The Beneficial Effects of Components of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in the Poultry Industry

Plant-based antimicrobial agents are readily available, cost-effective, and exhibit low toxicity, making them promising alternatives in combatting microbial infections. Among these plants, garlic (Allium sativum) stands out for its traditional medicinal use in effectively combating various microorganisms. In the poultry industry, preventing avian virus and bacterial infections is paramount for chicken husbandry. However, using conventional drugs poses potential risks to human health. Garlic, a widely used Asian plant in traditional medicine for various pathologies, has shown potential as an herbal prophylactic remedy against viral and bacterial infections. Recently, researchers explored garlic and its derivatives as a scientific strategy in veterinary practices for diverse purposes, such as improving poultry production characteristics and acting as antibiotic growth promoters. This comprehensive review delves into garlic and its derivatives as preventive and corrective treatments for viral diseases in laying hens and broilers. The paper highlights their potential effectiveness and safety as a natural means to enhance poultry health and welfare while mitigating the risks associated with conventional drug usage in the food industry.

Modulatory effects of dietary inclusion of garlic(Allium sativum) on gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats

Objective:To investigate die ameliorative effect of dietary inclusion of garlic(Allium sativum)on gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Methods:Adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups with sis animals in each group.Groups 1 and 2 were fed basal diet while Groups 3 and 4 were fed diets containing 2%and 4%garlic respeetively for 27 d prior to gentamycin administration.Hepatotoxicity was induced by the intraperitoneal administration at gentamycin(100 mg/kg body weight)for 3 d.The liver and plasma were studied for hepatotoxicity and antioxidant indices.Results:Gentamycin induces hepatic damage as revealed by significant(P<0.05)elevation of liver damage marker enzymes(aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase)and reduction in plasma albumin level.Gentamycin also eaused a significant(P<0.05)alteration in plasma and liver enzymatic(catalase,glutathione and super oxygen dehydrogenises)and non-enzymatic(glutathione and vitamin C)antioxidant indices with concomitant increase in the malondialdehyde content;however,there was a significant(P<0.05)restoration of the antioxidant status coupled with significant(P<0.05)decrease in the tissues malondialdehyde content,following consumption of diets containing garlic.Conclusions:These results suggest that dietary inclusion of garlic powder could protect against gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity,improve antioxidant status and modulate oxidative stress;a function attributed to their phenolic constituents.

Response of axillary bud development in garlic(Allium sativum L.) to seed cloves soaked in gibberellic acid(GA3) solution

Gibberellins(GAs) are important phytohormones that regulate many developmental processes in plants. Clove, as the reproductive organ of garlic, dramatically affected garlic bulb development. Considering the potential of gibberellins in plant development and our previous studies, we investigated the effect of soaking two types of seed cloves(seed clove-I: without root/shoot sprouting;seed clove-II: with root/shoot sprouting) in GA3 solution on axillary bud development and examined the effect of soaking seed cloves in GA3 solution on bulb development, phytohormone level and sugar content in this study.Results indicated seed clove types, soaking liquids and their interaction significantly affected the number of cloves per bulb and the rate of single-clove bulb. Moreover, soaking seed cloves in 1 mmol L^-1 GA3 solution for 24 h not only promoted axillary bud formation and secondary plant growth(equal to tillering or branching), but also slightly increased the number of cloves per bulb and changed bulb structure with a low yield and marketable quality. On the 40 th day after GA3 treatment(at axillary bud outgrowth stage), zeatin riboside(ZR) and soluble protein in stem were sharply increased with the increase of GA3, sucrose, fructose and soluble protein in leaf. However, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), soluble sugar and sucrose in stem(3.52 ng g^-1 fresh weight(FW), 19.88 ng g^-1 FW, 237.3 mg g^-1 FW, and 8.24 mg g^-1 FW, respectively) were significantly decreased on the 40 th day after GA3 treatment, compared to the control of water treatment(5.56 ng g^-1 FW, 32.96 ng g^-1 FW, 263.6 mg g^-1 FW, and 10.37 mg g^-1 FW, respectively). To our knowledge, these novel results indicate seed cloves soaked in GA3 solution promotes axillary bud formation and outgrowth that caused the changes in plant architecture and bulb structure. Meanwhile, our findings suggest that the level of endogenous plant hormone(GA3, IAA and ZR) cooperates with the content of sugar(sucrose and fructose) in leaf and stem to regulate axillary bud outgrowth in garlic.

