The impacts of gas impurities on the minimum miscibility pressure of injected CO_2-rich gas–crude oil systems and enhanced oil recovery potential

An effective parameter in the miscible-CO_2 enhanced oil recovery procedure is the minimum miscibility pressure(MMP)defined as the lowest pressure that the oil in place and the injected gas into reservoir achieve miscibility at a given temperature. Flue gases released from power plants can provide an available source of CO_2,which would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere, for injection into a reservoir. However, the costs related to gas extraction from flue gases is potentially high. Hence, greater understanding the role of impurities in miscibility characteristics between CO_2 and reservoir fluids helps to establish which impurities are tolerable and which are not. In this study, we simulate the effects of the impurities nitrogen(N_2), methane(C_1), ethane(C_2) and propane(C_3) on CO_2 MMP. The simulation results reveal that,as an impurity, nitrogen increases CO_2–oil MMP more so than methane. On the other hand, increasing the propane(C_3)content can lead to a significant decrease in CO_2 MMP, whereas varying the concentrations of ethane(C_2) does not have a significant effect on the minimum miscibility pressure of reservoir crude oil and CO_2 gas. The novel relationships established are particularly valuable in circumstances where MMP experimental data are not available.

Impact of Crude Oil Storage Tank Emissions and Gas Flaring on Air/Rainwater Quality and Weather Conditions in Bonny Industrial Island, Nigeria

This study investigated the effects of gaseous emissions from crude storage tank and gas flaring on air and rainwater quality in Bonny Industrial Island. Ambient air quality parameters, rainwater and weather parameters were collected at 60 m, 80 m, 100 m, 200 m and control plot for 4 weeks at the Bonny. Rainwater parameters were investigated using standard laboratory tests. Data analyses were done using Analysis of variance, pairwise t-test and Pearson’s correlation statistical tools. Results show that emission rates, volatile organic compound (VOC) noise and flare temperature decreased with increasing distance from flare points and crude oil storage tanks. Findings further revealed the emission rates varied significantly with distance away from the gas flaring point (F = 6.196;p = 0.004). The mean concentration of pollutants between gas flare site and crude oil storage tank showed that CO (0.02 ± 0.001 - 0.002 ±0.001), SPM (0.011 ± 0.001 - 0.01 ± 0.001), VOC (0.005 ± 0.001 - 0.01 ± 0.001) and NO2 (0.04 ± 0.001 - 0.005 ± 0.000) had significant variations (p > 0.05) with CO, O3 and NO2 having higher concentrations at the gas flare site while SPM, and VOC were higher around the crude oil storage tank site. Wind turbulence was higher around the gas flaring point (4.93 TKE) than the crude oil storage tank (4.55 TKE). Similarly, there was significant variation in the sun radiation, precipitation, and wind speed caused by gas flaring (1582.25 w/m2, 436.25 mm, 0.53 m/s) and crude oil storage tank (1536.25 w/m2, 3.91.41 mm, 0.51 m/s). There were also significant variations in flared temperature (F = 22.144;p = 0.001);NO2 (F = 8.250;p = 0.001), CO (F = 6.000;p = 0.004) and VOC (F = 5.574;p = 0.006) with distance from the gas flaring point. The variation in the rainwater parameters with distance from the gas flaring indicated significant variations in pH (F = 5.594;p = 0.006). The study showed that the concentration of VOC and particulates were high in the supposedly control area which is perceived to be safe for human habitation. Significant variations exist in emission rate (p = 0.015), flare temperature (p = 0.001), NO2 (p = 0.003), VOC (p = 0.001), noise (p = 0.041), hydrogen carbonate (p = 0.037) and chromium (p = 0.032) between the gas flaring and crude oil storage tank. Regular monitoring is advocated to mitigate the harmful effects of the pollutants.

