Geochemistry of Permian Mafic Igneous Rocks from the Napo-Qinzhou Tectonic Belt in Southwest Guangxi, Southwest China: Implications for Arc-Back Arc Basin Magmatic Evolution

The Napo-Qinzhou Tectonic Belt （NQTB） lies at the junction of the Yangtze, Cathaysia and Indochina （North Vietnam） Blocks, which is composed of five major lithotectonic subunits： the Qinzhou-Fangcheng Suture Zone （QFSZ）, the Shiwandashan Basin （SB）, the Pingxiang-Nanning Suture Zone （PNSZ）, the Damingshan Block （DB） and the Babu-Lingma Suture Zone （BLSZ）. On the basis of geochemical compositions, the Permian mafic igneous rocks can be divided into three distinct groups： （1） mafic igneous rocks （Group 1） from the Longjing region in the PNSZ and Hurun region in the BLSZ, which are characterized by intermediate Ti, P and Zr with low Ni and Cr contents; （2） mafic igneous rocks （Group 2） from the Naxiao and Chongzuo region in the DB, characterized by low-intermediate Ti, P and Zr with high Ni and Cr concentrations; and （3） mafic igneous rocks （Group 3） from the Siming region in the Jingxi carbonate platform of the northwestern margin of the NQTB, with intermediate-high Ti, P and Zr and low Ni and Cr contents. The Group 1 rocks yield a weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U age of 250.5±2.8 Ma and are geochemically similar to basalts occurring in back-arc basin settings. The Group 2 rocks exhibit geochemical features to those basalts in island arcs, whereas the Group 3 rocks show geochemical similarity to that of ocean island basalts. All three groups are characterized by relatively low ε Nd （t） values （-2.61 to ＋1.10） and high initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotopic ratios （0.705309-0.707434）, indicating that they were derived from a subduction-modified lithospheric mantle and experienced assimilation, fractional crystallization, and crustal contamination or mixing during magmatic evolution. Accordingly, we propose the existence of an arc-back arc basin system that developed along the NQTB at the border of SW Guangxi Province （SW China） and northern Vietnam, and it was formed by continued northwestward subduction of the Cathaysian （or Yunkai） Block under the Yangtze Block, and northeastward subduction of the Indochina Block beneath the Yangtze Block during Permian time.

MULTIPLE ISLAND ARC-BASIN SYSTEM AND ITS EVOLUTION IN GANGDISE TECTONIC BELT,TIBET

Gangdise tectonic belt, located in the middle part of Tibet—Qinghai plateau Tethys tectonic domain, is the most representative region in Tibet—Qinghai plateau Tethyan evolution especially in Mesozoic era. It is mainly covered by thick Jurassic—Cretaceous system layer. During the Mesozoic to Cenozoic era, strong island\|arc types volcanism and volcanic rocks and intrusive rocks belt.. Geologists had divided the Tibet Tethyan evolution into three or four stages (Huang, Jiqing, 1987; Pan Guitang, Li Xinzheng, 1993), according to the ocean\|land conversion process of Tethyan evolution .The Tethyan evolution and the nature of Gangdise tectonic belt had been well\|studied by geologists (Huang Jiqing, 1987; Deng Wanming, 1984; Xia Daixiang, 1986; Cheng Changlun 1987; ZhouXiang 1993; Pan Guitang, 1996). Studies showed that Gangdise tectonic belt, from upper Paleozoic to Mesozoic era, had been developed alternate multiple island arc\|basin system, and characterized by many basin types and strong tectonic\|magma activity. Based on the study of Gangdise multiple island arc\|basin system, I present another version of Gangdise tectonic belt tectonic units division and evolution here.

Geochemistry and Zircon U-Pb Dates of Felsic-Intermediate Members of the Late Cretaceous Yüksekova Arc Basin: Constraints on the Evolution of the Bitlis–Zagros Branch of Neotethys(Elazig, E Turkey)

