The Beneficial Effects of Components of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in the Poultry Industry

Plant-based antimicrobial agents are readily available, cost-effective, and exhibit low toxicity, making them promising alternatives in combatting microbial infections. Among these plants, garlic (Allium sativum) stands out for its traditional medicinal use in effectively combating various microorganisms. In the poultry industry, preventing avian virus and bacterial infections is paramount for chicken husbandry. However, using conventional drugs poses potential risks to human health. Garlic, a widely used Asian plant in traditional medicine for various pathologies, has shown potential as an herbal prophylactic remedy against viral and bacterial infections. Recently, researchers explored garlic and its derivatives as a scientific strategy in veterinary practices for diverse purposes, such as improving poultry production characteristics and acting as antibiotic growth promoters. This comprehensive review delves into garlic and its derivatives as preventive and corrective treatments for viral diseases in laying hens and broilers. The paper highlights their potential effectiveness and safety as a natural means to enhance poultry health and welfare while mitigating the risks associated with conventional drug usage in the food industry.

Modulatory effects of dietary inclusion of garlic(Allium sativum) on gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats

Objective:To investigate die ameliorative effect of dietary inclusion of garlic(Allium sativum)on gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Methods:Adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups with sis animals in each group.Groups 1 and 2 were fed basal diet while Groups 3 and 4 were fed diets containing 2%and 4%garlic respeetively for 27 d prior to gentamycin administration.Hepatotoxicity was induced by the intraperitoneal administration at gentamycin(100 mg/kg body weight)for 3 d.The liver and plasma were studied for hepatotoxicity and antioxidant indices.Results:Gentamycin induces hepatic damage as revealed by significant(P<0.05)elevation of liver damage marker enzymes(aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase)and reduction in plasma albumin level.Gentamycin also eaused a significant(P<0.05)alteration in plasma and liver enzymatic(catalase,glutathione and super oxygen dehydrogenises)and non-enzymatic(glutathione and vitamin C)antioxidant indices with concomitant increase in the malondialdehyde content;however,there was a significant(P<0.05)restoration of the antioxidant status coupled with significant(P<0.05)decrease in the tissues malondialdehyde content,following consumption of diets containing garlic.Conclusions:These results suggest that dietary inclusion of garlic powder could protect against gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity,improve antioxidant status and modulate oxidative stress;a function attributed to their phenolic constituents.

Response of axillary bud development in garlic(Allium sativum L.) to seed cloves soaked in gibberellic acid(GA3) solution

Gibberellins(GAs) are important phytohormones that regulate many developmental processes in plants. Clove, as the reproductive organ of garlic, dramatically affected garlic bulb development. Considering the potential of gibberellins in plant development and our previous studies, we investigated the effect of soaking two types of seed cloves(seed clove-I: without root/shoot sprouting;seed clove-II: with root/shoot sprouting) in GA3 solution on axillary bud development and examined the effect of soaking seed cloves in GA3 solution on bulb development, phytohormone level and sugar content in this study.Results indicated seed clove types, soaking liquids and their interaction significantly affected the number of cloves per bulb and the rate of single-clove bulb. Moreover, soaking seed cloves in 1 mmol L^-1 GA3 solution for 24 h not only promoted axillary bud formation and secondary plant growth(equal to tillering or branching), but also slightly increased the number of cloves per bulb and changed bulb structure with a low yield and marketable quality. On the 40 th day after GA3 treatment(at axillary bud outgrowth stage), zeatin riboside(ZR) and soluble protein in stem were sharply increased with the increase of GA3, sucrose, fructose and soluble protein in leaf. However, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), soluble sugar and sucrose in stem(3.52 ng g^-1 fresh weight(FW), 19.88 ng g^-1 FW, 237.3 mg g^-1 FW, and 8.24 mg g^-1 FW, respectively) were significantly decreased on the 40 th day after GA3 treatment, compared to the control of water treatment(5.56 ng g^-1 FW, 32.96 ng g^-1 FW, 263.6 mg g^-1 FW, and 10.37 mg g^-1 FW, respectively). To our knowledge, these novel results indicate seed cloves soaked in GA3 solution promotes axillary bud formation and outgrowth that caused the changes in plant architecture and bulb structure. Meanwhile, our findings suggest that the level of endogenous plant hormone(GA3, IAA and ZR) cooperates with the content of sugar(sucrose and fructose) in leaf and stem to regulate axillary bud outgrowth in garlic.