Geochemistry and genesis on saturated hydrocarbon of crude oils in Gas Hure Oilfield in Qaidam Basin

Gas Hure Oilfield is the biggest one in the Qaidam Basin. Through intensive sampling and GC-MS a- nalysis, the authors analyzed the geochemical characteristics of the crude oils in the Gas Hure Oilfield. The re- sults show that the crude oils have even-odd carbon predominance for n-alkanes. In shallow reservoir, part of crude oils suffered biogenic degradation. As for normal oils, they have low Pr/Ph ratios with abundant gammac- erane and C35 homohopane, which indicate that the crude oils are formed in strong reducing salt water environ- ment. Compared deep （ E~ ） reservoir with shallow （ N1 - N2^1 ） reservoir, the ancient salinity of sedimentary en- vironment of Nj-N1 crude oils is slightly higher than that of E3^1crude oils; the C21-/C22＋ ratios of crude oils are 1.02-1.71 with a higher abundance of C27sterane, which shows that their mainly origin matrix are bacteria and algae; the C29 sterane 20S/（20S ＋ 20R）is generally low, the ratio in deep E3^1 reservoir distributes between 0.31 and 0. 40, but in shallow reservoir is relatively low with 0. 29-0. 36. At the same time, C29sterane αββ（αββ ＋ααα） and Ts/Tm both are extremely lower. All the above show that the crude oils in Gas Hure are mainly low mature oils, although the maturity of deep reservoir crude oils is slightly higher than shallow one.

Main Indexes of Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil and Gas

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Reservoir geochemistry of the Tazhong Oilfield in the Tarim Basin, China, Part II. Migration, accumulation and mixing of crude oils

Measurements of the absolute and relative concentrations of nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils from different reservoir strata (Ordovician, Silurian and Carboniferous) in the Tazhong region of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China, showed that even though there are quite a number of factors affecting the distributional and compositional characteristics of neutral nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils, the distributional and compositional characteristics of crude oils whose source conditions are approximate to one another are influenced mainly by the migration and fractionation effects in the process of formation of oil reservoirs. In addition, crude oils in the Tazhong region show obvious migration-fractionation effects in the vertical direction. Carboniferous crude oils are characterized by high migration parameters and low compound concentrations, just in contrast to Ordovician crude oils. This indicates that crude oils from shallow-level oil reservoirs were derived from those of deep-level oil reservoirs via faults, unconformable contact or carrier beds. Crude oils from the Tazhong region show some migration-fractionation effects in the lateral direction, but mixing of crude oils derived from different hydrocarbon source rocks in the process of formation of oil reservoirs made it more complicated the migration and accumulation of crude oils, as well as the formation of oil reservoirs.

MH油田常温转输系统含水原油黏壁温度研究

MH油田原油含蜡易凝,冬季极寒(-40℃)环境下常温集输过程中原油黏壁概率增大,威胁管道安全运行。因此,亟需判断MH油田在实际运行工况以及未来工况下的常温转输可能性。通过改进后的冷指实验测得MH油田各转油站油品在不同含水率和不同流速下的黏壁温度,并采用极端梯度上升(XGBOOST)算法开展黏壁温度预测。其结果表明,M131、M18、BL、M2转油站原油在55%~80%含水率和0.90~2.72 m/s流速下的黏壁温度均低于凝点0.25~11.01℃,随含水率和流速增大,原油黏壁倾向减弱,黏壁温度降低。不同工况下XGBOOST算法黏壁温度预测结果与实验结果平均误差仅为8.36%。原油黏壁温度与各因素的重要度排序为含水率、原油凝点、流速,XGBOOST算法可用于预测MH油田转输系统变工况下常温转输的可行性。

含CO_(2)原油对输油泵FV520B钢叶轮的腐蚀行为研究

CO_(2)是造成石油设备设施腐蚀严重的关键因素之一。文章针对现场CO_(2)驱块输油泵叶轮发生严重点蚀的问题,对腐蚀速率、腐蚀形貌和电位进行了综合分析,结果表明,FV520B钢腐蚀速率随管输压力和流速增大呈指数形式增大(R^(2)>0.9),电位发生负向偏移。随着管输压力的增大,试样表面腐蚀方向性特征逐渐消失,表现为显著区分的点蚀区域和全面腐蚀区域;而随着流速的增大,金属表面呈现出沟槽状冲刷腐蚀形貌,并且存在微小的蚀坑。这是由于在较高的管输压力和流速条件下气蚀造成的。

提升海上平台生产分离器原油脱水效果的技改措施

海上平台生产分离器是原油脱水的重要设备,其运行好坏决定了原油脱水的效果。文章通过分析平台生产分离器的运行现状,基于水力学模型梳理出设备存在的问题,并针对性地采取降低分离器清水室集水管高度、在分离器内部增加高效聚结板、混合室与清水室之间增加连通管、分离器混合室增加油水界面仪等一系列措施,使得分离器处理能力和处理效果均得到大幅提升。平台先后对4台分离器进行了技术改造,均取得了良好效果,为今后生产分离器技改提升提供了参考借鉴。