During the Late Cretaceous in the Eastern Mediterranean, the northern branch of the southern Neotethys was closed by multiple northward subductions. Of these, the most northerly located subduction created the Baskil continental arc at around 82–84 Ma. The more southerly and intra-oceanic subduction, on the other hand, produced an arc-basin system,the Yüksekova Complex, as early as the late Cenomanian–early Turonian. The abundant and relatively well-studied basaltic rocks of this complex were intruded by dykes, sills and small stocks of felsic–intermediate rocks, not previously studied in detail. The intrusives collected from five different localities in the Elazig region of eastern Turkey are all subalkaline, with low Nb/Y values. Most of them have been chemically classified as rhyodacites/dacites, whereas a small number appear to be andesites. In normal mid-ocean-ridge basalt(N-MORB)-normalised plots, the intrusives are characterised by relative enrichments in Th and La over Nb, Zr, Hf, Ti and high field strength elements(HREEs), indicating their derivation from a subduction-modified source. While their relatively high, positive εN d(i) values(+6.4 and +7.2) might suggest a depleted mantle source for their ultimate origin, somewhat radiogenic Pb values indicate a sedimentary contribution to the source of the rocks. The overall geochemical characteristics indicate their generation in an oceanic arc setting. The zircon U-Pb Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) data obtained from five felsic-intermediate rock samples yielded intrusion dates of 80–88 Ma. This suggests that the Elazig oceanic arc-related intrusives are slightly younger than those of the Yüksekova arc-basin system, but coeval with the Baskil continental arc. However, the felsic–intermediate intrusives show different geochemical characteristics(oceanic arc-type, with a lack of crustal contamination)to those of the Baskil continental arc. This indicates that these two igneous systems are unrelated and likely developed in different tectonic settings. This, in turn, supports a geodynamic model in which the northern strand of the southern Neotethys was consumed by multiple northward subductions.

Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy of a Back-Arc Basin: A Case Study of the Qom Formation in the Kashan Area, Central Iran

The Qom Formation comprises Oligo-Miocene deposits from a marine succession distributed in the Central Basin of Iran. It is composed of five members designated as A-F. Little previous work exists on the sequence stratigraphy. Based on an integrated study of sequence stratigraphy with outcrop data, wells and regional seismic profiles, the Qom Formation is interpreted as a carbonate succession deposited in a mid.Tertiary back-arc basin. There are two second-order sequences （designated as SS1 and SS2） and five third-order sequences （designated as S1-S5）. Five distinct systems tracts including transgressive, highstand, forced regressive, slope margin and Iowstand have been recognized. The relationship between the sequences and lithologic sub-units has been collated and defined （S1 to S5 individually corresponding to A-C1, C2--C4, D-E, the lower and upper portions of F）; a relative sea level change curve and the sequence stratigraphic framework have been established and described in detail. The coincidence of relative sea level change between that of the determined back-arc basin and the world indicates that the sedimentary cycles of the Qom Formation are mainly controlled by eustatic cycles. The variable combination of the systems tracts and special tectonic-depositional setting causally underpin multiple sequence stratigraphic framework styles seen in the carbonates of the back-arc basin revealing： （1） a continental margin basin that developed some form of barrier, characterized by the development of multiple cycles of carbonate-evaporites; （2） a flat carbonate ramp, which occurred on the southern shelf formed by the lack of clastic supply from nearby magmatic islands plus mixed siliciclastics and carbonates that occurred on the northern shelf due to a sufficient clastics supply from the land; and （3） a forced regressive stratigraphic stacking pattern that occured on the southern shelf and in basin lows due to the uplifting of the southern shelf. Thick and widespread aggradational framework limestone usually occurs in the initial sequences （S1 and S3） of the supersequence, which led to preferential oil reservoir deposition but a lack of source and cap rocks, whereas the retrogradational and progradational framework limestone usually occurs in the later sequences （S2 and S4-S5） of the supersequence, which results in two perfect sets of source, reservoir and cap rock assemblies, so that the limestone in sub-member C2-C4 and the F-Member can be predicted as important objects for oil exploration.

Intra-continental back-arc basin inversion and Late Carboniferous magmatism in Eastern Tianshan,NW China:Constraints from the Shaquanzi magmatic suite

