD128907(a selective dopamine D3 receptor agonist)induced dyskinesia and excessive gamma oscillations with a bidirectional M1↔dorsolateral striatum flow.However,administration of PG01037(a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist)attenuated dyskinesia,suppressed gamma oscillations and cortical gamma aperiodic components,and decreased gamma causality in the M1→dorsolateral striatum direction.These findings suggest that the dopamine D3 receptor plays a role in dyskinesia-related oscillatory activity,and that it has potential as a therapeutic target for levodopa-induced dyskinesia.

R-型聚类中基于Gamma-test的一种新度量

对R-型聚类分析的度量进行了研究,提出了一种基于Gamma-test理论的新度量.给出了新度量的5种不同定义方式,对各定义的性质进行了讨论.并将其应用于经典的系统聚类法,对所得的聚类结果与用相关系数作为度量所得的结果进行比较,分析了各定义的优劣,得出了最有效的新度量定义.

基于Gamma Test的非线性降雨径流回归模型研究

Gamma Test是一个与模型无关的数据分析方法,可以解决建立回归模型时面对的模型精度评价、划分率定和验证的数据及模型输入因子选择这三个问题。本文以英国的River Tone流域为例,应用Gamma Test方法分析数据,指导建立双层BP神经网络降雨-径流模型。结果表明,Gamma Test可以指导优化输入因子,精简模型结构,防止过拟合。

One-sided empirical Bayes test for location parameter in Gamma distribution

In this paper, we devote to constructing the one-sided empirical Bayes(EB) test for the location parameter in the Gamma distribution by nonparametric method. Under some mild conditions, we prove that the EB test is asymptotically optimal with the rate of the order O(n^(-δs/(2s+1))), where 1/2 ≤ δ < 1 and s > 1 is a given natural number. An example is also given to illustrate that the conditions of the main theorems are easily satisfied.

Performance and correlation of interferon gamma release assays and tuberculin skin test in HIV-infected children and adolescents with immune reconstitution

Objective:To evaluate the performance of interferon gamma release assays and tuberculin skin test in HIV-infected children and adolescents with immune reconstitution.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in HIV-infected patients aged 5-18 years receiving antiretroviral treatment with CD4 T-lymphocytes>25%or>500 cells/mm3 for at least 6 months.QuantiF ERON-TB Gold,T-SPOT.TB,and tuberculin skin test were performed in each patient.Results:A total of 50 patients were enrolled with median age of 13.7 years,CD4 counts of 753(IQR:587-989)cells/mm3.Among 27 patients with tuberculosis(16)or tuberculosis exposure(11),8(29.6%)were positive to at least one test,2(7.4%)were positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold,3(11.1%)positive T-SPOT.TB,and 7(25.9%)had tuberculin skin test≥5 mm.Among 23 patients without history of tuberculosis or exposure,all had negative interferon gamma release assays,while 2(8.7%)had positive tuberculin skin test.Conclusions:All tests had low sensitivity despite immune reconstitution.

广义Gamma分布弱湍流环境含指向误差串行中继水下无线光通信系统误码性能分析

鉴于目前普遍选用的水下弱湍流模型无法准确拟合实测数据的缺陷,选取经实验测试验证的广义Gamma分布来表征海洋弱湍流,以期合理评估受湍流等因素影响的水下无线光通信系统的误码性能。提出一种包含广义Gamma分布弱湍流、零/非零视轴指向误差以及无衰落信道冲激响应隐路径损耗和多径效应的混合衰落信道模型,据此推导混合衰落串行中继无线光通信系统平均误码率的数学闭型表达;通过数值仿真验证所推导的误码率理论表达式的准确性,并考察不同系统核心参数对误码率的影响。研究结果表明:串行中继节点的引入可有效提高系统的误码性能,以零视轴指向误差、最终传输距离达45 m、误码率需求10-3为例,引入1至3个串行中继节点后,系统从一开始的无法工作,变为所需的发射功率分别降低至24 dBm、12 dBm和6 dBm;而光源初始发散角增大导致的无衰落信道冲激响应时延扩展,即符号间干扰,则会严重降低此性能改善。

