Ganoderma lucidum spore powder modulates Bcl-2 and Bax expression in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex,and improves learning and memory in pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats

We studied the effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on Bax and Bcl-2 expression and neuronal apoptosis in pentylenetetrazole-kindled epileptic rats. Sixty adult rats were randomly divided into a control group, an epileptic group （kindled） and three medication groups （150,300 450 mg/kg given to kindled rats）. Bax and Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry and TUNEL labeling showed that the number of Bax- and TUNEL-positive cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex decreased significantly in the high-dose medication group, while the number of Bcl-2 immunoreactive cells increased. The Morris water maze test showed that high-dose treatment significantly shortened escape latency and increased spatial probe trial performance. Our findings indicate that a high dose of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder upregulates the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, inhibits proapoptotic Bax expression, and decreases seizure-induced neuronal apoptosis. Further, Ganoderma lucidum appears to protect against epilepsy-related learning and memory impairments.

Effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on astrocyte expression and glutamine synthetase activity in the hippocampal region of epileptic rats

BACKGROUND： Recent studies have demonstrated that astrocyte dysfunction plays a central role in inhibiting epileptic seizures and that regulation of astrocyte function may be a new target for treatment of epilepsy. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder （GLSP） on astrocyte morphology and glutamine synthetase （COS） activity in the hippocampal region of epileptic rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled animal experiment was performed at the Function Laboratory, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University between October and December 2006. MATERIALS： A total of 30 Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were randomized to three groups （n = 10）： control, model, and GLSP. GLSP was sourced from Jiamusi Wild Ganoderma Lucidum Planting Base and prepared to 30 g/L with physiological saline before use. Pentylenetetrazol （PTZ） （10 g/L） was provided by Sigma Company, USA. METHODS： The control group received intraperitoneal （i.p.） and intragastric （i.g.） physiological saline. Following epilepsy induction by i.p. administration of PTZ （35 mg/kg）, rats from the mode/and GLSP groups were ig injected with physiological saline and GLSP （300 mg/kg）, respectively. Each compound was administered once per day, for a total of 28 successive days. Epileptic seizure convulsions were graded 0-5. A higher grade indicated more severe epilepsy. Only those rats showing stage 2 or higher convulsions at least 5 times successively were included in further experiments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Immediately alter injection, seizure activity was monitored for 30 minutes to determine the latent period and seizure duration; simultaneously, astrocyte numbers and GS activity in the hippocampal region of rats with epilepsy were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： All 30 rats were included in the final analysis. On day 28, following PTZ administration epileptic seizures were not found in the control group. In the GLSP group, rats exhibited rhythmic head nodding or facial spasms, and the latent period was significantly longer than that of the model group （P 〈 0.05）. In the model group, the majority of rats exhibited myoclonus or generalized convulsions, and epileptic seizure duration was slightly （but not significantly） longer than that in the GLSP group （P 〉 0.05）. Within 2-3 minutes of PTZ injection, the model group exhibited grade 4 or 5 epileptic seizures, and the GLSP group mostly showed grade 2 or 3, and occasionally grade 4 or 5, epileptic seizures. All rats recovered within 30 minutes. The model group exhibited significantly increased astrocytes （P 〈 0.05）, with thicker cellular processes and a higher number of cellular processes, and significantly decreased GS activity （P 〈 0.05） tban the control group. The astrocyte count was significantly decreased but GS activity was significantly increased in the GLSP group when compared with the model group （P 〈 0.05）; however, astrocyte appearance was similar in both groups （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： GLSP can effectively inhibit astrocyte numbers and elevate GS activity in the hippocampal region of rats with epilepsy, thereby reducing epileptic seizures.