The Yamansu belt,an important tectonic component of Eastern Tianshan Mountains,of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt,NW China hosts many Fe-(Cu)deposit.In this study,we present new zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemical data of the volcanic rocks of Shaquanzi Formation and diorite intrusions in the Yamansu belt.The Shaquanzi Formation comprises mainly basalt,andesite/andesitic tuff,rhyolite and sub-volcanic diabase with local diorite intrusions.The volcanic rocks and diorites contain ca.315-305 Ma and ca.298 Ma zircons respectively.These rocks show calc-alkaline affinity with enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements(LILEs),light rare-earth elements(LREEs),and depletion in high field strength elements(HFSEs)in primitive mantle normalized multi-element diagrams,which resemble typical back-arc basin rocks.They show depleted mantle signature with ε_(Nd)(t)ranging from+3.1 to +5.6 for basalt;+2.1 to+4.7 for andesite;-0.2 to+1.5 for rhyolite and the ε_(Hf)(t)ranges from-0.1 to +13.0 for andesites;+5.8 to +10.7 for andesitic tuffs.We suggest that the Shaquanzi Formation basalt might have originated from a depleted,metasomatized lithospheric mantle source mixed with minor(3-5%)subduction-derived materials,whereas the andesite and rhyolite could be fractional crystallization products of the basaltic magma.The Shaquanzi Formation volcanic rocks could have formed in an intracontinental back-arc basin setting,probably via the southward subduction of the Kangguer Ocean beneath the Middle Tianshan Massif.The Yamansu mineralization belt might have undergone a continental arc to back-arc basin transition during the Late Carboniferous and the intra-continental back-arc basin might have closed in the Early Permian,marked by the emplacement of dioritic magma in the Shaquanzi belt.

Generation of Back-Arc Basins as Side Effect of Shortening Processes: Examples from the Central Mediterranean

The evolution of the Mediterranean area since the Oligocene-Lower Miocene has been driven by the convergence of the surrounding plates. This implies that the observed deformation pattern in that region must be the most convenient shortening pattern, i.e. the one controlled by the minimum action principle. To understand why the fulfilment of such condition has required a complex spatio-temporal distribution of major tectonic events, such as uplift, lateral displacement and bending of orogenic belts, consumption of large lithospheric domains and formation of back arc basins, it may be very useful to take into account a basic tectonic concept, which helps to identify the process that can minimize the resistance of tectonic forces. Such concept starts from the fact that the most convenient consumption process is the one that involves low buoyancy oceanic lithosphere (Tethyan domains). However, such process is highly favoured where the oceanic lithosphere is stressed by vertical forces, a situation that develops when orogenic wedges are forced to over thrust and load the oceanic domain to be consumed. This interpretation can provide plausible and coherent explanations for the complex pattern of the observed deformations. In this view, the generation of back arc basins is taken as a side effect of an extrusion process, as suggested by numerical and mechanical experiments.

Bottom Simulating Reflector and Gas Seepage in Okinawa Trough:Evidence of Gas Hydrate in an Active Back-Arc Basin

To look for gas hydrate, 22 multi-channel and 3 single-channel seismic lines on the East China Sea （ECS） shelf slope and at the bottom of the Okinawa Trough were examined. It was found that there was indeed bottom simulating reflector （BSR） occurrence, but it is very rare. Besides several BSRs, a gas seepage was also found. As shown by the data, both the BSR and gas seepage are all related with local geological structures, such as mud diapir, anticline, and fault-controlled graben-like structure. However, similar structural ＂anomalies＂ are quite common in the tectonically very active Okinawa Trough region, but very few of them have developed BSR or gas seepage. The article points out that the main reason is probably the low concentration of organic carbon of the sediment in this area. It was speculated that the rare occurrence of gas hydrates in this region is governed by structure-controlled fluid flow. Numerous faults and fractures form a network of high-permeability channels in the sediment and highly fractured igneous basement to allow fluid circulation and ventilation. Fluid flow in this tectonic environment is driven primarily by thermal buoyancy and takes place on a wide range of spatial scales. The fluid flow may play two roles to facilitate hydrate formation： to help gather enough methane into a small area and to modulate the thermal regime.

THE NORTHWARD PROPAGATION OF THE ARC TECTONICS OF THE NORTHEAST PAMIR AND NORTHWEST TARIM BASIN

The geological, geographic and seismicity data indicate that three arc tectonic belt developed on the northeast Pamir, which was the south Pamir arc, the north Pamir arc and the external Pamir arc from south to north. In addition to these three belts, there are two nascent arc tectonic belts developed in its fore\|deep depression, the Kashi depression in the northwest Tarim basin, which is the northward propagation of the arc tectonics of northeast Pamir.The south Pamir is an ancient folded belt, composed of the Proterozoic metamorphic layers and igneous complex. It was pushed northward since the collision between the India and Asia, and uplifted since the end of the early Tertiary. The elevation of the Plateau is 4800～5300m, and several intermontane basins distributed in the plateau. At its northeast boundary is the Kalakorum right lateral strike slip fault. Strong strike slip earthquakes occurred along this fault. In the hinterland of the plateau, several normal faulting earthquakes occurred,which are consistent with the extensional dynamic environment of the south Pamir. Deep earthquakes occurred under the 70km depth crust of south Pamir. The N—S cross section of the focal depth show that the earthquake occurred within the south Pamir crust are lower than 70km, and the deep earthquakes with depth of 100～200km occurred in the crystal basement of Tarim basin which are under\|thrusting southward into the root of the south Pamir.