Effectiveness of interferon-gamma release assays for differentiating intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease:A meta-analysis

AIM:To investigate the clinical usefulness of interferon-gamma release assays(IGRAs)in the differential diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis(ITB)from Crohn’s disease(CD)by meta-analysis.METHODS:A systematic search of English language studies was performed.We searched the following databases:Medline,Embase,Web of Science and the Cochrane Library.The Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy initiative and Quality Assessment for Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy tool were used to assess the methodological quality of the studies.Sensitivity,specificity,and other measures of the accuracy of IGRAs in the differential diagnosis of ITB from CD were pooled and analyzed using random-effects models.Receiver operating characteristic curves were applied to summarize overall test performance.Two reviewers independently judged study eligibility while screening the citations.RESULTS:Five studies met the inclusion criteria.The average inter-rater agreement between the two reviewers for items in the quality checklist was 0.95.Analysis of IGRAs for the differential diagnosis of ITB from CD produced summary estimates as follows:sensitivity,0.74(95%CI:0.68-0.80);specificity,0.87(95%CI:0.82-0.90);positive likelihood ratio,5.98(95%CI:3.79-9.43);negative likelihood ratio,0.28(95%CI:0.18-0.43);and diagnostic odds ratio,26.21(95%CI:14.15-48.57).The area under the curve was 0.92.The evaluation of publication bias was not significant(P=0.235).CONCLUSION:Although IGRAs are not sensitive enough,they provide good specificity for the accurate diagnosis of ITB,which may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of ITB from CD.

Application of Gamma Test and Neuro-Fuzzy Models in Uncertainty Analysis for Prediction of Pipeline Scouring Depth

The process involved in the local scour below pipelines is so complex as to make it difficult to establish a general empirical model to provide accurate estimation for scour. This paper describes the use of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and a Gamma Test (GT) to estimate the submerged pipeline scour depth. The data sets of laboratory measurements were collected from published literature and used to train the network or evolve the program. The developed networks were validated by using the observations that were not involved in training. The performance of ANFIS was found to be more effective when compared with the results of regression equations and GT Network modelling in predicting the scour depth of pipelines.

Tests on Application of Soil Magnetic and Integrated Gamma Ray TLD and TC Methods to the Exploration of Sandstone-Type Uranium Deposits

This paper introduces the test results of the soil magnetic survey and the integrated gamma-ray TLD and TC methods for sandstone-type uranium exploration and describes the prospecting mechanism. The tests have proved that these approaches have yielded good results on classifying the sedimentary facies, defining the redox transitional zones and reflecting deep mineralization information. They may probably become new methods on searching for sandstone-type uranium deposits.

On Robustness of a Sequential Test for Scale Parameter of Gamma and Exponential Distributions

The main aim of the present paper is to study the robustness of the developed sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) for testing the hypothesis about scale parameter of gamma distribution with known shape parameter and exponential distribution with location parameter. The robustness of the SPRT for scale parameter of gamma distribution is studied when the shape parameter has undergone a change. The similar study is conducted for the scale parameter of exponential distribution when the location parameter has undergone a change. The expressions for operating characteristic and average sample number functions are derived. It is found in both the cases that the SPRT is robust only when there is a slight variation in the shape and location parameter in the respective distributions.

昆明烟区土壤线虫数量与环境因子的Mantel Test分析

为进一步明确昆明烟区影响线虫的环境因素,于2022年采集云南昆明烟区8个县(市、区)64个乡镇的320个植烟土壤样品,调查与测定样品采集地的海拔、土壤线虫数量以及土壤理化性质(pH值及有机质、水解性氮、速效钾和有效磷含量),并探讨土壤线虫数量与植烟土壤环境因子之间的潜在关系。结果表明,昆明烟区土壤线虫数量一定程度上受到海拔及土壤理化性质的影响,海拔与有机质、水解性氮和速效钾呈显著正相关,pH值与有效磷呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.850;土壤线虫数量与土壤有效磷呈正相关,与海拔、pH值、有机质、水解性氮、速效钾呈负相关,其中与海拔、有机质和水解性氮的相关系数较大,分别为-0.751、-0.651和-0.568。通过Mantel test分析确定海拔、有机质和水解性氮含量是影响昆明烟区土壤线虫数量的重要因子。本结果可为有效防治土壤线虫提供科学依据。