Aqueous-soluble components of sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder promote ferroptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Objective: Ferroptosis is a novel cell death process which displays a promising role in cancer treatment.However, clinically available drugs targeting ferroptosis are rarely used, and yet there are no studies reporting on inducing ferroptosis via Chinese herbal extracts. Here we explored the tumor inhibition effects of Ganoderma lucidum(G. lucidum) on oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC). Specifically, we aimed to clarify the biological mechanism of components in the dietary, aqueous-soluble sporoderm-removed G. lucidum spore powder(A-GSP).Methods: Preliminary transcriptome analysis revealed the significant enrichment of the ferroptosis pathway.Cellular Fe2+, glutathione(GSH), malondialdehyde(MDA), reactive oxygen species(ROS) and lipid peroxide levels were measured to identify ferroptosis occurrence. Western blotting was used to measure ferroptosis-related proteins. Changes in mitochondria morphology and function were observed with transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and ATP detection assays. Ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 was then used to verify the anti-tumor effects of A-GSP. Finally, nude mice xenograft models of oral cancer confirmed that A-GSP inhibited tumor growth.Results: A-GSP promoted ferroptosis in oral cancer cells by inducing Fe2+influx, GSH depletion, as well as lipid peroxide and ROS accumulation. Ferroptosis-related proteins exhibited corresponding changes, particularly Acylco A synthetase long chain family member 4(ACSL4) increase and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4) decrease. A-GSP considerably lowered mitochondrial volume and ridge number, while significantly decreasing ATP production. Ferrostatin-1 reversed all of these A-GSP-induced changes. In vivo, A-GSP exerted a ferroptosismediated tumor-suppressing effect without observable adverse reactions.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of A-GSP for treating patients with OSCC by targeting ferroptosis.

Study on Key Techniques for High-quality and High-yield Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum Spore Powder

Comparative test of 4 Ganoderma lucidum varieties from different sources showed that the mycelium of Chizhi 1 grew fast with thick and dense hyphae,round and solid cap,and high spore powder yield.Chizhi 1 was proved to be an excellent variety because of its strong resistance and high spore powder yield.Different cultivation materials were chosen and combined to form 3 cultivation formulations.The results showed that Formulation(3),in which basswood was soaked in nutrient solution for 24 h,presented fast mycelial growth and high spore powder output,and therefore was proved to be a high-yield formulation of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder.

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1, nuclear factor-kappa B, and neuronal apoptosis in the epileptic rat brain

BACKGROUND：It has been reported that Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, a very well known Chinese traditional medicine, can affect immunoregulation, free radical scavenging, and anti-hypoxia responses. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1）, nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） and neuronal apoptosis in rats with pentylenetetrazol （PTZ）-induced epilepsy. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A cellular and molecular biology experiment with randomized controlled study design was performed at the Central Laboratory of Basic Medical College of Jiamusi University from June to August 2005. MATERIALS： Thirty healthy, adult, male, Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups （10 rats per group）： control, epilepsy model, and Ganoderma lucidum spore powder. A sub-eclampsia PTZ dose （35 mg/kg） was intraperitoneally injected to induce epilepsy in the latter two groups. Wild Ganoderma lucidum spore powder （30 g/L） was provided by the wild Ganoderma lucidum plant nursery at Jiamusi, China. Immunohistochemical detection and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediate dUTP nick end-labeling （TUNEL） kits were purchased from Wuhan Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., China. METHODS： Ganoderma lucidum spore powder was intragastrically administered at a dose of 10.0 mL/kg, once a day for 28 days. In the epilepsy and control groups, an equivalent volume of normal saline was intragastrically administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Immunoreactivity for IGF-1 and NF-κB/P65 were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Neuronal apoptosis was detected using TUNEL methods. RESULTS： The hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats with PTZ-induced epilepsy exhibited a higher number of apoptotic cells at high magnification （×400）, compared with the control group. Expression of IGF-1 and NF-κB were higher in the epilepsy group, compared with the control group （P 〈 0.01）. In Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated rats, fewer apoptotic cells were observed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, expression of NF-κB/P65 was lower, and immunoreactivity to IGF-1 increased more distinctly, compared with the epilepsy group. In addition, seizure latency was longer on 17, 21, and 25 days post-PTZ treatment in the Ganoderma lucidum spore powder group, compared with the epilepsy group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. CONCLUSION： Ganoderma lucidum spore powder down-regulated expression of NF-κB in brain tissues of rats with PTZ-induced epilepsy, increased immunoreactivity to IGF-1, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis. These results indicated that Ganoderma lucidum spore powder has a neuroprotective effect.

Bioactive components,pharmacological properties and underlying mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil:A review

Ganoderma lucidum is a Chinese medicinal fungus with a long history of use in healthcare and disease treatment.G.lucidum spores(GLS)are tiny germ cells released from the mushroom cap during the mature stage of growth.They contain all the genetic active substances of G.lucidum.G.lucidum spore oil(GLSO)is a lipid component extracted from broken-walled Ganoderma spores using supercritical CO_(2)extraction technology.GLSO contains fatty acids,Ganoderma triterpenes,sterols and other bioactive compounds.Previous studies have demonstrated that GLSO has a wide range of pharmacological properties,including anti-tumor,anti-aging,neuroprotection,immunomodulation,hepatoprotection and modulation of metabolic diseases.This review summarizes the research progress of GLSO over the past two decades in terms of its bioactive components,extraction and processing techniques,pharmacological effects and safety evaluation.This provides a solid foundation for further research and application of GLSO.