Allium sativum Flavor Compounds as an Indicator for Garlic Identity and Quality Determination

The objective of the study was to research the aroma profile of volatile compounds in garlic subspecies originating from Latvia, and compare them with the aroma composition of garlic grown in the region of Midi-Pyrenees （France）. It was established that hard-neck garlic tends to contain more diallyl disulfide （DADS）, the main decomposition product of allicin. Compared to the hard-neck subspecies, the content of allyl mercaptan, one of the major compounds producing the strong odor detectable after ingestion of garlic, was significantly lower in the soft-neck garlic clones. The amount of cyclic compound 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin differed considerably with higher contents in the soft-neck subspecies. The results also demonstrate the soft-neck garlic as a more suitable subspecies for long-term storage. In general, the results show no significant difference in the content of DADS and the total content of other flavor compounds between hard-neck and soft-neck garlic grown in the region of Midi-Pyrenees and Latvia. However, comparing garlic subspecies originating from France and Latvia by the content of allyl mercaptan, 1,2-dithiolane and 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin, a considerable proportional difference of these volatiles was determined. Also, a significant difference was established in the content of DADS between the white garlic variety ＂Blanc de Lomagne＂ （France, region of Midi-Pyrenees） and white garlic grown in other countries. The results of this study suggest the suitability of solid phase microextraction （SPME） and gas chromatography （GC） methods for quality control of garlic originating from France.

Effect of Se-S Cooperated Application on the Mineral Content and Nutrition Quality of Garlic （Allium Sativum L.）

Eleven nutrition elements and 5 quality elements of garlic （Allium sativum L.） in different Se, S level and their interaction pot experiments were analyzed by atom absorbing spectrophotometer, titration and fixing sulfur method. The mineral elements were analyzed by the Principal Component Analysis and the Factor Analysis on the SPSS 10.0 and three main factors were picked. The results showed that Se, S and Se-S cooperated application enhanced the garlic nutrition quality by increasing mineral nutrition. The garlic Vc was the highest after using higher Se compared middle S level （S 20 mg/kg soil ＋ Se 40 mg/kg soil）. Lower Se level compared middle S level （S 40 mg/kg soil ＋ Se 20 mg/kg soil） get the highest garlic abio-Se in all treatments. The garlic organic Se content was the highest after using higher Se compared middle S （S 40 mg/kg soil ＋ Se 40 mg/kg soil）. The treatment lower S compared lower Se level get the highest garlic allicin in all treatment. It showed that the fresh eating factor was affected by the element Se. The flavor factor and health care factor were affected by both Se and S.

Is Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition a Mechanism of the Antidiabetic Action of Garlic (<i>Allium sativum</i>)?

Objective: There has been a global surge in the number of diabetic cases. Many of the agents used as antidiabetic are either expensive or have side effects. Researchers are now turning their attention to phytotherapy as a viable alternative in the treatment of hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to examine the inhibition of α-glucosidase as a possible mechanism of antidiabetic action of garlic. Method: The inhibitory effect of different concentrations of garlic was examined for alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity in a 96-well micro plate. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as the source of alpha-glucosidase and the assay was analyzed with a Thermo Scientific? Multiskan Spectropho-meter at an absorbance of 400 nm. Result: The extracts of garlic exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of alpha-glucosidase in comparison to acarbose. The IC50 of acarbose was 3.19 ± 0.42 mg/ml, for garlic, the IC50 was 16.93 mg/ml. Conclusion: In this study, garlic oil showed some promise as an antidiabetic agent with a mechanism of action similar to acarbose and miglitol that are currently used as antidiabetics. It is hoped that carrying out further research on garlic will elucidate other mechanisms of action.

