Garcinia Kola and Kolaviron Attenuates Bisphenol A-Induced Memory Impairment and Hippocampal Neuroinflammation in Male Wistar Rats

Bisphenol A (BPA), a toxicant which can leach into food from plastic containers, is reported to induce neurotoxicity among others via oxidative mechanisms. However, antioxidant compounds have been suggested to mitigate BPA-induced toxicities. Garcinia kola (GK) and its bioactive compound, kolaviron, are well-established natural antioxidants, which can exert protective effects against BPA-induced toxicities. This study was designed to investigate the likely mitigating effect of GK and kolaviron on BPA-induced memory impairment and hippocampal neuroinflammation in male Wistar rats. Thirty-five rats were equally grouped and treated as follows: I and II received distilled water and corn oil, respectively at 0.2 mL, while III - VII received BPA (50 mg/kg), BPA + GK (200 mg/kg), BPA + kolaviron (200 mg/kg), GK and kolaviron, respectively for 28 days p.o. Thereafter, behavioral studies were done using the Novel Object Recognition and Y maze tests. Subsequently under anaesthesia, the hippocampus in each animal was dissected out, homogenized and analysed for malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione transferase, nitrites, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, acetylcholinesterase, glutamate acid decarboxylase, and arginase activity. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey Post-hoc test at p p Garcinia kola and Kolaviron mitigate bisphenol A-induced memory impairment and neuroinflammation via antioxidant potentiation and neurotransmitter balance.

Contribution of Garcinia kola to the Productivity and Economic Profitability of the Community Agricultural Area of Kedougou: Financial and Comparative Analysis of Production Factors

Inland fishing predominates in the Kedougou region, which has no coastline. This type of fishing does not yet meet the local population’s demand for fish products. In response to this concern, a Community Agricultural Estate housing an integrated fish farm was set up in the commune of Bandafassi, in the village of Itato. Since its creation, this production unit has been faced with the problem of sourcing high-quality, low-cost, monosex male Oreochromis niloticus fry. In order to overcome this constraint, the present research focuses on the contribution of Garcinia kola to the productivity and economic profitability of the Itato farm. The aim of the research is to assess fish production in the experimental set-up and the production costs of tilapia in a controlled environment. The comparative study of the various production factors shows disparities only in the input factor, where scenarios 2 and 3 use additional products. These are 17-α-methytestosterone for scenario 2 and Garcinia kola for scenario 3. These products significantly interfere with fish production, with a fairly high mortality rate for scenario 2 (25% for two production cycles/ cohort2 (B5, B6, B7 and B8) treated with 17-α-methytestosterone). As for scenarios 1 and 3, mortalities are 5% with or without recourse to additional products (G. kola). In addition, average fish production for the three (03) scenarios is estimated at 28687.5 kg/2 cycles. It varies from one scenario to another, i.e. 30937.5 kg/2 cycles for scenarios 1 and 3 and 24187.5 kg/2 cycles for scenario 2. It is therefore higher in scenarios 1 and 3 than in scenario 2. This difference is due to the fairly large losses of individuals in scenario 2. Furthermore, the analysis of the profit and loss accounts for tilapia production varies from one scenario to another depending on the type of farm: 476 Franc CFA for scenario 1, 610 Franc CFA for scenario 2 and 472 Franc CFA for scenario 3 (F CFA = franc of the French Colonies of Africa). The Average operating income for all the fish farming units is 34,726,142 Franc CFA. The highest (41,638,075 Franc CFA) and lowest (29,281,075 Franc CFA) ERs were observed in scenarios 3 and 2 respectively. It was 33,259,275 Franc CFA for scenario 1. The difference between the NERs of the three scenarios is more or less significant in terms of results. The operating result (OR) is positive in all 3 scenarios in our study. However, the scenario 3 system generates a higher rate of return (the ratio between an income and the capital employed to obtain that income) (74%) than that generated by the scenario 1 system (69%). As for the scenario 2 system, it generates a lower financial return than the two previous systems (67%). Above all, this work made it possible to construct an approach that would make it possible to answer such a question by relying successively on various methods: a typology, according to the production factors involved in the operation of the Community Agricultural Estate fish farm.