Antitumor effects of different Ganoderma lucidum spore powder in cell-and zebrafish-based bioassays

Objective:Ganoderma lucidum spore(GLS)is gaining recognition as a medicinal part of G.lucidum and has been reported to possess various pharmacological properties,such as antitumor activity.In this work,wall-broken GLS powder(BGLSP)and wall-removed GLS powder(RGLSP),two kinds of GLS powder with different manufacturing techniques,were compared in terms of contents of active constituents and in vivo and in vitro antitumor effects.Methods:The ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry method was used to determine the contents of polysaccharides and total triterpenoids in BGLSP and RGLSP.Seventeen individual triterpenoids were further quantified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker.The antitumor effects of BGLSP and RGLSP were evaluated using in vitro cell viability assay against human gastric carcinoma SGC-7901,lung carcinoma A549 and lymphoma Ramos and further validated by in vivo zebrafish xenograft models with transplanted SGC-7901,A549 and Ramos,Results:The results showed that the contents of polysaccharides,total triterpenoids and individual triterpenoids of RGLSP were significantly higher than those of BGLSP.Although both BGLSP and RGLSP inhibited the three tumor cell lines in vitro in a dose-dependent manner,the inhibitory effects of RGLSP were much better than those of BGLSP.In the in vivo zebra fish assay,RGLSP exhibited more potent inhibitory activities against tumors transpla nted into the zebra fish compared with BGLSP,and the inhibition rates of RGLSP reached approximately 78%,31%and 83%on SGC-7901,A549 and Ramos,respectively.Conclusion:The results indicated that the antitumor effects of GLS were positively correlated with the contents of the polysaccha rides and triterpenoids and demonstrated that the wall-removing manufacturing technique could significantly improve the levels of active constituents,and thereby enhance the antitumor activity.

破壁灵芝孢子粉中多种重金属元素及硒含量检测方法探讨

采用微波消解进行前处理,三重四极杆-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定破壁灵芝孢子粉中镉、铬、镍、砷、铅、汞及硒元素含量,对方法条件进行优化和讨论,并对20批次破壁灵芝孢子粉进行测定。结果表明,镉、铬、镍、砷、铅和汞元素在氦气碰撞模式,硒元素在氧气反应模式下,采用内标校正定量,可达到良好的测定效果。在优化的条件下,各元素线性关系良好,检出限均可达μg·kg^(-1)级别;镉、铬、镍、砷、铅及硒元素的加标回收率在90.3%~105.0%,汞的加标回收率在82.1%~92.5%;方法精密度在5%以内。此方法前处理操作简便,检测灵敏度高,稳定性好,给灵芝孢子粉多元素测定提供了良好的技术支撑。

灵芝孢子粉咀嚼片的研发与制作

以灵芝孢子粉为原料,研制灵芝孢子粉咀嚼片。通过配方优化试验和感官品质评价分析,得出最佳配方组合为灵芝孢子粉14.4%、低聚果糖34.0%、全脂奶粉51.6%。按照此配方制作的灵芝孢子粉咀嚼片口感和形状俱佳,硬度和脆碎度均符合标准,入口易崩解,且无杂质产生。

酶法提取灵芝孢子粉胞壁水溶性糖的工艺优化及分子量分布

为提高灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)孢子粉胞壁水溶性糖的提取效率,以灵芝孢子粉胞壁残渣为研究对象,用单因素实验、响应面实验优化酶法胞壁水溶性糖提取工艺,并比较酶法和不同物理法处理的灵芝孢子粉胞壁水溶性糖的分子量分布。结果表明:最佳提取工艺为溶壁酶加量2%,酶解时间5 h,料液比1︰10(g︰m L)、温度40℃、pH6.5,在此条件下提取的灵芝孢子粉胞壁水溶性糖含量达到17.86%。分子量分布分析结果表明,酶解后的水溶性糖以低聚糖为主。研究结果可为有效利用和开发灵芝孢子粉提供参考。