Volcanism Pacing Slumping Gravity Flow Deposits during the Late Carboniferous in the Southern Margin of the Junggar Basin,China

Deep-water gravity depositional processes and evolution in arc systems have become topics of intense research focus in recent years.This study discusses the co-evolution of volcanism and deep-water gravity flow deposits at the southern margin of the Junggar Basin,based on petrology,geochronology and geochemical analyses.The results show that a massive collapse of unstable sediments from the slope was triggered by volcanism,resulting in the formation of slumping gravity flows.The occurrence of volcanic beds in the slump deposits confirm that synchronous volcanism likely affected sediment instability,triggering gravity flows.The Th/Yb,Ta/Yb and Th/Ta elemental ratios,U-Pb ages of detrital zircons and paleocurrent directions indicate that the North Tianshan(NTS)island arc represents the provenance of the Qianxia Formation.Moreover,statistical data on the pyroclastic components in the gravity flow deposits reveal an intensity index of volcanism,indicating that volcanism is strongly related to gravity flow deposits,especially in terms of the type and distribution of the deposits.A model for volcanically-triggered deep-water gravity flow deposits is established,in order to provide a more in-depth understanding of the co-evolution of volcanism and gravity flow deposits within the depositional setting of the late Paleozoic NTS oceanic subduction margin in the Junggar Basin.

Construction of Subsurface Geological Structures Using a Drilling Database: A Case Study for an Intra-Arc Basin, the Osaka Plain, Southwest Japan

Subsurface geological cross sections of 0 - 200 m depth were constructed using a dense drilling database of the Osaka Plain in the intra-arc Osaka Basin of the Japan island arc, an active plate margin. The cross sections revealed the subsurface geological structures and the geometry of folding and faulting in the basin. The comparison between the constructed subsurface cross sections and the seismic sections of the basement and basin fills at a depth of 1500 - 2000 m showed that the basement and shallow subsurface structures are similar;however, the shallow cross sections were of higher resolution than the deep seismic profiles.

Origin of Cu in the PACMANUS hydrothermal field from the eastern Manus back-arc basin: evidence from mass balance modeling

Hydrothermal precipitates associated with active vents in the eastern Manus Basin, an actively opening back-arc basin in the Bismarck Sea, Papua New Guinea, are among the most Cu-rich on the modern seafloor. The volcanic rocks associated with this mineralization may be insufficiently enriched in Cu to account for the Cu content of the sulfides by simple leaching. The PACMANUS hydrothermal field lies in the eastern portion of the eastern Manus Basin. Mass balance modeling of the PACMANUS hydrothermal system indicates that simple leaching of a stationary reaction zone (0.144 km^3) by hydrothermal fluids cannot yield the Cu found in associated sulfide deposits because unacceptably high leaching, transportation and precipitation efficiencies are required to derive the Cu in sulfides by leaching processes. With 100% leaching, transport and precipitating efficiency, 0.166 km^3 of volcanic rocks would need to be leached to account for the Cu budget of hydrothermal sulfide deposits. The key requirement for forming metal-rich magmatic fluids is a large amount of metals available to enter the exsolved vapor phase. Magmas generated in the eastern Manus Basin inherently have high fO2 because of metasomatism of the mantle source by oxidized materials from the subducted slab, leading to copper enrichment in the magma chamber. Moreover, the presence of Cu in gas-rich melt inclusi on bubbles in Pual Ridge andesite is evidence that degassing and partitioning of Cu into the magmatic volatile phase has occurred in the eastern Manus Basin. Numerical mass balance modeling indicates that approximately 0.236 Mt Cu was potentially transferred to the hydrothermal system per cubic kilometer magma. Magmatic degassing seems to play a more significant role than leaching.

