Action Mechanism of Components from Gardenia jasminoides on Eye Skin Based on Network Pharmacology

[Objectives]To explore the pharmacological effects of Gardenia jasminoides and its potential benefits on eye skin.[Methods]TCMSP and SymMap databases were used to screen the active components and corresponding targets of G.jasminoides.Human eye skin-related targets were screened,and the active component-target network and protein-protein interaction(PPI)network were established.Gene ontology(GO)analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis were performed.[Results]Twenty-six active compounds were screened out from G.jasminoides,and 277 targets were obtained.From the Gencards database,26652 disease targets were retrieved and 205 related gene targets were screened.The active component-action target network of G.jasminoides constructed by Cytoscape software revealed the potential of G.jasminoides to play a role in multiple biological pathways.In addition,PPI-network analysis,GO function analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the active components of G.jasminoides mainly regulate the biological processes such as inflammatory response,oxidative stress and apoptosis,involving MAPK,NF-κB and other important signaling pathways.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the eye skin protection of G.jasminoides and an important clue for future drug development.

A new iridoid glycoside from Gardenia jasminoides

A new iridoid glycoside, 6＇-O-sinapoylgeniposide, was isolated from Gardeniajasminoides Ellis and its structure was elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS techniques.

Gardenia jasminoides protects against cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis

AIM： To investigate the effect of Garden/a fasm/noides （GJ） on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis （AP） in mice. METHODS： C57BL/6 mice weighing 18-20 g were divided into three groups. （1） Normal salinetreated group, （2） treatment with GJ at a dose of 0.1 g/kg, （3） treatment with GJ at a dose of 1 g/kg. GJ was administered orally （n = 6 per group） for 1 wk. Three hours later, the mice were given anintraperitoneal injection of cerulein （50 μg/kg）, a stable cholecystokinin （CCK） analogue, every hour for a total of 6h as described previously. The mice were sacrificed at 6 h after completion of cerulein injections. Blood samples were obtained to determine serum amylase, lipase and cytokine levels. The pancreas was rapidly removed for morphologic examination and scoring. A portion of pancreas was stored at -70℃ and prepared for the measurement of tissue myeloperoxidase （MPO） activity, an indicator of neutrophil sequestration, and for reverse-transcriptase PCR （RT-PCR） and real-time PCR measurements. RESULTS： Treatment with G.1 decreased significantly the severity of pancreatitis and pancreatitis-associated lung injury. Treatment with G.1 attenuated the severity of AP compared with saline-treated mice, as shown by reduction in pancreatic edema, neutrophil infiltration, serum amylase and lipase levels, serum cytokine levels, and mRNA expression of multiple inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSION： These results suggest that GJ attenuated the severity of AP as well as pancreatitisassociated lung injury.

Gardenia jasminoides attenuates hepatocellular injury and fibrosis in bile duct-ligated rats and human hepatic stellate cells

AIM:To investigate the anti-hepatofibrotic effects of Gardenia jasminoides in liver fibrosis.METHODS:Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent common bile duct ligation(BDL) for 14 d and were treated with Gardenia jasminoides by gavage.The ef-fects of Gardenia jasminoides on liver fibrosis and the detailed molecular mechanisms were also assessed in human hepatic stellate cells(LX-2) in vitro.RESULTS:Treatment with Gardenia jasminoides decreased serum alanine aminotransferase(BDL vs BDL + 100 mg/kg Gardenia jasminoides,146.6 ± 15 U/L vs 77 ± 6.5 U/L,P = 0.0007) and aspartate aminotransferase(BDL vs BDL + 100 mg/kg Gardenia jasminoides,188 ± 35.2 U/L vs 128 ± 19 U/L,P = 0.005) as well as hydroxyproline(BDL vs BDL + 100 mg/kg Gardenia jasminoides,438 ± 40.2 μg/g vs 228 ± 10.3 μg/g liver tissue,P = 0.004) after BDL.Furthermore,Gardenia jasminoides significantly reduced liver mRNA and/or protein expression of transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1),collagen type?Ⅰ?(Col?Ⅰ) and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA).Gardenia jasminoides significantly suppressed the upregulation of TGF-β1,Col?Ⅰand α-SMA in LX-2 exposed to recombinant TGF-β1.Moreover,Gardenia jasminoides inhibited TGF-β1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation in LX-2 cells.CONCLUSION:Gardenia jasminoides exerts antifibrotic effects in the liver fibrosis and may represent a novel antifibrotic agent.