Green synthesis of three-dimensional magnesium ferrite/titanium dioxide/reduced graphene from Garcinia mangostana extract for crystal violet photodegradation and antibacterial activity

In this study,three-dimensional porous magnesium ferrite/titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide(Mg Fe_2O_(4)-GM/TiO_(2)/rGO(MGTG))was successfully synthesized via green and hydrothermal-supported co-precipitation methods using the extract of Garcinia mangostana(G.mangostana)as a reducing agent.The characterization results indicate the successful formation of the nano/micro Mg Fe_(2)O_(4)(MFO)and TiO_(2) on the structure of the reduced graphene oxide(rGO),which can also act as efficient support,alleviating the agglomeration of the nano/micro MFO and TiO_(2).The synergic effects of the adsorption and photodegradation activity of the material were investigated according to the removal of crystal violet(CV)under ultraviolet light.The effects of catalyst dosage,CV concentration,and p H on the CV removal efficiency of the MGTG were also investigated.According to the results,the CV photodegradation of the MGTG-200 corresponded to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model.The reusability of the material after 10 cycles also showed a removal efficiency of 92%.This happened because the materials can easily be recollected using external magnets.In addition,according to the effects of different free radicals·O_(2)^(-),h^(+),and·OH on the photodegradation process,the photocatalysis mechanism of the MGTG was also thoroughly suggested.The antibacterial efficiency of the MGTG was also evaluated according to the inhibition of the Gram-positive bacteria strain Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus).Concurrently,the antibacterial mechanism of the fabricated material was also proposed.These results confirm that the prepared material can be potentially employed in a wide range of applications,including wastewater treatment and antibacterial activity.

Effects of Garcinia kola “Bitter Kola” Powder on Sex Reversal, Survival and Growth Performance of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

This study was carried out in 2022 at the Itato agriculture community estate of fish hatchery in eastern Senegal with the aim of finding an alternative method to 17-α-methyl testosterone (MT) by using Garcinia kola “Bitter kola” powder to obtain Oreochromis niloticus male sex populations. 1800 fry of average size between 0.01 and 0.02 g were distributed in 12 aboveground tanks of 1 m3 each at a rate of 150 individuals/tank, following 6 duplicate treatments. The negative (B1 and B2) and positive (B3 and B4) control diets, to which between 0 and 60 mg/kg of 17alpha-methyl testosterone had been added respectively, were mixed with industrial feed containing 40% protein;the tank diets (B5 and B6), (B7 and B8), (B9 and B10) and (B11 and B12) contained 10 g, 20 g, 30 g and 40 g of Garcinia kola powder respectively for 1 kg of industrial feed con-taining 40% protein. These different treatments resulted in high proportions of males in the order of 97.03%;98.09% for the hormone and proportions of 94.03%;93.26% for 20 g of Garcinia kola extracts. In terms of weight growth, the best average weights for the hormone and Garcinia kola were 0.896 g and 0.980 g respectively. With regard to fish survival, the following results were recorded: 95.53% and 94.56% respectively for additions of 20 g and 30 g of Garcinia kola extracts to the feed supplied to the fish. On the other hand, a significant difference in the mortality rate of 35% and 5% respectively for the conventional hormone and 20 g of Garcinia kola extracts was observed. To conclude the study, it is recommended that further studies be carried out to determine the quality of the flesh, their life stages and the profile of the amino acids present in their proteins.

Xanthones from the bark of Garcinia Xanthochymus

Two novel xanthones, 1,6-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyxanthone （1） and 1,5,6-trihydroxy-7,8-di（3-methyl-2-butenyl）-6＇,6＇-dimethylpyrano（2＇,3＇：3,4）xanthone （2） were isolated from the bark of Garcinia xanthochymus by normal phase and reverse phase silica gel column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, especially 2D-NMR techniques.