一类折叠Gamma分布的尖峰厚尾性质及应用

组合分布思想的出现及扩展为研究现实数据分布提供了优良方案。鉴于许多数据的尖峰后尾特征,文章从Gamma分布出发,构造了具有尖峰厚尾性质的折叠Gamma分布,进而讨论了折叠Gamma分布的性质,并在Newton-Raphson算法下给出了分布参数的矩估计和极大似然估计,同时以数值模拟证明了估计的可行性,最后以实际数据对比研究折叠Gamma分布和正态分布的拟合效果。结果表明:折叠Gamma分布能更好地拟合尖峰厚尾数据,且其拟合效果随着数据样本量的增大而变好。

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for three redshift distributions of long gamma-ray bursts in the Swift Era

We investigate redshift distributions of three long burst samples, with the first sample containing 131 long bursts with observed redshifts, the second including 220 long bursts with pseudo-redshifts calculated by the variability-luminosity relation, and the third including 1194 long bursts with pseudo-redshifls calculated by the lag-luminosity relation, respectively. In the redshift range 0-1 the Kolmogorov-Smirnov probability of the observed redshift distribution and that of the variability-luminosity relation is large. In the redshift ranges 1-2, 2-3, 3-6.3 and 0-37, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov probabilities of the redshift distribution from lag-luminosity relation and the observed redshift distribution are also large. For the GRBs, which appear both in the two pseudo-redshift burst samples, the KS probability of the pseudo-redshift distribution from the lag-luminosity relation and the observed reshift distribution is 0.447, which is very large. Based on these results, some conclusions are drawn： i） the V-Liso relation might be more believable than the τ-Liso relation in low redshift ranges and the τ-Liso relation might be more real than the V-Liso relation in high redshift ranges; ii） if we do not consider the redshift ranges, the τ-Liso relation might be more physical and intrinsical than the V-Liso relation.

基于GAMMA软件二次开发的地表形变监测系统

InSAR技术具有大范围、高精度、全天时、全天候的优点,已被广泛地应用于地表形变监测与高程获取。GAMMA软件具有支持数据源丰富、处理功能全面、结果精度可靠和效率高等优势,是当前国际上常用的InSAR数据处理软件。但该软件采用命令行交互,操作命令繁杂、对专业要求程度高,不易于非专业用户使用。针对以上问题,本文利用界面友好、开源的QGIS对GAMMA进行二次开发。结合GAMMA提供的py_gamma库和QGIS提供的py_QGIS API接口,采用模块化设计、算法并行优化等技术,开发了一套界面化InSAR形变监测系统,并以西藏沃达地区106景哨兵1号数据进行处理试验,从软件性能和处理结果方面证明了基于QGIS和GAMMA二次开发的可行性和可靠性。相关内容可为命令行用户界面软件转图形化用户界面提供参考。

基于最大图像熵Gamma校正估计的图像特征点检测和匹配方法

提出一种基于最大图像熵Gamma校正估计的图像特征点检测和匹配方法。通过预处理算法来增强图像的对比度,将其应用于图像特征点的检测和匹配。在预处理阶段,首先采用对数函数对图像进行归一化,根据设定的阈值将图像分为明亮和黑暗分量;然后分别对两个分量自适应地选择不同的参数进行Gamma校正,并且确定使其熵最大化的校正参数为每个分量的最佳参数;最后将上述参数应用于Gamma校正生成对应原始图像明亮和黑暗区域的矫正图,并进行融合生成增强的图像。对预处理完的图像进行特征点检测和匹配实验。研究结果表明:所提出的算法相较于未处理算法、HE和自适应Gamma算法,特征点检测后的匹配数量在欠曝光图像上分别提升85.7%、26.4%和15.2%,在过曝光图像上分别提升59.4%、12.2%和103.8%。匹配效果也有较明显提升。