Is Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition a Mechanism of the Antidiabetic Action of Garlic (<i>Allium sativum</i>)?

Objective: There has been a global surge in the number of diabetic cases. Many of the agents used as antidiabetic are either expensive or have side effects. Researchers are now turning their attention to phytotherapy as a viable alternative in the treatment of hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to examine the inhibition of α-glucosidase as a possible mechanism of antidiabetic action of garlic. Method: The inhibitory effect of different concentrations of garlic was examined for alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity in a 96-well micro plate. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as the source of alpha-glucosidase and the assay was analyzed with a Thermo Scientific? Multiskan Spectropho-meter at an absorbance of 400 nm. Result: The extracts of garlic exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of alpha-glucosidase in comparison to acarbose. The IC50 of acarbose was 3.19 ± 0.42 mg/ml, for garlic, the IC50 was 16.93 mg/ml. Conclusion: In this study, garlic oil showed some promise as an antidiabetic agent with a mechanism of action similar to acarbose and miglitol that are currently used as antidiabetics. It is hoped that carrying out further research on garlic will elucidate other mechanisms of action.

Toxicological Evaluation of Dietary Garlic <i>(Allium sativum)</i>Powder in European Sea Bass <i>Dicentrarchus labrax</i>Juveniles

The effects of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) powder as a feed additive on hematological and biochemical health characteristics of European Sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles were studied. Experimental fish were fed diets supplemented with garlic powder at 0 (control), 2%, 4%, or 6% levels for a period of 60 days. Results showed that the red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (%), and mean corpuscular Hb in fish fed garlic powder diets at dietary inclusion levels of 4% and 6%, were significantly lower than the control values. Serum glucose was significantly lower in Sea bass that were fed garlic powder diets (4% and 6%) compared to the control group. Serum triglyceride and globulin levels in fish fed a 4% garlic powder diet were significantly higher than the control values, whereas these two variables in the 2% and 6% garlic treatments were similar to the control values. The cholesterol levels in the 2% and 6% treatment groups were lower than the value recorded for the control group. As a result, it is suggested that garlic powder supplementation in diets for Sea bass juveniles should not exceed 2%. The present study is the first attempt to examine the effects of dietary garlic powder on the hematological and biochemical status in Sea bass juveniles.

大蒜(Allium Sativum L.)对钉螺酯酶同工酶作用的初步研究

为研究在浓度0.05 %大蒜叶水浸液作用下,钉螺的酯酶同工酶谱特征及其变化情况,对采自武汉汉阳的钉螺进行去壳、匀浆,应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶对匀浆物电泳,进行酯酶同工酶(EST)染色.EST共分离出6～9 条酶带,6 d中相似的酶带有6条,处理不同天数的相应酶带,宽度及染色深浅出现变化,酶带数也出现增减.大蒜水浸液对钉螺的酯酶同工酶有明显影响,开始2天,因受刺激,酶活性(比较对照)增强,随着处理时间延长,酶活性变弱.

山楂(Crataegus L.)饮料及大蒜(Allium sativum L.)防腐效果研究

以山楂叶、山楂果、蜂蜜、白糖等为原料,用大蒜作为天然防腐剂,研制含天然植物黄酮的健康饮料。通过3×3正交试验确定产品的最佳配方.结果表明,以5％山楂叶汁、50％山楂果汁、8％蜂蜜配制的饮料口感和理化性质较好,并含有保健黄酮;大蒜能有效地防止饮料腐败,有很好的防腐效果。

Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial properties ot Allium sativum(garlic) cloves and Zingiber officinale(ginger) rhizomes against multi-drug resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection.Methods:The cloves of garlic and rhizomes of ginger were extracted with 95%(v/v) ethanol.The ethanolic extracts were subjected to antibacterial sensitivity test against clinical pathogens.Results:Anti-bacterial potentials of the extracts of two crude garlic cloves and ginger rhizomes were tested against five gram negative and two gram positive multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates.All the bacterial isolates were susceptible to crude extracts of both plants extracts.Except Enterobacter sp.and Klebsiella sp.,all other isolates were susceptible when subjected to ethanolic extracts of garlic and ginger.The highest inhibition zone was observed with garlic(19.4S mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa).The minimal inhibitory concentration was as low as 67.00 μg/mL against P.aeruginosa.Conclusions:Natural spices of garlic and ginger possess effective anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug clinical pathogens and can be used for prevention of drug resistant microbial diseases and further evaluation is necessary.

