Contract for Oil/Gas Testing Signed Between Jinlonghua & Esso

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Physical characteristics of high concentrated gas hydrate reservoir in the Shenhu production test area,South China Sea

High concentrated and heterogeneous distribution of gas hydrates have been identified in the gas hydrate production test region in the Shenhu area,South China Sea.The gas hydrate-bearing sediments with high saturation locate at two ridges of submarine canyon with different thickness and saturations just above the bottom simulating reflection.The crossplots of gamma ray,acoustic impedance(P-impedance)and porosity at four sites show that the sediments can be divided into the upper and lower layers at different depths,indicating different geotechnical reservoir properties.Therefore,the depositional environments and physical properties at two ridges are analyzed and compared to show the different characteristics of hydrate reservoir.High porosity,high P-wave velocity,and coarse grain size indicate better reservoir quality and higher energy depositional environment for gas hydrate at Sites W18 and W19 than those at Sites W11 and W17.Our interpretation is that the base of canyon deposits at Sites W18 and W19 characterized by upward-coarsening units may be turbidity sand layers,thus significantly improving the reservoir quality with increasing gas hydrate saturation.The shelf and slope sliding deposits compose of the fine-grained sediments at Sites W11 and W17.The gas hydrate production test sites were conducted at the ridge of W11 and W17,mainly because of the thicker and larger area of gas hydrate-bearing reservoirs than those at Sites W18 and W19.All the results provide useful insights for assessing reservoir quality in the Shenhu area.

Application of the monitoring and early warning system for internal solitary waves:Take the second natural gas hydrates production test in the South China Sea as an example

Internal solitary waves(ISWs) contain great energy and have the characteristics of emergency and concealment. To avoid their damage to offshore engineering, a new generation of monitoring and early warning system for ISWs was developed using technologies of double buoys monitoring, intelligent realtime data transmission, and automatic software identification. The system was applied to the second natural gas hydrates(NGHs) production test in the Shenhu Area, South China Sea(SCS) and successfully provided the early warning of ISWs for 173 days(from October 2019 to April 2020). The abrupt changes in the thrust force of the drilling platform under the attack of ISWs were consistent with the early warning information, proving the reliability of this system. A total of 93 ISWs were detected around the drilling platform. Most of them occurred during the spring tides in October–December 2019 and April 2020, while few of them occurred in winter. As suggested by the theoretical model, the full-depth structure of ISWs was a typical current profile of mode-1, and the velocities of wave-induced currents can reach 80 cm/s and30 cm/s, respectively, in the upper ocean and near the seabed. The ISWs may be primarily generated from the interactions between the topography and semidiurnal tides in the Luzon Strait, and then propagate westward to the drilling platform. This study could serve as an important reference for the early warning of ISWs for offshore engineering construction in the future.

A method for preventing hydrates from blocking flow during deep-water gas well testing

Based on the research of the formation mechanism and evolution rule of hydrate flow obstacle during deep-water gas well testing,a new method for the prevention of hydrate flow obstacle based on safety testing window is proposed by changing the previous idea of"preventing formation"to the idea of"allowing formation,preventing plugging".The results show that the effective inner diameter of the testing tubing and the wellhead pressure decrease gradually with the formation and precipitation of hydrates during deep-water gas well testing,and it presents three typical processes of slow,fast and sudden changes.There is a safety testing window during deep-water gas well testing.The safety testing window of deep-water gas well testing decreases first and then increases with the increase of gas production rate,and increases with the increase of hydrate inhibitor concentrations.In the case with different testing production rates,a reasonable testing order with alternate low and high gas production rates has been proposed to further reduce the dosage of hydrate inhibitor and even avoid the use of hydrate inhibitors considering the decomposition and fall-off of hydrates.Compared with the traditional methods,the new method based on safety testing window can reduce the dosage of hydrate inhibitor by more than 50%.

Constraining the Generalized and Superfluid Chaplygin Gas Models with the Sandage-Loeb Test

The Sandage Loeb （SL） test is a direct measurement of the cosmic expansion by probing the redshift drifts of quasi-stellar objects in the ＇redshift desert＇ of 2 〈 z 〈 5. In this work, we investigate its constraints on the unified dark energy and dark matter models including the generalized Chaplygin gas and the superfluid Chaplygin gas. In addition, type Ia supernovae （SNIa） data and the distance ratios derived from the cosmic microwave background radiation and baryon acoustic oscillation observations （CMB/BAO） are also used. We find that the mock SL data gives the tightest constraints on the model parameters and it can help to reduce the parameter regions allowed by the present SNIa＋CMB/BAO by about 75% when all datasets considered are combined. Thus the SL test is a worthy and long awaited measurement to probe effectively the cosmic expanding history and the properties of dark energy.

TEST STUDY OF DETECTING OIL AND GAS BY USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE

Ⅰ The Indexes of Detecting Oil and Gas Resources The deeply buried reservoir which in a dynamic equilibrium state has a great pressure inside, and between it and earth surface there is a great difference of pressure. Therefore the hydrocarbon must spread and move vertically to the surface along the pressure gradient orientation. Hydrocarbons in the reservoir along some small rifts, cracks, joints and cleavages penetrate the overlying strata and seepage onto the surface. Thus the hydrocarbons become unvisble oil and gas signs. This process is called the phenomena of hydrocarbon microseepage of reservoir. Hydrocarbons microseepage in the process

The Fast Road of Shale Gas Development in China——Reflections on Building a Special Test Areas for National Shale Gas Development

