An analysis method of injection and production dynamic transient flow in a gas field storage facility

A dynamic transient flow analysis method considering complex factors such as the cyclic injection and production history in a gas field storage facility was established in view of the limitations of the existing methods for transient flow analysis and the characteristics of the injection-production operation of strongly heterogeneous gas reservoirs, and the corresponding theoretical charts were drawn. In addition, an injection-production dynamic transient flow analysis model named "three points and two stages" suitable for an underground gas storage(UGS) well with alternate working conditions was proposed. The "three points" refer to three time points during cyclic injection and production, namely, the starting point of gas injection for UGS construction, the beginning and ending points of the injection-production analysis stage;and the "two stages" refer to historical flow stage and injection-production analysis stage. The study shows that the dimensionless pseudo-pressure and dimensionless pseudo-pressure integral curves of UGS well flex downward in the early stage of the injection and production process, and the dimensionless pseudo-pressure integral derivative curve is convex during the gas production period and concave during the gas injection period, and the curves under different flow histories have atypical features. The new method present in this paper can analyze transient flow of UGS accurately. The application of this method to typical wells in Hutubi gas storage shows that the new method can fit the pressure history accurately, and obtain reliable parameters and results.

Indoor Dust-Based Pollution Status and Risk Assessment for a Rural Town, Ebedei in Nigeria Hosting Gas Flare Facility

Recently, there has been series of petitions and protestations from petroleum production gas flare facility host communities in Nigeria about the degradation of their environment. This study was designed to conduct indoor dust related human health risk assessment for Cd, Pb, Mn and Ni. Deposited indoor dust samples were collected from sixteen (16) residential buildings distributed across the four quarters of Ebedei waterside town in Nigeria, within the vicinity of a petroleum production gas flare facility. The samples were digested and analysed for Cd, Pb, Mn and Ni concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Contamination/pollution index (C/PI) and human health risk assessments were conducted. The concentration ranges of 1.2 - 14.9 mg/kg, 44.0 - 161.6 mg/kg and 221.3 - 752.0 mg/kg, and below detection to 29.8 mg/kg were recorded for Cd, Pb, Mn and Ni, respectively. C/PI analyses for metals in the indoor dusts investigated suggested Cd levels to be polluted and Pb levels to be slightly polluted, while Mn and Ni levels indicated contamination. Risk assessment studies indicated that children may be more at risk for all the three exposure pathways. Exposure through the ingestion pathway indicated the highest risk for both the adult and children population.

Key Engineering Highlights of Facilities ＆ Equipment for Oil ＆ Gas Production in Kuwait Oil Company

The paper provides an insight into key engineering aspects of Kuwait Oil Company＇s existing projects, facilities and equipment both current and from nearly 30 years of projects development. It deals with engineering features of mainly process and mechanical equipment, both static and rotating besides others, used for collection, separation, desalting, heat transfer, chemical treatment, storage, transmission, pipelines and similar facilities utilized for upstream oil and gas production, both sweet and sour. Engineering highlights include certain technological developments, metallurgical aspects, few best practices and lessons learnt as well. Seven （7） case studies are included towards the end that show case some of the engineering aspects of facility equipment, lessons learned from their engineering and conclusions drawn that, emphasize the need to focus on initial, preliminary engineering aspects of projects and could provide useful tips for oil and gas engineers and designers.

Reform Exploration for Safety Course System of Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Facilities

In recent years,the safety of oil and gas storage and transportation facilities has been paid more attention by the state and enterprises due to frequent accidents.The oil and gas storage and transportation facilities safety courses in China University of Petroleum(Beijing)includes“Engineering mechanics”,“Strength design of pipelines and tanks”and“Safety and integrity management of oil and gas storage and transportation facilities”.The three courses lack relevance and the teaching mode is too rigid,resulting in students losing their initiative in learning.If students can’t use the knowledge flexibly,it will affect the achievement of the objectives of the training program.Therefore,oil and gas storage and transportation facilities safety courses are reformed,training plans are adjusted and teaching methods are improved.The practice shows that the reform enriches the teaching content,improves the teaching quality,stimulates classroom activity and gets a good evaluation of students.The reform of safety courses has a certain significance for cultivating compound talents who have the ability to solve practical problems in engineering.