玉树北部二叠纪镁铁质岩的成因及其对大陆弧后盆地形成的指示

系统地调查与研究弧后盆地岩浆作用能为探究汇聚板块边缘的壳幔相互作用、板块俯冲动力学和弧后盆地形成-演化机制等提供重要信息。本文以最近在青海玉树北部地区发现的二叠纪镁铁质岩类为研究对象,开展了岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学与同位素地质学等研究,以期为深入认识大陆弧后盆地形成机制及有关镁铁质岩浆的起源提供关键线索。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学测定结果表明,玉树北部辉长岩的结晶年龄为260±1 Ma。玄武岩样品具有相对低的TiO2和Nb/Y值以及相对高的Ce/Nb值,其相对于原始地幔要显著富集轻稀土和Th等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti和P等元素,可与世界上典型弧后盆地玄武岩(例如Okinawa Trough BABBs)成分特征类比。而辉长岩样品具有相对高的TiO2和Nb/Y值以及相对低的Ce/Nb值,其相对于原始地幔要显著富集轻稀土和Th等元素,轻微亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,总体上具有与OIB类似的成分特征。玄武岩样品具有变化较大的ISr(0.706~0.709)和εNd(t)值(-1.8~+1.3),而辉长岩样品则具有相对均一的ISr(0.709)和εNd(t)值(-1.8~-1.5)。综合本次研究成果可以确定,玄武岩应该起源于一个受俯冲组分改造的岩石圈地幔,而辉长岩应该来自于一个与地幔柱相关的源区。结合区域最新研究资料可以进一步判断研究区镁铁质岩应该形成于大陆弧后盆地扩张的背景中,并且该弧后盆地的产生很可能与洋壳深俯冲导致的板块回撤、峨眉山地幔柱活动密切相关。

滇东地区裂谷盆地内火山-侵入岩序列与金属成矿

碱性岩浆对金属成矿和金属矿集区有独特控制作用,因火山—侵入岩序列与金属成矿和岩浆叠加侵入构造系统识别难度大,长期制约了深部勘探和找矿预测。本文以云南东川铁铜金矿集区(元古宙陆缘裂谷盆地)和个旧锡铜钨铯铷多金属矿集区(三叠纪弧后裂谷盆地)为主,采用大比例尺构造岩相学填图新方法,解析研究了碱性岩浆活动有关的火山—侵入岩侵入序列与岩石组合、裂谷盆地演化和岩浆叠加侵入构造系统,揭示了它们与滇东地区铁氧化物铜金型(IOCG)、铜钴-金红石-稀土和锡铜钨铯铷多金属矿叠加成矿内在关系。研究认为:①云南东川铁铜金矿集区内,新太古代末期碱性岩类以方解石钠长岩(2520±14 Ma)和碱性铁质苦橄岩(2529±77 Ma)为主。新太古界—古元古界小溜口岩组(>2.50Ga)顶部古岩溶风化壳,受中元古代火山喷发—岩浆侵入构造叠加再造形成了特殊单元(独立填图单元,2.50~1.80Ga),它们是铜钴-金红石-稀土矿床的新找矿层位。②在中元古界因民组一段内,铁钠质碱性基性岩、铁钾质粗面岩和铁质碱性辉绿辉长岩等岩石组合形成于因民期火山断陷成盆期。因民组二段和三段是稀矿山式铁铜矿床储矿层位,铁铜矿层下盘铁钾质粗面岩为独居石型稀土成矿层位。在格林威尔造山期碱性钛铁质辉长岩(1097~1047 Ma)-碱性钛铁质闪长岩-碱性二长斑岩等碱性钛铁质侵入岩体,形成了白锡腊深部IOCG矿床和金红石富集成矿。③在个旧三叠纪弧后裂谷盆地内,三叠纪碱性苦橄岩和碱玄岩中形成了Sn-Cu-Zn-Li-Rb-Cs初始富集;在晚白垩世浅色花岗岩叠加成矿作用下,形成了金云母矽卡岩型锡铜钨铯铷矿床。④裂谷盆地内早期碱性岩中初始富集金属与后期富含成矿金属的碱性侵入岩叠加成矿可能是金属超常富集机理。在东川地区岩浆叠加侵入构造内,岩浆热液角砾岩筒对铜钴-金红石-稀土元素叠加富集成矿控制显著;在个旧地区,浅色花岗岩侵入于碱性苦橄岩-碱玄岩中,对金云母矽卡岩型锡铜钨钴铯铷矿床的叠加富集成矿控制显著。