China's shale gas development has had a good start. It is necessary that the developers take advantage of the opportunity to make further efforts to promote shale gas development in China, in particular by rolling out a comprehensive plan on a national level. The author makes a proposal to establish a special shale gas test area in and adjacent to the Sichuan Basin as the most important way to promote the rapid development of shale gas in China. For this purpose, the author analyzes the current situation and problems of shale gas development in China, addresses the necessity and feasibility of establishing a special test area for shale gas development, and draws up the scope of this shale gas special test area of about 450 thousand square kilometers, covering Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and part of Yunnan, Hunan, Hubei provinces, and proposes the establishment of a shale gas test area in China. This consists of an overall plan, targets, and contents in 10 aspects, along with organization and implementation modes. The shale gas exploration and development in the shale gas zones is promoted vigorously by introducing special policies and innovating exploration, development and utilization model. While at the same time, the shale gas zones of continental facies in the Ordos Basin and marineterrigenous facies in South Hubei Basin will be established.The experiences of the reform in the shale gas zones will be the good practice for the reform of petroleum organization system.

Prediction of natural gas hydrate formation region in wellbore during deepwater gas well testing

Wellbore temperature field equations are established with considerations of the enthalpy changes of the natural gas during the deep-water gas well testing. A prediction method for the natural gas hydrate formation region during the deep-water gas well testing is proposed, which combines the wellbore temperature field equations, the phase equilibrium conditions of the natural gas hydrate formation and the calculation methods for the pressure field. Through the sensitivity analysis of the parameters that affect the hydrate formation region, it can be concluded that during the deep-water gas well testing, with the reduction of the gas production rate and the decrease of the geothermal gradient, along with the increase of the depth of water, the hydrate formation region in the wellbore enlarges, the hydrate formation regions differ with different component contents of natural gases, as compared with the pure methane gas, with the increase of ethane and propane, the hydrate formation region expands, the admixture of inhibitors, the type and the concentrations of which can be optimized through the method proposed in the paper, will reduce the hydrate formation region, the throttling effect will lead to the abrupt changes of temperature and pressure, which results in a variation of the hydrate formation region, if the throttling occurs in the shallow part of the wellbore, the temperature will drop too much, which enlarges the hydrate formation region, otherwise, if the throttling occurs in the deep part of the wellbore, the hydrate formation region will be reduced due to the decrease of the pressure.

Experimental study on mechanical properties of methane-hydrate-bearing sediments

Mechanical properties of methane hydrate- bearing-sediments （MHBS） are basic parameters for safety analysis of hydrate exploration and exploitation. Young＇s modulus, cohesion, and internal friction angle of hydrate- bearing sediments synthesized in laboratory, are investigated using tri-axial tests. Stress-strain curves and strength parameters are obtained and discussed for different compositions and different hydrate saturation, followed by empirical expressions related to the cohesion, internal friction angle, and modulus of MHBS. Almost all tested MHBS samples exhibit plastic failure. With the increase of total saturation of ice and methane hydrate （MH）, the specimens＇ internal friction angle decreases while the cohesion increases.

Experimental and numerical study on pressure oscillation in a combustor with rotary valve

A rotary valve coupled in a combustor assembly can generate periodic pressure oscillations inside the combustor and can be used to study the combustion instability in the combustion chamber of a rocket engine.This paper proposes a cold gas flow experimental system based on a rotary valve and a corresponding rotation model.A 3 D numerical model is proposed to obtain the transient flow inside the rotary valve,and the dynamic mesh technique and User-Defined Functions(UDFs)are adopted to implement a swing motion instead of a rotary motion.Several cold gas flow experiments are carried out at rotating speeds of 75225,and 375 rpm to verify the validity of the numerical model.The effects of rotating speed,stroke length ratio and radius of the RED(Rotor Exhaust Duct)on the pressure oscillations are studied using this numerical model.The results show that the maximum and peak-to-peak values of the pressure oscillations gradually decrease with increasing rotating speed.The ratio of the corresponding peak-to-peak value to the maximum pressure(pressure amplitude ratio)is reduced from 1.81 to 0.6%.The stroke length ratio affects the pressure waveform because it leads to a change in the time spent in the non-exhaust stage.When the stroke length ratio is 0,the waveform closely resembles a sine wave.With the increase in the stroke length ratio,the pressure waveform exhibits a more square or a triangular wave shape.Finally,a high-frequency and high-amplitude pressure oscillation can be obtained by appropriately increasing the radius of the RED.

Research on air infiltration predictive models for residential building at different pressure

The pressure difference in buildings under natural state is usually below 10 Pa,and the air change rate at 50 Pa(ACHso)is often used to evaluate building airtightness.There is a dearth of research on air infiltration predictive model at different pressures in China.Moreover,the airflow coefficient(C),a key parameter for air infiltration,is necessary to determine ACHso.Based on prior experimental data,several methods including ordinary least squares(OLS),stepwise regression,partial least squares(PLS)and nonlinear fitting with independent variable screening methods,were employed to establish an airflow coefficient model.The determination coefficient(ft2)and the variation coefficient of the root-mean-square error(CV(RMSE))of these models were compared.The simulation results show that ft2 of the airflow coefficient models for apartments and villas increased by a maximum of 25.9%and 2.3%,respectively,using PLS method.The improvement with nonlinear fitting was weaker.Based on K-P model,a conversion model between ACHso and ACH4 was developed as an air infiltration predictive model under natural state.Blower door and tracer gas tests were conducted to verify the conversion model.The expected error was approximately 10%,which may be caused by measurement errors and shielding from surrounding obstructions.Further studies need to focus on obtaining more experimental data for building airtightness and developing a conversion model for high-rise residential buildings.