藤黄属植物(Garcinia)资源与利用研究进展

从分类地位与分布概况、种质资源保存与评价、组织培养与繁殖技术、食用价值和药用价值利用等方面综述了藤黄属植物国内外研究进展。由于藤黄属植物在经济上和医学上的重要价值,必须加强种质资源收集保存等基础工作,进一步开展种质评价与创新利用。

小叶藤黄(Garcinia cowa)种子传播、种子被捕食及幼苗空间分布

1999年 8月至 2 0 0 1年 2月 ,对热带雨林树种小叶藤黄 (Garciniacowa)种子的初级传播、二次传播、种子被取食及幼苗空间分布进行了研究。结果表明 :林上拜访动物主要有猕猴 (Macacamulatta)、花面狸 (Pagumalarvata)、赤腹松鼠 (Callosciuruserythraeus)、蓝腹松鼠 (C .pygertthrus)、小花鼠 (Tamiopsmacclellandi)等 5种。有 86 .5 %± 4.9%(1999年 )和 91.4%± 8.2 % (2 0 0 0年 )的成熟果实被林上动物所取食 ,使得 36 .0 %± 15 .0 % (1999年 )和 2 2 .8%± 10 .4% (2 0 0 0年 )的种子被林上动物转移 ,猕猴可能对种子的远距离传播起着重要作用。中华姬鼠 (Apodemysdracoorestes)对落到地面的种子进行分散埋藏 ,平均转移距离为 3.6± 2 .9m ,埋藏深度为 0 .82± 0 .5 8cm。地面和埋藏种子还受到材小蠹 (Xyleborussp .)的危害 ,离母树 10m以内的埋藏种子受危害程度明显高于 15m及其以外的种子。幼苗距母树 5～ 7m处分布最多 ,Morisita指数Iδ=1.34,呈弱聚集分布。幼苗分布格局受种子雨、中华姬鼠转移及材小蠹危害等综合影响。小叶藤黄可能形成了以果肉吸引猕猴类动物及以种子来吸引鼠类动物搬运两种策略来实现种子的传播。

Apoptosis,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of phytochemicals from Garcinia malaccensis Hk.f

Objective:To study the chemical constituents of stembark of Garcinia malaccenm（G.malaccenm） together with apoptotic.antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.Methods:Purification and structure elucidation were carried out by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, respectively.MTT and trypan blue exclusion methods were performed to study the cytotoxic activity.Antibacterial activity was conducted by dise diffusion and microdilulion methods, whereas antioxidant activities were done by ferric thiocyanate method and DPPH radical scavenging.Results:The phylochemical study led lo the isolation ofα,β-mangostin and cycloarl-24-en-3β-ol.α-Mangostin exhibited cytotoxic activity against HSC-3 cells with an IC50 of 0.33μM.β- andα-mangostin showed activity against K562 cells with IC50 of 0.40μM and 0.48μM,respectively,α-Mangostin was active against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus（S.aureus） and Bacilus anthracis（B.anthmcis） with inhibition zone and MIC value of（19 mm;0.02S mg/mL） and（20 mm;0.013 mg/mL）,respectively.In antioxidant assay,α-mangostin exhibited activity as an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation.Conclusions:G.malaccenm presenceα- andβ-mangostin and cycloart-24-en-3β-ol.β-Mangostin was found very active against H.SC-3 cells and KS62.The results suggest that mangoslins derivatives have the potential to inhibit the growth of cancer cells by inducing apoptosis.In addition,α-andβ-mangostin was found inhibit the growth of Cram-positive pathogenic bacteria and also showed the activity as an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation.

多花山竹子(Garcinia multiflora Champ)的繁殖研究

对多花山竹子枝条插穗基部采用不同的切制方法和不同的激素水平处理,种子分剥皮和不剥皮两组进行不同激素水平处理后进行播种。研究表明:多花山竹子的扦插繁殖在各种条件下均较难成活;而种子在人工剥皮后用BA(50μl/L)处理后的繁殖效果最好。

Apoptotic activity of caged xanthones from Garcinia hanburyi in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines

AIM:To investigate the growth inhibitory mechanism of four caged xanthones from Garcinia hanburyi in cholangiocarcinoma(CCA) KKU-100 and KKU-M156 cells.METHODS:Four caged xanthones,selected on the basis of their anticancer potency and chemical structure diversities(i.e.isomorellin,isomorellinol,forbesione and gambogic acid) were used in this study.Growth inhibition of these caged xanthones was determined using the sulforhodamine B assay.Induction of apoptosis was assessed by observing cell morphology,ethidium bromide and acridine orange staining and DNA fragmentation assay.Levels of apoptotic-related gene and protein expressions were determined by a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis,respectively.RESULTS:The compounds were found to inhibit growth of both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner and also showed selective cytotoxicity against the cancer cells when compared with normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Growth suppression by these compounds was due to apoptosis,as evidenced by the cell morphological changes,chromatin condensation,nuclear fragmentation,and DNA ladder formation.At the molecular level,these compounds induced down-regulation of Bcl-2 and survivin proteins with up-regulation of Bax and apoptosisinducing factor proteins,leading to the activation of caspase-9 and-3 and DNA fragmentation.The functional group variations did not appear to affect the anticancer activity with regard to the two CCA cell lines;however,at a mechanistic level,isomorellinol exhibited the highest potency in increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratio(120 and 41.4 for KKU-100 and KKU-M156,respectively) and in decreasing survivin protein expression(0.01 fold as compared to control cells in both cell lines).Other activities at the molecular level indicate that functional groups on the prenyl side chain may be important.CONCLUSION:Our findings for the first time demonstrate that four caged xanthones induce apoptosis in CCA cells which is mediated through a mitochondriadependent signaling pathway.

A new cytotoxic caged polyprenylated xanthone from the resin of Garcinia hanburyi

A new caged polyprenylated xanthone, gambogic aldehyde （1）, was isolated from the resin of Garcinia hanburyi. Its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral data including 1D and 2D NMR data. In addition, the antiproliferative ability of compound 1 was determined in mouse leukemia P388 and P388/ADR cells.

Garcinia Cambogia attenuates diet-induced adiposity but exacerbates hepatic collagen accumulation and inflammation

AIM: To investigate long-term effects of Garcinia Cambogia (GC), weight-loss supplement, on adiposity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese mice. METHODS: Obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45 kcal% fat) with or without GC (1%, w/w) for 16 wk. The HFD contained 45 kcal% fat, 20 kcal% protein and 35 kcal% carbohydrate. They were given free access to food and distilled water, and food consumption and body weight were measured daily and weekly, respectively. Data were expressed as the mean ± SE. Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package for the social science software program. Student's t test was used to assess the differences between the groups. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in body weight and food intake between the groups. However, the supplementation of GC significantly lowered visceral fat accumulation and adipocyte size via inhibition of fatty acid synthase activity and its mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue, along with enhanced enzymatic activity and gene expression involved in adipose fatty acid β-oxidation. Moreover, GC supplementation resulted in significant reductions in glucose intolerance and the plasma resistin level in the HFD-fed mice. However, we first demonstrated that it increased hepatic collagen accumulation, lipid peroxidation and mRNA levels of genes related to oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and inflammatory responses (tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) as well as plasma alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels, although HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was not altered. CONCLUSION: GC protects against HFD-induced obesity by modulating adipose fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation but induces hepatic fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress.

Antibiofilm activity of a-mangostin extracted from Garcinia mangostana L. against Staphylococcus aureus

Objective: To isolate a-mangostin(AMG) from the peels of mangosteen(Garcinia mangostana L.), grown in Vietnam, and to investigate antibiofilm activity of this compound against three Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) strains, one of which was methicillin-resistant S. aureus(MRSA) and the other two strains were methicillinsensitive S. aureus(MSSA).Methods: AMG in n-hexane fraction was isolated on a silica gel column and chemically analyzed by HPLC and NMR. The antibiofilm activity of this compound was investigated by using a 96-well plate model for the formation of biofilms. Biofilm biomass was quantified using crystal violet. The viability of cells was observed under confocal microscopy using LIVE/DEAD Bac Light stains. Biofilm composition was determined using specific chemical and enzyme tests for polysaccharide, protein and DNA. Membranedamaging activity was assayed by measuring the hemolysis of human red blood cells in presence of AMG.Results: The results indicated that the isolated AMG, with a purity that exceeded 98%,had minimal inhibitory concentrations in the range of 4.6–9.2 mmol/L for the three strains tested. Interestingly, the MSSA strains were more sensitive to AMG than the MRSA strain. Minimal bactericidal concentrations were 2-fold higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration values for the three strains, indicating that AMG was a bactericidal compound. AMG also prevented biofilm formation effectively, albeit that again the MRSA strain was the most resistant. Interestingly, biofilms of the MRSA strain contained protein as a main component of the extracellular matrix, whereas this was polysaccharide in the MSSA strains. This might relate to the resistance of the MRSA 252 strain to AMG.Assays using human red blood cells indicated that AMG caused significant membrane damage with 50% of cell lysis occurred at concentration of about 36 mmol/L.Conclusions: Our results provide evidence that the isolated AMG has inhibitory activity against biofilm formation by S. aureus, including MRSA. Thus, isolated AMG proposes a high potential to develop a novel phytopharmaceutical for the treatment of MRSA.