灵芝孢子粉复合饮料的加工工艺研究

为丰富功能性饮料市场,以灵芝孢子粉为原料制备一款功能性饮料,以灵芝孢子粉浸提液添加量、山楂枸杞浸提液添加量、甘草浸提液添加量、木糖醇添加量为考查因素进行单因素试验,采取正交试验筛选出最优工艺。结果表明,灵芝孢子粉浸提液添加量为10%,山楂枸杞浸提液添加量为7.5%,甘草浸提液添加量为2.5%,木糖醇添加量为14%时,感官评分最高。此时产品呈浅褐色,有灵芝孢子粉特有的气味与口感,澄清透明,无杂质沉淀,酸甜协调。

不同干燥方式对灵芝孢子粉中灵芝孢子油过氧化值的影响

目的:比较不同干燥方式对灵芝孢子粉中灵芝孢子油过氧化值的影响。方法:以西藏灵芝孢子粉为例,采用不同的干燥方式将灵芝孢子粉干燥至合格,然后进行破壁,用超临界CO_(2)萃取法提取灵芝孢子油,检测灵芝孢子油的过氧化值,并比较不同干燥方式对灵芝孢子油的过氧化值的影响。结果:微波干燥和真空干燥方式得到的灵芝孢子油过氧化值均合格,分别为0.13%,0.14%;热风干燥和晾晒干燥方式得到的灵芝孢子油过氧化值不合格,分别为0.16%、0.17%。结论:水分变化率可能是灵芝孢子粉干燥过程中的重要影响因素,微波干燥方式水分变化率远高于其他方式,干燥效率高,耗能少,且不影响孢子油过氧化值,适合干燥大规模样品;其它干燥方式相对比较费时耗能,且灵芝孢子粉存在变质的风险。

分光光度法测定破壁灵芝孢子粉中总三萜含量研究

目的:优化分光光度法测定破壁灵芝孢子粉中总三萜含量的分析方法。方法:分别针对方法中提取液除杂方式、挥干方式及水浴反应条件等进行优化,并对优化后的方法线性、检出限、定量限、准确性、专属性及重复性等进行验证。结果:测试方法中挥干方式为沸水浴挥干、除杂方式为4000 r·min^(-1)离心10 min、水浴条件为60℃反应15 min;熊果酸标准溶液在20~160μg范围内线性良好,相关系数R2为0.9992,加标回收率在93.12%~97.73%,相对标准偏差低于0.64%,方法检出限为0.1203μg·mL^(-1),定量限为0.3610μg·mL^(-1)。结论:该方法操作简便,条件明确,具有良好的准确度和精密度,适用于破壁灵芝孢子粉中总三萜含量测定。

灵芝孢子粉提质扩能生产及质量控制研究

为了能够保证灵芝孢子粉产品产量和质量,通过灵芝孢子粉精深加工提质扩能的建设和生产破壁灵芝孢子粉的质量控制,利用质量检测体系对灵芝孢子粉的理化指标进行了3批次的随机抽检分析,结果发现:提质扩能建设改善了生产车间、空气净化系统、净化水处理设备、保鲜冷库、外部参观通道窗口硬件设施,提升了低温灵芝孢子破壁、胶囊填充、自动装粉技术,使灵芝孢子粉产品的生产流程规范化标准化,灵芝孢子粉产品的理化检测指标均符合《破壁灵芝孢子粉质量标准》。

丽产特色中药材及饮片中33种禁用农药残留分析

建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法和气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)法评价丽产特色中药材及饮片中33种禁用农药残留情况。用乙腈高速匀浆提取低温浓缩,并结合亲水亲油平衡材料固相萃取柱净化。结果表明,33种禁用农药线性良好,相关系数均大于0.990,加标回收率为75.7%~119.7%,RSD为2.6%~9.8%。160批丽产特色中药材及饮片中有8批检出禁用农药(检出率为5%),其中1批样品超出限度(不合格率为1%),禁用农药残留情况整体良好,需重点关注灵芝孢子粉中硫丹残留。