The Transfer of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe between Soils and <i>Allium</i>Plants (Garlic and Onion), and Tomato in the Southwest of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

Chemical extraction methods are generally used to evaluate trace element concentrations in soils. The adequacy of these soil tests is commonly assessed by comparing the extraction results with the metal contents in the plants. In this study, soil and leaf samples were collected in the southwest area of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Garlic (Allium sativum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are species of great regional economic importance. These crops need good mineral nutrition for optimum growth and sustainable production. Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe micronutrient uptake by plants was analyzed together with the trace element contents in the soil in which those plants were grown. A single EDTA-extraction procedure was performed to determine soil micronutrients. The amount of extractable-trace elements increased as the concentration of the chelating agent EDTA increased. The range of total element content in soil was: 15.68-31.5 mg·kg-1 for Cu, 75.0-386.3 mg·kg-1 for Zn, 542.5 -1686 mg·kg-1 for Mn and 28,325-32,675 mg·kg-1 for Fe. Micronutrient contents in mature leaf tissue were determined by the acid digestion method. Total and available micronutrient content in soil as well as total content in leaves were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Total micronutrient content and the available extractable-fraction in soils were below the critical values for plant growth. This was in agreement with the amount of micronutrients present in the leaf tissue. A strong relationship between the extraction data and the soil-plant transfer coefficients suggested an appropriate exchange of trace elements from soils to garlic, onion and tomato plants.

大蒜MtN3/saliva/SWEET基因家族的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

探究大蒜AsSWEETs基因家族特征和生物学功能,可为大蒜鳞茎发育调控的分子机制提供参考。本研究基于大蒜“二水早”全基因组数据,通过HMM搜索对AsSWEETs成员进行筛选和鉴定,并利用实时荧光定量PCR分析其在不同激素处理下的表达模式。结果表明:在大蒜基因组中共鉴定到35个AsSWEETs基因,均为疏水蛋白,含2~7个不等的跨膜螺旋,除AsSWEET 1、AsSWEET 2位于scaffold外,其余均分布于染色体上,成员间差异显著。综合系统进化和表达模式发现,AsSWEET5、14、21、23、26、28(第III支系,转运蔗糖)可能是参与鳞茎膨大的主要调控基因;AsSWEET 2、30、33(IV分支)的表达量在鳞茎发育不同阶段变化较大,可能参与鳞茎发育过程中的果糖代谢调节。qRT-PCR定量表明,在不同激素处理下,AsSWEET5、11、16呈现出不同的表达模式,预示AsSWEETs家族成员功能存在分化和差异。综上,大蒜AsSWEET s基因的糖转运活性参与了鳞茎的生长发育,有助于解释鳞茎膨大发育过程。

Garlic:Medicinal Plant and Natural Aromatic Condiment

Objective:To relate the presence of active metabolites with therapeutic effects of the Allium sativum L whose common name is Garlic,as well as its contraindications and adverse reactions and its use as condiment.Methods:Searching about the topic in the last 5 years and present a general view of the Allium sativum L whose common name is Garlic.Conclusions:Technological prevision was based on the search of articles in the Virtual Library in Health(BVS)and using the key words“medicinal plants”/“spice”/Allium sativum L/garlic/adverse reactions and contraindications,and the association among them.

黄花蒿对大蒜化感作用研究

为探究黄花蒿对大蒜鳞茎萌发及其幼苗生长的化感作用,用水提取黄花蒿叶、根、根际土壤,获取不同质量浓度的浸提液,用于处理大蒜鳞茎,测定大蒜鳞茎萌发率及其幼苗生长状况和叶绿素含量等指标。结果表明:随着黄花蒿水浸液浓度的升高,黄花蒿水浸液对大蒜鳞茎萌发率及其幼苗苗高、根长、叶绿素a和b含量、叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶活性、植株鲜质量、植株高的抑制作用不断增大,对大蒜幼苗丙二醛含量的促进作用不断增强;黄花蒿水浸液通过抑制大蒜鳞茎萌发率及其幼苗过氧化物酶活性、增加膜脂过氧化和逆境伤害、抑制叶绿素a、b和叶绿素的生成,从而抑制植株生长,表现出化感作用,且化感效应随着黄花蒿水浸液浓度的升高而增大。本研究为农作物和药用植物栽培及植物间化感作用研究提供参考。