Responses of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Leaf Traits and Anatomical Structures to Drought Stress in Purple Soil

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the response of Gardenia to purple soil drought stress,hoping to provide a reference for the selection of plants for vegetation restoration in purple soil regions.[Methods]The pot-weighing water control method was used to apply different degrees of drought stress to Gardenia seedlings in purple soil,and the effects of drought stress on the electrical conductivity,chlorophyll content,leaf morphology and structure of Gardenia leaves were explored.[Results]The leaf electrical conductivity increased with the increase of drought stress intensity,and the leaf electrical conductivity under severe drought stress increased by 59.93%compared with the control;the chlorophyll content of Gardenia showed a single-peak changing trend that increased and then decreased with the development of drought stress,and it was the highest in each stress stage under severe drought stress;the leaf thickness,palisade tissue thickness and sponge tissue thickness of Gardenia were reduced with the stress degree increasing,and showed the largest decreases under severe stress;the stomatal length,stomatal width and stomatal opening of Gardenia gradually decreased with the increase of stress,while the stomatal density gradually increased.[Conclusions]This study provides a technical and resource basis for vegetation restoration in purple soil.

Technique of Three-dimensional Cuttage of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis

[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the propagation efficiency of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and improve the quality of plantlets.[Methods]A G.jasminoides cutting experiment was carried out with three different cuttage modes and two cutting treatment methods,and the rooting time,rooting rate,root amount and plantlet growth were measured and analyzed.[Results]The three-dimensional cutting model of CL1 could not only shorten the nursery cycle and promote root development,but also effectively improve the quality of plantlets and increase the yield of plantlets per unit area.It is an ideal way to improve the quality and efficiency of cutting plantlets.[Conclusions]This study has a positive role in promoting the healthy development of the nursery stock industry.

Practical Cultivation Techniques of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis for Flowers-Fruits in Hunan Province

In order to protect and develop the local resources of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis with Hunan characteristics,this paper uses the existing technology,analyzes the existing achievements in the cultivation of G.jasminoides Ellis,investigates and analyzes the actual situation of the seedling base and cooperatives in Hunan,and collects the relevant index data related to the cultivation of G.jasminoides Ellis.This paper summarizes the practical techniques related to land selection,soil preparation,seedling breeding,afforestation technology,tending management,pest control and so on,in order to provide reference basis for planting and cultivateon and industrial development of G.jasminoides Ellis in Hunan.

栀子石油醚有效部位的快速抗抑郁潜力与BDNF、p-eEF2的表达上调相关

目的筛选出栀子石油醚有效部位具有快速抗抑郁潜力并对其初始起效时间点及生物学机制进行了探讨。方法采用给药后24 h进行小鼠悬尾实验、强迫游泳实验和新奇抑制摄食实验来初步筛选具有快速抗抑郁潜力的栀子石油醚有效部位。给药30 min后进行悬尾行为实验及给药2h后进行强迫游泳实验以测试栀子石油醚有效部位起效时间。Western blot实验检测2 h及24 h小鼠海马区BDNF及p-e EF2蛋白的表达。结果单次给药GJ-PE1后2 h到24 h均能降低小鼠强迫游泳行为的不动时间,同时降低小鼠陌生环境下摄食的潜伏时间。GJ-PE3单次给药24 h后能降低小鼠陌生环境下摄食的潜伏时间。GJ-PE4给药24 h后能增加小鼠陌生环境下的摄食量。给药2 h后,GJ-PE1小鼠海马中的BDNF表达明显上调而p-e EF2表达明显下调,24 h后小鼠海马中BDNF表达明显下调而p-e EF2表达明显上调。结论栀子石油醚的4个下分部位中,GJ-PE1最具有快速抗抑郁潜力,起效时间为给药后2 h,其机制与BDNF的上调及p-e EF2的下调相关。GJ-PE3、GJ-PE4具有部分潜在快速起效抗抑郁药物的特征。GJ-PE2不具有快速抗抑郁潜力。