Influence of hysteretic stress path behavior on seal integrity during gas storage operation in a depleted reservoir

In this study,we numerically investigate the influence of hysteretic stress path behavior on the seal integrity during underground gas storage operations in a depleted reservoir.Our study area is the Honor Rancho Underground Storage Facility in Los Angeles County(California,USA),which was converted into an underground gas storage facility in 1975 after 20 years of oil and gas production.In our simulations,the geomechanical behavior of the sand reservoir is modeled using two models:(1)a linear elastic model(non-hysteretic stress path)that does not take into consideration irreversible deformation,and(2)a plastic cap mechanical model which considers changes in rock elastic properties due to irreversible deformations caused by plastic reservoir compaction(hysteretic stress path).It shows that the irreversible compaction of the geological layer over geologic time and during the reservoir depletion can have important consequences on stress tensor orientation and magnitude.Ignoring depletion-induced irreversible compaction can lead to an over-estimation of the calculation of the maximum working reservoir pressure.Moreover,this irreversible compaction may bring the nearby faults closer to reactivation.However,regardless of the two models applied,the geomechanical analysis shows that for the estimated stress conditions applied in this study,the Honor Rancho Underground Storage Facility is being safely operated at pressures much below what would be required to compromise the seal integrity.

Status quo and countermeasures of energy audit in oil and gas field enterprises

To develop energy audits in oil and gas field enterprises has important and realistic significance. Chinese energy audit in oil and gas field enterprises is still in the exploratory stage, the paper puts forward some countermeasures and proposals through the analysis on status quo to identify the shortcomings.

DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS:LOWERING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN A K-12 FACILITY

The construction industry is embracing sustainable building practices that boost the“triple bottom line”,namely the building’s ecological,social,and financial performance.Since more than 55 million US students spend a significant part of their day in K-12 schools,it is vital that these facilities should provide healthy,comfortable,and productive learning environments.Here we present an in-depth literature review of how educational facilities affect student school performance,comfort,and health,and we examine the role of sustainable design and construction strategies in influencing the physical learning environment in schools.Significant barriers to implementing sustainable strategies are examined,particularly the first cost premium of a sustainable building.A systematic decision strategy is described that incorporates sustainable design strategies,lowering energy consumption and improving indoor environments.A case study describes the process of incorporating sustainable strategies in a K-12 education facility in North Carolina to lower annual energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.Ways to reduce the first cost premium and minimize operating costs over the facility’s life while providing healthy and comfortable learning environments for students and teachers are discussed.The case study school also functions as an experimental learning tool for teaching sustainability to K-12 students,having the potential to improve their attitudes and behavior with respect to sustainability.

Current State and Prospects of CNPC's Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation

Oil and gas transportation facilities are important for a country to secure an energy supply and maintain social stability and economic development.Social capitals in China are now encouraged by the government to invest in the construction of oil and gas infrastructures in the country.With China's growing economy and new reforms in the oil and gas sector,more opportunities are available for private companies seeking to get involved in energy infrastructure.It is estimated that the future market of energy infrastructure projects in China is valued at nearly RMB 2 trillion.This paper is trying to offer some clues regarding investment in energy infrastructure in China by giving a brief introduction to the current situation of CNPC's oil and gas infrastructure construction.

Safety prognostic technology in complex petroleum engineering systems: progress, challenges and emerging trends

Oil and gas facilities used in the petroleum industry can be considered as complex dynamic systems in that they require different types of equipment with various causal relationships among components and process variables under monitoring.As the systems grow increasingly large,high speed,automated and intelligent,the nonlinear relations among these process variables and their effects on accidents are to be fully understood for both system reliability and safety assurance.Failures that occur during the process can both cause tremendous loss to the petroleum industry and compromise product quality and affect the environment.Therefore,failures should be detected as soon as possible,and the root causes need to be identified so that corrections can be made in time to avoid further loss,which relate to the safety prognostic technology.By investigation of the relationship of accident causing factors in complex systems,new progress into diagnosis and prognostic technology from international research institutions is reviewed,and research highlights from China University of Petroleum（Beijing） in this area are also presented.By analyzing the present domestic and overseas research situations,the current problems and future directions in the fundamental research and engineering applications are proposed.

OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPROVEMENTS OF THE SHANGHAI 4UH PELLETRON

This paper summarizes performance data and operational experiences gained with 4UH Pelletron.