HPLC内标法测定鲜蒜中蒜氨酸

目的:建立准确、方便的 HPLC 法测定鲜蒜中蒜氨酸。方法:采用微波灭酶,以利巴韦林为内标物,HPLC 紫外检测,测定鲜蒜中蒜氨酸含量。与美国药典蒜氨酸衍生化 HPLC 测定进行比较。结果:同一鲜蒜样品测定蒜氨酸含量,以微波法灭酶大蒜的含量最高,为1.291%(RSD=1.4%),回收率为98.80(±2.0)%;美国药典方法测定结果为1.287%(RSD=3.6%),回收率为96.03(±2.6)%。结论:HPLC 内标法与美国药典方法测定结果一致,操作步骤简化。

大蒜辣素软膏的体外透皮吸收特性研究

目的研究大蒜辣素软膏在离体大鼠皮肤的吸收特性。方法通过Franz扩散池,建立离体大鼠完整背部皮肤及去角质层皮肤的透皮模型,采用超高效液相色谱-质谱-质谱串联法(UPLC-MS-MS)测定大蒜辣素软膏透皮吸收液中大蒜辣素的含量,测定大蒜辣素软膏的体外透皮吸收特性,并评价该大蒜辣素累积透过量及渗透速率。结果大蒜辣素5 h内体外经皮渗透量Q与时间t线性关系较好,均符合Higuchi动力学过程,回归相关系数(r)均达到0.99以上。完整皮肤的透皮速率J为12.306μg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),去角质层皮肤的J为58.353μg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1),去角质层皮肤的J高于完整皮肤。结论大蒜辣素软膏有效成分可经皮渗透,主要以原型形式吸收,角质层厚度是影响大蒜辣素软膏透过皮肤的重要因素。

大蒜多糖对肝损伤小鼠血清和肝组织ALT、AST的影响及其急性毒性实验

目的观察大蒜多糖A、B、C对四氯化碳(CCl4)肝损伤小鼠血清和肝组织丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)的影响及其急性毒性测定。方法从大蒜球根中提取有效成分大蒜多糖A、B、C,并测定口服给药LD50及急性毒性限量以观察三者急性毒性;采用CCl4灌胃建立小鼠实验性肝损伤模型,测定小鼠血清和肝组织ALT、AST。结果小鼠口服大蒜多糖A、B、C,均未测出LD50,大蒜多糖A、B、C急性毒性限量试验,安全无毒。大蒜多糖A、B、C治疗使CCl4肝损伤小鼠血清ALT及AST活性显著降低(P<0.01),肝组织ALT及AST活性显著增高(P<0.01);其中,以大蒜多糖C作用最强,优于大蒜素;B次之,与大蒜素相似;A作用最弱,弱于大蒜素。结论大蒜多糖A、B、C均有护肝作用,以大蒜多糖C作用最佳,安全无毒。

大蒜多糖C对免疫性肝损伤小鼠血清及肝组织ALT、AST的影响

目的观察大蒜多糖C对免疫性肝损伤小鼠血清和肝组织丙氨酸转氨酶 (ALT)及天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)的影响。方法建立卡介苗(BCG)加脂多糖(LPS)诱发的小鼠免疫性肝损伤模型,测定小鼠血清和肝组织ALT、AST。结果大蒜多糖C能使免疫性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST活性显著降低,肝组织ALT、AST活性显著升高。结论大蒜多糖C对免疫性肝损伤具有保护性作用。

Actin and Myosin Co-Localize in Plasmodesmata and Ectodesmata-Like Structure

Actin and myosin were found to be associated with the cytoplasmic sleeve of plasmodesmata. As cytoskeletal proteins, actin and myosin are believed to regulate the conductivity of plasmodesmata （PDs） in higher plants. Using immunocytochemical methods, we found the two proteins to be co-localized - and closely linked to each other - in plasmodesmata and ectodesmata-like structure in ageing parenchymatous cells of Allium sativum L. We suggest that intercellular communication is affected by the interaction between actin and myosin.

放线菌、地榆和大蒜防治烟草青枯病试验

选取贵州省遵义市务川仡佬族苗族自治县茅天镇红星村烟田,以放线菌F11菌液、地榆中药液和大蒜粗提液作为防治烟草青枯病的生物药剂,农用链霉素作为药剂对照,清水作为空白对照,开展田间试验,检测实际防治效果。结果表明,平均相对株防效表现为F11菌液(67.96%)>大蒜粗提液(57.48%)>地榆中药液(43.32%)>农用链霉素(28.16%)。