西准噶尔南部晚石炭世中-酸性火山岩成因机制及其对准噶尔洋闭合时限的约束

西准噶尔地区广泛分布石炭纪岩浆岩类,了解它们的成因和形成机制可为揭示准噶尔洋盆晚古生代构造格局和发展演化以及约束古大洋闭合时限提供重要依据。本文报道了西准噶尔南部哈拉阿拉特山地区晚石炭世中酸性火山岩的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学以及地球化学特征。岩石学研究表明其岩性主要为安山岩、英安质安山岩、流纹英安斑岩和流纹岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明哈拉阿拉特山地区中酸性火山岩年龄为308~305 Ma,为晚石炭世中晚期。中酸性火山岩均相对富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素,富钠贫钾,属于低钾拉斑中钾钙碱性系列岛弧火山岩。其中安山岩和英安质安山岩具有较高SiO_(2)(56.15%~66.13%)、Al_(2)O_(3)(16.03%~17.94%)、Na_(2)O(3.44%~5.59%)、Sr((364~576)×10^(-6))含量和Na_(2)O/K_(2)O(3.20~6.40)、Sr/Y(33.5~55.6)比值,贫MgO(1.59%~2.68%)、Y((10.0~16.0)×10^(-6))和Yb((1.08~1.83)×10^(-6))的特征,并且具有Eu正异常(δEu=1.09~1.22),属于典型的埃达克岩,是经俯冲的洋壳板片在石榴角闪岩相发生部分熔融而成,且熔融产生的埃达克质熔体在上升过程中未与上覆地幔橄榄岩发生明显交代作用;流纹岩和流纹英安斑岩具有高的SiO_(2)(69.59%~75.03%)和全碱(w(Na_(2)O+K_(2)O)=7.81%~8.89%)、极低的TFe 2O 3(0.94%~1.57%)和MgO(0.12%~0.97%)含量以及弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.63~1.00)等特征,为准铝质I型流纹岩,是下地壳镁铁质岩石部分熔融的产物,很可能有少量幔源岩浆混入。综合本文数据并结合研究区大量前人已发表的岩浆岩类研究成果,认为西准噶尔南部地区在晚石炭世中晚期仍处于岛弧弧后盆地演化体系,准噶尔洋的闭合时限可能至少推迟至早二叠世早期之后。

内蒙朝克山辉长岩中单斜辉石矿物化学特征及地质意义

内蒙贺根山带广泛发育古生代基性岩浆岩,为探讨其岩浆源区和岩石成因,进一步了解中亚造山带东段古生代构造背景,笔者对朝克山蛇绿岩进行了矿物学研究。矿物电子探针结果显示,辉长岩中单斜辉石均属于透辉石,既有碱性特征,也有拉斑特征,SiO2含量为50.75%~52.99%,具有高的Al2O3,含量为2.03%~3.77%,相对亏损轻稀土元素(La/Sm)_(N)=0.12~0.22和高场强元素(HFSE;Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti负异常),富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs),与辉长岩全岩的特征程度相一致,共同指示岩体母岩浆可能为亚碱性的拉斑玄武质岩浆向碱性玄武质岩浆演化的趋势。单斜辉石的平衡温度为1099~1242℃,平衡压力为1.5~6.4 kbar,深度为5~21 km,显示明显的深源特征。结合前人研究成果,笔者认为朝克山蛇绿岩形成于弧后盆地环境。