Toxicological Evaluation of Dietary Garlic <i>(Allium sativum)</i>Powder in European Sea Bass <i>Dicentrarchus labrax</i>Juveniles

The effects of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) powder as a feed additive on hematological and biochemical health characteristics of European Sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles were studied. Experimental fish were fed diets supplemented with garlic powder at 0 (control), 2%, 4%, or 6% levels for a period of 60 days. Results showed that the red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (%), and mean corpuscular Hb in fish fed garlic powder diets at dietary inclusion levels of 4% and 6%, were significantly lower than the control values. Serum glucose was significantly lower in Sea bass that were fed garlic powder diets (4% and 6%) compared to the control group. Serum triglyceride and globulin levels in fish fed a 4% garlic powder diet were significantly higher than the control values, whereas these two variables in the 2% and 6% garlic treatments were similar to the control values. The cholesterol levels in the 2% and 6% treatment groups were lower than the value recorded for the control group. As a result, it is suggested that garlic powder supplementation in diets for Sea bass juveniles should not exceed 2%. The present study is the first attempt to examine the effects of dietary garlic powder on the hematological and biochemical status in Sea bass juveniles.

Effects of Cadmium Pollution in Soil on Physiological and Biochemical Index of Allium sativum L.

[Objective] The experiment aimed to study the effects of cadmium pollution in soil on physiological and biochemical index of Allium sativum L. and provided reference for the recovery of cadmium pollution in soil. [Method]By setting eleven Cd concentrations from 0.21 to 500 mg/kg in soil and the pot test, ecological corresponding mechanism of plant height, chlorophyll (Chl) content, catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) of Allium sativum L. was analyzed. [Result] The plant height had a strong tolerance to cadmium pollution in soil, while the total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a content had no significant difference compared with control treatment, except Cd concentration was 500 mg/kg. The high Cd concentration would increase the damage to membrane of Allium sativum L. however with the regulation of physiological mechanism, the damage was gradually decreased.[Conclusion] Allium sativum L. had strong eco-physiological adaptability to Cd contaminated soil and it had potential for recovering Cd contaminated soil.

大蒜(Allium Sativum L.)对钉螺酯酶同工酶作用的初步研究

为研究在浓度0.05 %大蒜叶水浸液作用下,钉螺的酯酶同工酶谱特征及其变化情况,对采自武汉汉阳的钉螺进行去壳、匀浆,应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶对匀浆物电泳,进行酯酶同工酶(EST)染色.EST共分离出6～9 条酶带,6 d中相似的酶带有6条,处理不同天数的相应酶带,宽度及染色深浅出现变化,酶带数也出现增减.大蒜水浸液对钉螺的酯酶同工酶有明显影响,开始2天,因受刺激,酶活性(比较对照)增强,随着处理时间延长,酶活性变弱.

Dynamic Study of Microbial Population and Enzyme Activity in Rhizosphere Soil of Allium sativum L.

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the changes in microbial population and soil enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil of two cultivars of Allium sativum L.at different growth stages.[Method]By using white garlic and purple garlic as the experimental materials,the microbial population,and the activities of urease,acid phosphatase and catalase in their rhizosphere soil at different growth stages were measured.[Result]The root exudates of the two garlic cultivars could promote the growth of bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes,and indirectly increase the urease,acid phosphatase and catalase activities in the rhizosphere soil,thereby improving the turnover and circulation of the soil nutrition elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus,and providing a better micro-ecological environment for the later crop.[Conclusion]The study had provided theoretical basis for the ecological research on garlic used as a preceding crop.

山楂(Crataegus L.)饮料及大蒜(Allium sativum L.)防腐效果研究

以山楂叶、山楂果、蜂蜜、白糖等为原料,用大蒜作为天然防腐剂,研制含天然植物黄酮的健康饮料。通过3×3正交试验确定产品的最佳配方.结果表明,以5％山楂叶汁、50％山楂果汁、8％蜂蜜配制的饮料口感和理化性质较好,并含有保健黄酮;大蒜能有效地防止饮料腐败,有很好的防腐效果。

Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial properties ot Allium sativum(garlic) cloves and Zingiber officinale(ginger) rhizomes against multi-drug resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection.Methods:The cloves of garlic and rhizomes of ginger were extracted with 95%(v/v) ethanol.The ethanolic extracts were subjected to antibacterial sensitivity test against clinical pathogens.Results:Anti-bacterial potentials of the extracts of two crude garlic cloves and ginger rhizomes were tested against five gram negative and two gram positive multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates.All the bacterial isolates were susceptible to crude extracts of both plants extracts.Except Enterobacter sp.and Klebsiella sp.,all other isolates were susceptible when subjected to ethanolic extracts of garlic and ginger.The highest inhibition zone was observed with garlic(19.4S mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa).The minimal inhibitory concentration was as low as 67.00 μg/mL against P.aeruginosa.Conclusions:Natural spices of garlic and ginger possess effective anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug clinical pathogens and can be used for prevention of drug resistant microbial diseases and further evaluation is necessary.