灵芝孢子粉抗突变和抑制肿瘤作用实验研究

目的 对灵芝孢子粉的抗突变和抗肿瘤作用进行研究 ,为开发灵芝的保健作用提供依据。方法 以小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验和睾丸染色体畸变实验观察灵芝孢子粉的抗突变作用 ,以S - 180瘤细胞和H - 2 2瘤细胞移植性肿瘤观察灵芝孢子粉的抗肿瘤效果。结果 灵芝孢子粉对环磷酰胺诱发的小鼠骨髓细胞微核发生和丝裂霉素诱发的小鼠睾丸细胞染色体畸变均有明显的抑制效果。对S - 180和H - 2 2肿瘤细胞小鼠移植性肿瘤生长也有明显的抑制作用。结论 灵芝孢子粉对体细胞和生殖细胞的DNA损伤均有保护作用 。

灵芝孢子粉拮抗环磷酰胺毒副反应的实验研究

目的 研究灵芝孢子粉对抗癌药环磷酰胺毒副反应的拮抗作用。方法 小鼠经皮下注射 40mg/kg的环磷酰胺的同时经口灌胃给予 2 0、80、32 0mg/kg的灵芝孢子粉混悬液 ,给药结束后检测小鼠游泳耐力、小鼠碳粒廓清功能、小鼠血红蛋白和SGPT。结果 灵芝孢子粉明显拮抗环磷酰胺引起的小鼠耐力下降 ,血红蛋白降低 ,巨嗜细胞吞噬能力减弱和SGPT上升的作用。结论 灵芝孢子粉对抗癌药环磷酰胺的毒副反应有一定拮抗作用。

灵芝孢子粉对癫痫大鼠脑IGF-1、NF-κB表达及神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的:观察和探讨灵芝孢子粉对戊四氮(PTZ)致痫大鼠脑胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)蛋白表达及神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法:用亚惊厥剂量的PTZ复制大鼠慢性癫痫模型,用药组以灵芝孢子粉灌胃,记录癫痫发作的潜伏期及持续时间,采用免疫组织化学和TUNEL法分别检测脑IGF-1、NF-κB/P65的免疫反应性和神经细胞凋亡情况。结果:大鼠海马和皮质区每高倍视野(×400)下平均凋亡细胞数模型组(18.80±2.13、16.87±2.00)明显多于对照组(0.97±0.52、0.58±0.25),IGF-1、NF-κB/P65蛋白表达模型组明显高于对照组(均P<0.01);在造模第17、21、25d时用药组较模型组癫痫发作的潜伏期有所延长(分别为P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.01),海马和皮质区凋亡细胞数用药组(12.30±2.46、10.48±1.33)明显少于模型组,NF-κB/P65蛋白表达用药组低于模型组,而IGF-1的免疫反应性用药组明显强于模型组。结论:IGF-1、NF-κB及神经细胞凋亡均可能参与了PTZ致痫的发生发展过程,灵芝孢子粉能明显抑制NF-κB蛋白的表达,增强IGF-1的免疫反应性,可能是其对癫痫所致神经细胞凋亡有明显抑制,从而对神经细胞起保护作用的机制之一。

灵芝子实体和孢子粉纯化多糖体外抗氧化活性研究

为研究同源灵芝子实体和灵芝孢子粉纯化多糖的体外抗氧化活性,利用DEAE-650离子交换树脂,对提取获得灵芝子实体粗多糖(GLP)和灵芝孢子粉粗多糖(GLSP)进行分离纯化,GLP水洗脱得到GLP-1,0.2 mol/L NaCl洗脱得到GLP-2,GLSP水洗脱得到GLSP-1,0.2 mol/L NaCl洗脱得到GLSP-2。分别考察了4种纯化多糖的ABTS+自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清除能力、羟基自由基清除能力和还原能力,结果表明,不同灵芝纯化多糖的抗氧化能力不同,GLP-2的4种抗氧化活性均最高,四种抗氧化能力最高,分别为98.09%、75.88%、81.55%和0.728。

灵芝孢子粉破壁技术、质量分析与深加工相关研究进展

破壁灵芝孢子粉为一种灵芝深加工产品,具有多种药理学活性,更易被人体吸收。灵芝孢子的破壁方法包括生物化学法、物理法和机械法等,工业生产多综合利用多种方法。破壁灵芝孢子粉的质量分析还没有统一的国家标准,灵芝孢子粉质量可以参考地方标准进行综合评价,还可以参考近期发表的一些分析方法。灵芝孢子粉提取物产品以孢子油为主,其它产品也有研发并推出市场。药理学研究表明,灵芝孢子油、灵芝孢子粉水提物和醇提物均具有抗癌活性,有良好的应用前景。