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸和PEG处理下栀子幼苗光合及抗氧化特性变化

采用溶液培养方式,研究不同浓度(0、25、50、100 mg·L^(-1)和200mg·L^(-1))5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对PEG胁迫条件下栀子幼苗有机渗透调节物质含量、光合生理及抗氧化系统等生理生化指标。结果表明,栀子幼苗PEG胁迫14 d,地上和地下部分干重、苗高、根长、相对含水量、光合色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用率(WUE)下降;脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量和相对电导率显著上升,而抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性明显下降,一定浓度ALA处理降低了PEG引起栀子幼苗生理上的压力,50 mg·L^(-1)的外源ALA处理可以显著缓解PEG诱导生长抑制,与单独PEG胁迫处理相比,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量、净光合速率、SOD、POD、CAT活性、相对含水量和脯氨酸的积累分别提高了25.35%、31.85%、228.68%、41.92%、27.26%、41.50%、170.26%、31.01%,MDA含量、H_2O_2含量和相对电导率分别降低39.00%、31.18%、45.56%。相反,200 mg·L^(-1)ALA处理则可能加剧干旱胁迫伤害。

基于EST-SSR引物的不同产区栽培栀子遗传多样性研究

目的:研究不同产区栽培栀子遗传多样性现状。方法:以14对EST-SSR引物分析9个不同产区栽培栀子的遗传多样性,分别采用POPGENE32和NTSYS-pc 2.10e计算遗传参数并进行聚类分析。结果:栀子栽培群体在物种水平上目前保持着较高的遗传多样性水平,各位点Shannon多样性指数(Ⅰ)平均值为1.19,期望杂合度(He)平均值为0.65。在群体水平上,9个栀子栽培群体的基因多样度(Nei)平均值为0.548,Shannon多样性指数(Ⅰ)平均为0.952,各群体期望杂合度平均值为0.584,群体间差异较为显著,江西道地产区樟树、丰城等群体表现出更高的遗传多样性水平。各群体Fst平均值为0.156(0.15<Fst<0.25),栀子栽培群体间存在一定程度的遗传分化,但在总的遗传变异中,以群体内个体间的遗传变异为主,浙江安吉群体和其他群体差异显著。结论:栽培栀子目前保持着较高的遗传多样性,道地产区群体表现出更高的遗传多样性水平。研究结果为栀子遗传资源的保护、引种栽培及良种选育等方面提供了依据。

栀子水提物的HPLC-ESI-MS^n分析

目的:建立栀子水提物中栀子苷和绿原酸两种成分的分析方法,全面分析水提物的化学成分。方法:采用加热回流法获得栀子的水溶性总提物,外标法测定水提物中栀子苷和绿原酸的含量,通过离子阱多级质谱法(ESI/MSn)全面分析水提物的化学成分。结果:测得水提物中栀子苷和绿原酸的含量分别为2.52%和0.08%,试验共对13种化合物进行了结构分析,其中2种尚未见报道。结论:该方法专属性强,可作为栀子的准确定性分析方法。