The Transfer of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe between Soils and <i>Allium</i>Plants (Garlic and Onion), and Tomato in the Southwest of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

Chemical extraction methods are generally used to evaluate trace element concentrations in soils. The adequacy of these soil tests is commonly assessed by comparing the extraction results with the metal contents in the plants. In this study, soil and leaf samples were collected in the southwest area of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Garlic (Allium sativum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are species of great regional economic importance. These crops need good mineral nutrition for optimum growth and sustainable production. Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe micronutrient uptake by plants was analyzed together with the trace element contents in the soil in which those plants were grown. A single EDTA-extraction procedure was performed to determine soil micronutrients. The amount of extractable-trace elements increased as the concentration of the chelating agent EDTA increased. The range of total element content in soil was: 15.68-31.5 mg·kg-1 for Cu, 75.0-386.3 mg·kg-1 for Zn, 542.5 -1686 mg·kg-1 for Mn and 28,325-32,675 mg·kg-1 for Fe. Micronutrient contents in mature leaf tissue were determined by the acid digestion method. Total and available micronutrient content in soil as well as total content in leaves were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Total micronutrient content and the available extractable-fraction in soils were below the critical values for plant growth. This was in agreement with the amount of micronutrients present in the leaf tissue. A strong relationship between the extraction data and the soil-plant transfer coefficients suggested an appropriate exchange of trace elements from soils to garlic, onion and tomato plants.

大蒜MtN3/saliva/SWEET基因家族的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

探究大蒜AsSWEETs基因家族特征和生物学功能,可为大蒜鳞茎发育调控的分子机制提供参考。本研究基于大蒜“二水早”全基因组数据,通过HMM搜索对AsSWEETs成员进行筛选和鉴定,并利用实时荧光定量PCR分析其在不同激素处理下的表达模式。结果表明:在大蒜基因组中共鉴定到35个AsSWEETs基因,均为疏水蛋白,含2~7个不等的跨膜螺旋,除AsSWEET 1、AsSWEET 2位于scaffold外,其余均分布于染色体上,成员间差异显著。综合系统进化和表达模式发现,AsSWEET5、14、21、23、26、28(第III支系,转运蔗糖)可能是参与鳞茎膨大的主要调控基因;AsSWEET 2、30、33(IV分支)的表达量在鳞茎发育不同阶段变化较大,可能参与鳞茎发育过程中的果糖代谢调节。qRT-PCR定量表明,在不同激素处理下,AsSWEET5、11、16呈现出不同的表达模式,预示AsSWEETs家族成员功能存在分化和差异。综上,大蒜AsSWEET s基因的糖转运活性参与了鳞茎的生长发育,有助于解释鳞茎膨大发育过程。

Exploration for a Natural Selenium Supplement——Characterization and Bioactivities of Se-containing Polysaccharide from Garlic

A Se—containing polysaccharide(Se-GPS),with average molecular weight of 1.5×10~4 was isolated from Hubei Enshi garlic(Allium sativum L.)and purified by means of Sephadex G25 to G200 chromatographies.Its chemical homogeneity and composition were studied by optical rotation,HPLC and paper chromatographical methods.The abilities of scavenging active oxygen free radicals and inhibiting the damage of erythrocyte membrane by SiO_2 were established by spin trapping ESR studies.Se-GPS was shown to inhibit human cytomegalovirus by plague reduction assays and cytopathogenic effect tests.

Garlic:Medicinal Plant and Natural Aromatic Condiment

Objective:To relate the presence of active metabolites with therapeutic effects of the Allium sativum L whose common name is Garlic,as well as its contraindications and adverse reactions and its use as condiment.Methods:Searching about the topic in the last 5 years and present a general view of the Allium sativum L whose common name is Garlic.Conclusions:Technological prevision was based on the search of articles in the Virtual Library in Health(BVS)and using the key words“medicinal plants”/“spice”/Allium sativum L/garlic/adverse reactions and contraindications,and the association among them.