基于Gamma混合模型的出租车落客行为

为了更好地理解枢纽送站坪出租车落客行为,提高落客区域通行效率,提出基于Gamma混合模型的出租车落客决策模型.应用精确的出租车轨迹数据,将出租车停车时间分解为主动停车时间、被迫停车时间和落客时间,基于被迫停车时间分析构建等待耐性混合分布模型,模型验证结果与真实数据相吻合.在此基础上,以潜在乘客耐心分布、停车位置、期望停车位和行程时间为落客决策模型的核心指标,提取相关因子为解释变量,以是否落客为被解释变量,构建二元面板Logit模型,并对模型进行检验.结果表明,乘客耐心对车辆落客起着决定性的作用,落客决策模型预测准确率超过81%,表明该模型能够较好地预测出租车落客行为,为研究缓堵策略提供基础.

Failure characterization of fully grouted rock bolts under triaxial testing

Confining stresses serve as a pivotal determinant in shaping the behavior of grouted rock bolts.Nonetheless,prior investigations have oversimplified the three-dimensional stress state,primarily assuming hydrostatic stress conditions.Under these conditions,it is assumed that the intermediate principal stress(σ_(2))equals the minimum principal stress(σ_(3)).This assumption overlooks the potential variations in magnitudes of in situ stress conditions along all three directions near an underground opening where a rock bolt is installed.In this study,a series of push tests was meticulously conducted under triaxial conditions.These tests involved applying non-uniform confining stresses(σ_(2)≠σ_(3))to cubic specimens,aiming to unveil the previously overlooked influence of intermediate principal stresses on the strength properties of rock bolts.The results show that as the confining stresses increase from zero to higher levels,the pre-failure behavior changes from linear to nonlinear forms,resulting in an increase in initial stiffness from 2.08 kN/mm to 32.51 kN/mm.The load-displacement curves further illuminate distinct post-failure behavior at elevated levels of confining stresses,characterized by enhanced stiffness.Notably,the peak load capacity ranged from 27.9 kN to 46.5 kN as confining stresses advanced from σ_(2)=σ_(3)=0 to σ_(2)=20 MPa and σ_(3)=10 MPa.Additionally,the outcomes highlight an influence of confining stress on the lateral deformation of samples.Lower levels of confinement prompt overall dilation in lateral deformation,while higher confinements maintain a state of shrinkage.Furthermore,diverse failure modes have been identified,intricately tied to the arrangement of confining stresses.Lower confinements tend to induce a splitting mode of failure,whereas higher loads bring about a shift towards a pure interfacial shear-off and shear-crushed failure mechanism.

Unbound^(28)O,the heaviest oxygen isotope observed:a cutting-edge probe for testing nuclear models

The beyond-dripline oxygen isotopes^(27,28)O were recently observed at RIKEN,and were found to be unbound decaying into^(24)O by emitting neutrons.The unbound feature of the heaviest oxygen isotope,^(28)O,provides an excellent test for stateof-the-art nuclear models.The atomic nucleus is a self-organized quantum manybody system comprising specific numbers of protons Z and neutrons N.

基于间断性Gamma校正的粘连蚕茧分割方法研究

目前,蚕茧分割计数研究主要针对大小几乎完全相同的蚕茧,难以应对大小差异较大的情况。针对上述问题,采用图像增强的方法提取蚕茧表面并进行蚕茧的粘连分割。首先,将原图直接转化为灰度图像进行腐蚀处理,通过Gamma校正使得图像灰度值收缩;其次,通过限制对比度自适应直方图均衡化(CLAHE)方法提高蚕茧图像与其背景区域的灰度差,使其进一步分离;再利用高斯滤波和腐蚀方法平滑并收缩蚕茧图像,根据亮度数据进行第二次Gamma校正以调整对比度;最后,通过二值化处理统计连通域个数得出蚕茧数量。实验结果表明,所提方法针对大小蚕茧分割适应力较强,平均准确率高达99%。