HPLC法测定栀制人参中人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rb_1和栀子苷的含量

目的：建立测定栀制人参中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1和栀子苷含量的方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为AgilentTC18，流动相为乙腈-0.1％磷酸（梯度洗脱，人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1）、乙腈-水（13∶87，V/V，栀子苷），流速为1.0ml/min，检测波长为203nm（人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1）、238nm（栀子苷），柱温为40℃，进样量为20μl。结果：人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1和栀子苷检测进样量线性范围分别为0.418～3.762μg（r＝0.9998）、0.270～2.430μg（r＝0.9998）、0.398～3.582μg（r＝0.9997）、0.606～3.030μg（r＝0.9997）；精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD＜2.0％；加样回收率分别为97.86％～101.47％（RSD＝1.29％）、96.21％～100.11％（RSD＝1.42％）、96.24％～100.48％（RSD＝1.57％）、97.76％～102.44％（RSD＝1.71％），n均为6。结论：该方法操作简便，精密度、稳定性、重复性好，可用于栀制人参中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1和栀子苷含量的测定。

黔产栀子花挥发油化学成分SPME-GC-MS分析

目的分析黔产栀子花挥发油化学成分.方法利用固相微萃取/气相色谱/质谱(SPME/GC/MS)联用技术对栀子花的挥发油化学成分进行了研究.结果共鉴定出32种成分,占挥发油总成分的81.74%.结论栀子花挥发油主要化学成分是芳樟醇(27.73%),戊烯酸叶醇酯(24.38%),惕格酸己酯(11.42%),α-法尼烯(5.20%)等.

Plackett-Burman试验、最速上升试验及Box-Behnken试验联用优化栀子多酚超声提取工艺

目的优化栀子多酚超声提取工艺。方法通过Plackett-Burman试验从乙醇浓度、粒径、液料比、超声功率、超声温度、超声时间、提取次数几个影响因素中挑选出显著因素,然后针对显著因素采用最速上升试验确定响应面的中心点,最终利用Box-Behnken试验优化栀子多酚超声提取工艺。结果最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度45%,液料比25:1,提取时间35min,栀子总多酚得率为1.857%,与预测值1.9%接近。结论优化工艺科学合理,为栀子的开发提供了参考。

PEG6000模拟干旱对栀子幼苗生理特性的影响

采用不同浓度的PEG6000(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%)模拟不同程度的干旱环境,通过测定第10 d,第15 d,第20 d栀子幼苗叶片内的抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性及可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标变化,了解栀子幼苗的耐干旱能力。结果表明:(1)相同处理时间内,POD、SOD活性和可溶性蛋白的含量随着PEG6000浓度的增加,呈现出先增后降的变化趋势;CAT活性在第10 d和15 d先增后降,第20 d CAT活性下降;PEG6000浓度为10%时,各指标数值最大。(2)相同胁迫强度,随着胁迫时间的增加,POD活性先增加后下降,在第15 d有最大酶活;SOD和可溶性蛋白的含量随胁迫时间的持续而下降;CAT活性在PEG6000浓度为5%和20%时下降,10%和15%时先升后降。(3)结论:较低浓度的PEG6000(≤10%)或较短的处理时间内(短于15 d)使栀子花幼苗生理活性增强;高浓度的PEG6000(≥15%)或较长的处理时间(长于15 d)使栀子幼苗生理活性下降。

SPME-GC-MS联用法分析栀子红茶香气成分

采取固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用技术方法对栀子红茶香气成分进行分析,以期为栀子红茶产业化发展提供理论基础。共从栀子红茶中检测出93种香气成分,其中主要香气贡献成分包括醇类、酯类、其他类、酸类和醛类化合物,其中香叶醇、水杨酸甲酯、芳樟醇、六氢茴香素、苯乙醇、芳樟醇氧化物Ⅱ、苯甲酸甲酯、棕榈酸、芳樟醇氧化物Ⅳ、茉莉酮内酯、环丁甲酸己酯、芳樟醇氧化物Ⅰ、顺-3-己烯醇丁酸酯、反-异丁子香酚、苯甲醇、苯乙醛、α-法呢烯和柠檬醛等18种化合物是香气成分的主体物质,同时检出在对照茶坯中未检出的43种香气成分。六氢茴香素、苯甲酸甲酯、茉莉酮内酯、环丁甲酸己酯、反-异丁子香酚和α-法呢烯6种含量相对较高的成分可能是栀子红茶具有浓郁栀子花香的特殊成分。