黄花蒿对大蒜化感作用研究

为探究黄花蒿对大蒜鳞茎萌发及其幼苗生长的化感作用,用水提取黄花蒿叶、根、根际土壤,获取不同质量浓度的浸提液,用于处理大蒜鳞茎,测定大蒜鳞茎萌发率及其幼苗生长状况和叶绿素含量等指标。结果表明:随着黄花蒿水浸液浓度的升高,黄花蒿水浸液对大蒜鳞茎萌发率及其幼苗苗高、根长、叶绿素a和b含量、叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶活性、植株鲜质量、植株高的抑制作用不断增大,对大蒜幼苗丙二醛含量的促进作用不断增强;黄花蒿水浸液通过抑制大蒜鳞茎萌发率及其幼苗过氧化物酶活性、增加膜脂过氧化和逆境伤害、抑制叶绿素a、b和叶绿素的生成,从而抑制植株生长,表现出化感作用,且化感效应随着黄花蒿水浸液浓度的升高而增大。本研究为农作物和药用植物栽培及植物间化感作用研究提供参考。

不同栽培方式下大蒜各器官中蒜氨酸含量变化

为探究不同栽培方式下大蒜(Allium sativum L.)各器官出苗期、萌芽期、分化期、膨大期蒜氨酸含量变化,以2种大蒜为材料,分别进行土培和水培试验,采用HPLC法测定2种培养方式下大蒜植株中根、鳞茎、叶片3种器官的蒜氨酸含量。结果表明,在出苗期、萌芽期、分化期,土培方式下2种大蒜植株根中蒜氨酸含量均呈先下降后升高的趋势,水培方式下2种大蒜植株根中蒜氨酸含量均基本保持不变;土培方式下2种大蒜植株鳞茎中蒜氨酸含量均呈先降低后升高的趋势,水培方式下2种大蒜植株鳞茎中蒜氨酸含量均呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势;土培方式下2种大蒜植株叶片中蒜氨酸含量均呈下降趋势,水培方式下2种大蒜植株叶片中蒜氨酸含量均呈升高趋势。综上,2种栽培方式下不同生长期大蒜植株各器官蒜氨酸含量变化存在差异,在萌芽期、分化期,水培方式下2种大蒜不同器官中蒜氨酸含量均高于土培,且在出苗期、萌芽期、分化期,水培方式下2种大蒜植株叶片中蒜氨酸含量均高于其他器官。

HPLC内标法测定鲜蒜中蒜氨酸

目的:建立准确、方便的 HPLC 法测定鲜蒜中蒜氨酸。方法:采用微波灭酶,以利巴韦林为内标物,HPLC 紫外检测,测定鲜蒜中蒜氨酸含量。与美国药典蒜氨酸衍生化 HPLC 测定进行比较。结果:同一鲜蒜样品测定蒜氨酸含量,以微波法灭酶大蒜的含量最高,为1.291%(RSD=1.4%),回收率为98.80(±2.0)%;美国药典方法测定结果为1.287%(RSD=3.6%),回收率为96.03(±2.6)%。结论:HPLC 内标法与美国药典方法测定结果一致,操作步骤简化。

大蒜辣素软膏的体外透皮吸收特性研究

目的研究大蒜辣素软膏在离体大鼠皮肤的吸收特性。方法通过Franz扩散池,建立离体大鼠完整背部皮肤及去角质层皮肤的透皮模型,采用超高效液相色谱-质谱-质谱串联法(UPLC-MS-MS)测定大蒜辣素软膏透皮吸收液中大蒜辣素的含量,测定大蒜辣素软膏的体外透皮吸收特性,并评价该大蒜辣素累积透过量及渗透速率。结果大蒜辣素5 h内体外经皮渗透量Q与时间t线性关系较好,均符合Higuchi动力学过程,回归相关系数(r)均达到0.99以上。完整皮肤的透皮速率J为12.306μg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),去角质层皮肤的J为58.353μg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),去角质层皮肤的J高于完整皮肤。结论大蒜辣素软膏有效成分可经皮渗透,主要以原型形式吸收,角质层厚度是影响大蒜辣素软膏透过皮肤的重要因素。