胶-辽-吉造山带辽河群含钴层位里尔峪组变火成岩成因机制及其对复杂构造演化过程的制约

辽河群里尔峪组变基性岩与变长英质粒状岩石记录了胶-辽-吉古元古代造山带复杂演化过程的重要信息。该组不仅是辽东钴富集成矿的关键层位,也是深入探讨胶-辽-吉造山带古元古代起始构造背景及其演化过程的关键研究对象。本文通过野外地质调查、岩相学、全岩地球化学、锆石年代学以及Lu-Hf同位素的综合研究,对里尔峪组中变基性岩与变长英质粒状岩石的原岩属性、成因机制、年代格架及构造背景进行了深入研究,结合胶-辽-吉带古元古代的构造演化过程及其与Co元素的初始来源的内在成因关系进行了初步讨论。里尔峪组变基性岩岩石主要由斜长角闪岩与变角闪石岩组成,变长英质粒状岩石包括浅粒岩和变粒岩。野外观察发现大量变基性岩侵入到变长英质粒状岩石中。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,变基性岩的原岩形成时代为2160~2130Ma,变长英质粒状岩石原岩的形成时代为2200~2160Ma,两者共同经历了1950~1850Ma古元古代变质事件的改造。根据地球化学特征,变基性岩可分为三种类型:第一类斜长角闪岩属于拉斑玄武岩系列,轻微富集LREE,类似E-MORB特征,Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr和Hf轻微亏损,暗示有限的流体交代和地壳混染,变质锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-2.3~5.9,t DM1集中在2200~2100Ma,表明其原岩来源于亏损的软流圈地幔,指示古元古代新生地壳生长事件;第二类斜长角闪岩属于钙碱性系列,具有右倾的稀土元素配分曲线,Nb、Ta和Ti元素明显亏损,Zr、Hf正异常,表明其原始岩浆在离开源区后可能经历了地壳混染;第三类变角闪石岩属于超基性岩,REE总量相对偏高,LREE相对富集,Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr和Hf明显亏损,显示出有限的地壳混染和大量流体交代,岩浆锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-2.3~6.7,t DM1集中在2500~2200Ma;变质锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-5.9~-0.4,t DM1集中在2500~2300Ma,其原岩应来源于富集的岩石圈地幔。在变长英质粒状岩石中,变粒岩的SiO 2含量低于浅粒岩的,二者原岩均属于钙碱性系列并具有相似地球化学属性,暗示原岩来源于相同的岩浆源区。变长英质岩LREE富集而HREE相对亏损;Zr、Hf正异常,而Nb、Ta和Ti元素明显亏损,与弧源陆壳岩石特征相似;岩浆锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值集中在-2~4,变质锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值则集中在-7~-1,两者t DM2集中在2900~2600Ma之间,表明其原岩为大陆下地壳太古宙TTG的部分熔融的产物。变长英质粒状岩石与变基性岩均指示其原岩形成于弧后盆地的构造环境,并经历了弧后盆地持续张裂至碰撞造山的演变过程,该过程可以划分为三个阶段:(1)2200~2160Ma期间,狼林陆块与北澳大利亚克拉通之间的大洋板块由西南向东北俯冲,随着俯冲的大洋岩石圈板块后撤,岩石圈开始伸展导致弧后盆地初始张裂;这一伸展作用导致软流圈地幔上涌,加热上覆太古宙大陆地壳;而由于持续的加热,大陆地壳开始部分熔融,形成了大量酸性火山岩(里尔峪组)及酸性侵入岩(条痕状花岗岩)。(2)2160~2130Ma期间,随着俯冲的大洋岩石圈板块后撤,导致上覆岩石圈进一步伸展减薄,弧后盆地继续拉张,软流圈地幔进一步上涌,减压熔融形成2160~2130Ma的基性岩浆;与此同时,软流圈上涌加热上覆岩石圈地幔,部分熔融形成少量富集型基性岩浆。(3)1950~1850Ma期间,狼林陆块与龙岗陆块发生陆-陆碰撞造山作用,并发生区域内角闪岩相-麻粒岩相变质作用;更为重要的是,里尔峪组钴的来源可能与基性岩浆作用密切相关,火山喷发过程中沿裂隙的流体从基性岩中萃取了Co元素,进而在里尔峪组沉淀形成富钴层位,并经历了古元古代变质-变形事件的改造。

大兴安岭阿尔山地区宝力高庙组浅变质岩年代学、地球化学特征及原岩建造探讨

大兴安岭阿尔山地区宝力高庙组为一套以沉积碎屑岩、安山岩为主的陆相沉积-火山岩系,经历了区域变质作用后转变为低绿片岩相。笔者对宝力高庙组浅变质岩开展了锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学的研究,结合岩性岩相学和变质变形特征,试图恢复其原岩建造,并在此基础上,探讨了沉积背景。结果表明,阿尔山地区变质安山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(312.1±1.2)Ma,地质时代属晚石炭世—早二叠世,将其厘定为宝力高庙组,原岩组合属典型的滨湖相陆源中酸性火山-沉积建造,沉积构造环境为活动大陆边缘的弧内盆地,与区域上二连—贺根山蛇绿—增生杂岩带晚石炭世—早二叠世时期的构造环境一致。