Antimalarial activity and toxicity of Garcinia mangostana Linn.

Objective:To investigate the antimalarial activity and toxicity of the crude ethanolic extract of its pericarp both in vitro and in vim.Methods:The antimalarial activity of Gareinja mangostana(G.mangostana)Linn.extract against 3D7 and Kl Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum)clone were assessed using SYBR green I-based assay.A 4-day suppressive test of Plasmodium berghei{P.berghei)infected mouse was performed to investigate in vivo antimalarial activity.Results:The in vitro antimalarial activity was seleclive(SI>5?and classified as weak and good lo moderate activity against both 3D7 and K1 P.falciparum,clones with median IC_(50)(range)values of 11.12(10.94-11.29)and 7.54(6.80-7.68)μg/mL,respectively.The extract was considered nontoxic to mice.The maximum tolerated doses for acute and subacute toxicity in mice were 5 000and 2 000 mg/kg,respectively.Median(range)parasite density on day 4 of the negative control group(25%Tween-80),mice treated with 250,500,1000,and 2 000 mg/kg body weight of the extract,and 10 mg/kg body weight of chloroquine for 14 d were 12.8(12.2-13.7),11.4(9.49-13.8),11.6(9.9-12.5),11.7(10.6-12.8),10.9(9.4-11.6)and 0(0-0)%respectively.Parasite density on day 4in the control group treated with Tween-80 was higher than the groups treated with chloroquine and all dose levels of the extract.Conclusions:G.mangostana linn,showed weak antimalarial activity of the extract both in vitro and in vivo could be due to limitation of absorption of the active compounds.

Hepatotoxicity associated with Garcinia cambogia: A case report

BACKGROUND Herbal supplements(HS)for weight loss are perceived to be“safe”and“natural”,as advertised in ads,however,hepatotoxicity can be associated with consumption of some HS.Use of HS may be missed,as the patient may not report these unless specifically asked about these products,since they are often not thought of as medications with potential side effects or interaction potential.CASE SUMMARY We reported a case of a 21-year-old female with morbid obesity who presented with abdominal pain for 1 wk associated with nausea,vomiting,anorexia and myalgias.She denied smoking tobacco,drinking alcohol,usage of illicit drugs,hormonal contraceptives,or energy drinks.There was no significant past medical or family illnesses.Her laboratory workup revealed acute liver failure.The workup for possible etiologies of acute liver failure was unremarkable.She was using a weight loss herbal supplement“Garcinia cambogia”for 4 wks.This case demonstrates the association of acute liver failure with Garcinia cambogia.CONCLUSION Medical reconciliation of HS should be performed in patients with suspected acute liver failure and early discontinuation of HS can prevent further progression of drug induced hepatoxicity.

Cytotoxicity study of ethanol extract of the stem bark of asam kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb.) on T47D breast cancer cell line

Objective:To investigate the cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract of the stem bark of asam kandis[Garcinia cowa Roxb.(G.cowa)]on T47 D breast cancer cell line.Methods:The cytotoxicity of ethanol extract was carried out against human breast cancer cell line(T47D) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay.The extract was added at various concentrations(0.1.1,10 and 100 μg/mL).The level of cytotoxicity was determined by calculating the level of IC_(50),that was based on the percentage of the cell death after 24 h treatment with the extract.Cell morphological changes were observed by using inverted microscope.Results:The 3-(4.5-dimelhylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltelrazolium bromide assay showed that ethanol extract of G.cowa exhibited significant cytotoxic effect on T47 D with IC_(50) value of(5.10+1.68) μg/mL.Morphological alteration of the cell lines after exposure to ethanol extract of G.cowa was observed under phase contrast microscope in a dosc-dependent manner.ConclusionsThe results suggest the possible use of ethanol extract of asam kandis for preparing herbal medicine for cancer-related ailments.