微胶囊化生姜、枸杞、栀子提取物的ACE抑制率、苦味及稳定性研究

本文通过粉碎、超声获得生姜、枸杞、栀子的混合醇提物,以麦芽糊精、变性淀粉、两者混合分别与明胶作为复合包埋壁材,利用喷雾干燥制成微胶囊,测定其包埋率、ACE(angiotensin-convertion enzyme)抑制率、吸湿性、总酚含量(TPC)、苦味程度,并利用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、热重分析仪(TGA)对微胶囊化颗粒的结构、热稳定性进行研究。结果表明,微胶囊的最佳壁材为麦芽糊精和变性淀粉质量比1:1混合,此时包埋率为75.24%(P<0.05),红外光谱分析表明,提取物被壁材包埋成功并形成了淀粉/糊精-酚类-明胶聚合体。与未包埋及单一麦芽糊精、变性淀粉包埋相比,以麦芽糊精和变性淀粉质量比1:1混合作为壁材包埋后的微胶囊苦味显著(P<0.05)降低,吸湿性由未包埋时的52.83 g/(100 g)降为16.04 g/(100 g)。该微胶囊经胃肠消化后其中的酚类释放率为69.64%,ACE抑制率为49.64%(P<0.05)。由此可见,以麦芽糊精和变性淀粉质量比1:1混合作为壁材的微胶囊化药食同源提取物,能明显降低苦味并提高产品稳定性,在室温保存7 d后,ACE抑制率仍高达22.36%。

HPLC-DAD-Q-Exactive静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱快速分析栀子中主要成分

目的:采用HPLC-DAD-Q-Exactive静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱在线分离鉴定栀子中的主要化学成分。方法:Poroshell 120 SB-C18色谱柱(4.6×150mm,2.7μm),以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,质谱采用正、负离子监测模式,以及全扫描及自动触发二级质谱扫描功能,对栀子药材的化学成分进行快速分离和鉴定。结果:根据高分辨质谱数据从栀子甲醇提取物中鉴定了13个主要色谱峰,包括环烯醚萜类8个,二萜色素类5个。结论:建立的HPLC-DAD-Q-Exactive高分辨液质联用技术,为栀子化学成分鉴定提供了一种快速、高效的分析方法。

Effect of Hoechunyangkyeok-San Extract on Melanogenesis

Forsythia fructus has been shown to have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-aging and whitening effects. Hoechunyangkyeok-san (Forsythia viridissima-prescription) is a traditional herbal medicine, which has been clinically used for treating febrile and inflammatory disorders. This work was carried out to investigate the skin whitening effects of Forsythia viridissima-prescription extract (a hydrolyzed extract of Hoechunyangkyeok-san: SID White HYC) on skin. The effects of SID White HYC were assessed the melanin contents in B161 melanoma cells and the pigmented equivalent with HMB45 and Fontana Masson staining in 3D skin model. Then, we examined the expression of major pigment enzymes regulating melanin synthesis and melanosome transport related proteins in B16F1 cells. SID White HYC significantly inhibited the melanin synthesis (56.7% and 30.6% inhibition at 100 μg/mL, intracellular and secreted, respectively) in B16F1 cells and 3D skin model. In addition, western blotting analysis showed that SID White HYC reduced the expression of melanin synthesis and melanosome transport related proteins in B16F1 cells. In clinical trials, the cream containing 0.05% SID White HYC showed skin depigmentation effect without any irritation. These results suggest that SID White HYC may be useful inhibition of melanogenesis and melanosome transport. Therefore, SID White HYC may have potential as a skin-whitening ingredient in cosmetics.