华北克拉通中部造山带中条山地区古元古代盆地演化

对华北克拉通中部造山带南部中条山地区古元古代中条群和担山石群岩石组合及地层详细调查研究,认为中条群为一套由粗碎屑岩-泥质岩-碳酸盐岩组成的多旋回沉积岩,变质砂岩地球化学特征显示,中条群经历了早期相对稳定到后期较活跃的转变。结合前人碎屑锆石年龄、源区特征和火山岩夹层年龄得出,中条群形成于2.1 Ga左右的活动大陆边缘弧后盆地。担山石群为一套砾岩-砂岩组成的磨拉石建造,碎屑锆石年龄显示,担山石群形成于1.85 Ga左右的碰撞造山阶段的前陆盆地内。结合前人研究,认为中条山地区古元古代盆地演化模式为,约2.1 Ga开始,西部陆块的前导洋向东部陆块活动大陆边缘之下持续俯冲,东部陆块西缘活动大陆边缘弧后盆地沉积了中条群,约1.85 Ga开始,东部陆块与西部陆块之间的大洋闭合,陆陆碰撞开始,中条群发生挤压褶皱变形,陆壳加厚及随后的快速抬升和剥蚀形成前陆盆地的担山石群磨拉石。中条山地区古元古代弧后盆地向前陆盆地的转化支持华北克拉通最初西部陆块向东俯冲,经历了约1.85 Ga的东、西陆块碰撞并最终克拉通化的演化模式。

西昆仑晚古生代盆地演化与成矿作用

在西昆仑北部地区,由于古特提斯洋汇聚作用,导致形成弧后伸展构造带以及一系列晚古生代沉积盆地。本文着重综述以下几个问题:1)位于塔里木地块南缘上的塔木-卡兰古盆地带,由于坳陷作用连续沉积了中泥盆统-上二叠统地层,其构造位置相当于远域大陆弧后环境盆地;位于西昆仑地块北缘的奥依塔格-库尔良弧后盆地带,由于裂陷作用断续地沉积了中泥盆统-上二叠统地层,其构造位置相当于弧后盆地。虽然这两个盆地带之间被铁克里克断隆带所分隔,但它们的演化过程具有同时性。2)盆地中主要有两期岩浆岩活动,一是与盆地扩张期同生的“双峰式”岩浆岩(339~291 Ma),二是与盆地闭合有关的中酸性岩浆岩(265~206 Ma);3)在盆地演化过程中,中泥盆世-早二叠世是盆地扩张期,在局部坳陷的封闭盆地和缺氧环境下形成同生沉积矿床,主要包括海相砂岩型铜矿床、喷流沉积型铅锌矿床、沉积锰矿床以及VMS型铜矿床;中二叠世-早三叠世是盆地闭合期,由于盆-山转换作用导致沉积基底褶皱和岩浆活动,并形成了构造-热液和岩浆热液成矿作用。总之,晚古生代区域伸展构造环境受制于古特提斯汇聚作用,在这些盆地扩张到闭合的演化过程中,形成沉积型矿床、岩浆热液型矿床和构造-热液型矿床。

辽吉构造带钴-镍成矿地质背景及找矿方向

针对辽吉构造带内钴-镍矿找矿问题,从古元古代构造-建造等成矿地质条件入手,在充分分析前人资料和总结前期研究成果的基础上,对辽吉构造带钴-镍成矿物质来源、典型矿床(点)矿体特征、成矿作用进行了系统论述.研究表明,原辽河群浪子山组到高家峪组是由稳定大陆边缘、活动大陆边缘乃至沟弧盆体系背景形成的复杂造山带增生岩系,不同成因岩片间均为构造接触,显示“总体无序、局部有序”的构造地层特点;上覆大石桥组—盖县组为稳定的残余海盆沉积,与下伏“地层”非整合接触,显示有序地层的特点.总体来看,该套“地层”既不能按有序地层简单划分,也不能以变质变形程度进行区域对比,一些变质岩石的原岩建造及其形成的大地构造环境仅依靠地球化学数据、图解来判断也是极不可靠的.“辽吉花岗岩(条痕状或条带状花岗岩)”是相对成熟的陆缘弧、岛弧岩石组合,主体显示TTG特征,其控矿意义尚不清楚;造山期后伸展作用下形成的侵入岩多为同构造期的深熔(重熔)的(含)石榴石花岗岩或花岗质片麻岩(S型)和造山晚期加厚背景下的具埃达克性质的花岗闪长岩.区域铜钴镍矿的成矿物质主要来源于基性岩脉(墙)、陆壳火山碎屑岩、古洋壳残余的俯冲增生杂岩及远洋沉积岩等4种类型.在辽吉洋俯冲消亡过程中,原始矿源层受造山作用、变质作用影响再富集成矿,伸展作用下的基性-超基性成矿,除此之外,远洋环境中较高的碳质和盐度(海底热卤水)对矿产的富集也是不可或缺的因素.结合区域地球化学特征,在辽吉构造带划分出3个钴-镍矿成矿带及6个找矿靶区,提出了辽吉构造带钴-镍的找矿标志及找矿方向,分析了成矿潜力,为后期区域找矿突破战略行动提供了新思路.