The microstructural effects of aqueous extract of Garcinia kola(Linn) on the hippocampus and cerebellum of malnourished mice

Objective:To assess the neuroprotective effects of aqueous extract of Garcinia kola on neurotoxin administered malnourished mice adopting histological procedure.Methods:The study was carried out using thirty-two adult malnourished mice which were randomly assigned into four groups(n=8):A,B,C and D.Group A served as control,while the other groups served as the experimental groups.Animals in group A were fed malnourished diet ad libitum and given water liberally.Animals in group B were administered with 3-Nitropropionic acid(3-NP)(neurotoxin)only at 20 rag/kg body weight,group C were given only Garcinia kola extracts,and group D were pre-treated with Garcinia kola extracts at 200 mg/kg for seven days prior to administration of neurotoxin at 20 mg/kg body weight.After three days of neurotoxins administration in the relevant groups,the brains were excised and fixed in formal calcium for histological processing.Results:The study showed that hippocampal and cerebellar neurons of animals in group B exhibited some cellular degeneration and blood vessel blockage,which were not seen in groups A,C and D.Cresyl violet staining was least intense in group B than in groups A,C and D.Despite the fact that animals in group D has equal administration of 3-Nitropropionic acid concentration,there were no traces of neural degeneration as it was evidenced in group B.Conclusions:It is concluded that Garcinia kola has protective effects on the neurons of the hippocampus and cerebellum of malnourished mice.

Antioxidant,nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Garcinia kola and Chrysophyllum albidum from rainforest ecosystem of Ondo State,Nigeria

Tropical forests contain many tree species that have supplied edible fruits for centuries.These fruits have contributed to human diets due to their richness in nutrients,vitamins,minerals,antioxidants and their low antinutrients content.We investigated the antioxidant,nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Garcinia kola and Chrysophyllum albidum fruit parts.The nutritional,anti-nutritional and antioxidant compositions differed depending on the fruit part.Irrespective of fruit part,moisture content was high（72–93 %）.While the edible part（fruit pulp） of C.albidum proved a better source of protein（4）,fibre（17 %） and fat（2 %）,the seed kernel was a better source of ash（2 %） and carbohydrate（15 %）.Carbohydrate（22 %）,protein（2 %）,fat（1 %） and fibre（3 %） were higher in G.kola seed kernel（edible part） than in the pulp and pod.Anti-nutrient content in G.kola and C.albidum fruits was low,indicating that their consumption would not pose nutritional or health problems.The antioxidant compositions（especially phenolic content（10–21 mg g-1） and DPPH（1,1-diphenyl–2 picrylhydrazyl）（26–55 %）） of C.albidum fruit pulp and G.kola seed kernel were high,implying that they could be good sources of natural antioxidants and could be used as supplements in food manufacturing.

Proteomics analysis of antimalarial targets of Garcinia mangostana Linn.

Objective:To investigate possible protein targets for antimalarial activity of Garcina mangostana Linn.(G.mangostana)(pericarp)in 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum clone using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry(LC/MS/MS).Methods:3D7 Plasmodium falciparum was exposed to the crude ethanolic extract of G.mangostana Linn.(pericarp)at the concentrations of 12μg/mL(1C_(50)level:concentration that inhibits parasite growth by 50%)and 30μg/mL(1C_(90)level:concentration that inhibits parasite growth by 90%)for 12 h.Parasite proteins were separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and identified by LC/MS/MS.Results:At the IC_(50)concentration,about 82%of the expressed parasite proteins were matched with the control(non-exposed),while at the IC_(90)concentration,only 15%matched proteins were found.The selected protein spots from parasite exposed to the plant extract at the concentration of 12μg/mL were identified as eneymes that play role in glycolysis pathway,i.e.,phosphoglyeerate mutase putative,L-lactate dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,and fruetose-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphoglyeerate kinase.The proteosome was found in parasite exposed to 30μg/mL of the extract.Conclusions:Results suggest that proteins involved in the glycolysis pathway may be the targets for antimalarial activity of G.mangostana Linn.(pericarp).