地面集输玻璃钢管结蜡原因与机理分析研究

某油田地面集输玻璃钢管线投产后出现蜡堵,严重影响油田正常生产。为了确定玻璃钢管结蜡原因与机理,从具有不同结蜡程度的3条在役玻璃钢管线截取试样,开展宏观检查、理化试验和润湿性分析等对比试验研究。结果表明,该3条玻璃钢管试样的成分结构、树脂含量、硬度和固化程度未见明显差异,符合玻璃钢管的标准要求,它们对柴油均表现为超亲油状态,润湿性未见明显差异。结蜡程度的不同主要是由管道运行温度所致,低流速、低气液比加速蜡沉积。玻璃钢管结蜡机理与钢质管道基本一致,为分子扩散机理,但玻璃钢管的临界表面张力、导热系数和粗糙度更低,使其不易发生蜡晶的沉积与聚集,展现出更佳的防结蜡性能。通过降低管材表面张力和实现疏油状态,将是提升玻璃钢管防结蜡性能的有效途径。

Oil Import and Export in China

Domestic economic growth slowed down and supply exceeded demand in oil market in 2015, so the growth of refineries＂ processing volume was limited. Nevertheless, the gradual decontrol of market and the storage requirement under low oil price, crude oil imports hit a record high of 335.5 million tons, with the growth rate approximating 9%. Refined oil exports soared and imports decreased, which made China become a net refined oil exporter for the first time for 24 years, and net imports reached 6.22 million tons. Robust requirement on chemical raw materials propelled imported liquefied petroleum gas market to go on expanding. Imports exceeded 12 ,zillion tons in 2015, thus China leaped into the world＇s largest liquefied petroleum gas importer. In 2016, oil consumption growth would be kept at lower level. However, China would further decontrol crude oil import and refined oil export permits and put incremental storage capacity, into use. Therefore, crude oil imports would continue to rise up, and refined oil exports may hit a new historic high. hnported liquefied petroleum gas market will enter into a stage of stable growth after two years rapid development.

Analysis of China＇s Oil Imports and Exports in 2016

In 2016,China's net imports of crude oil increased to 378.3 million tons and its net exports of product oil soared to 20.45 million tons.Refinery crude runs continue to grow at a low rate,and the domestic product oil market still has a supply surplus.Diesel consumption fell for the first time in 21 years.The liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) market continues to grow rapidly,spurred on by feedstock demand for chemicals and gasoline blending components,and imports of LPG have reached a record high of 16.12 million tons.The refinery throughput of Petro China and SINOPEC had declined for 2 consecutive years,but crude oil imports climbed to a new high of 381 million tons as independent refineries boosted their utilization of capacity and the domestic oilfields produced a decreased amount of output.Imported oil now accounts for more than 2/3 of the Chinese market compared to being only about 1/3 15 years ago.Moreover,the proportion of imported crude in refinery runs has risen to 70%.In 2017,China's economy will continue to face substantial pressure,and domestic demand for product oil will continue to grow slowly.

Analysis of China's Oil Imports and Exports Situation

China＇s oil import dependence had risen to 72% in 2017, while its net imports of various oil products, including crude oil, refined oil, liquefied petroleum gas （LPG） and other products, had climbed to 418.8 million tons, an increase by10.7% over 2016. China＇s crude oil import reached 420 million tons, surpassed the United States for the first time, and China had become the biggest crude oil importing country in the world. Net export of the rejqned oil, mainly the diesel, continued to increase to 22.7 million tons, as driven by the oversupply situation of the domestic market. Last year, China＇s LPG import was 18.45 million tons, but its growth was diminishing. Oil price would continue to rise in 2018, while the domestic demand of refined oil would be maintained at a lower rate of growth. However, driving by new refining capacities to be brought online, it is estimated that the crude oil import would still be increased remarkably. LPG import would reach a new high due to the growth potential and strong demand for feedstocks in the petrochemical product market.

含气高含水率原油低温集输温度确定方法研究

黏壁温度作为普适性低温集输边界条件,其在高含水率开发后期的油田中得到了广泛推广及应用。当集输温度高于黏壁温度时,集输管线运行平稳;当集输温度低于黏壁温度时,绝大部分集输管线的压降显著升高,部分集输管线的压降变化不明显。现场降温试验结果表明,当集输管线进入计量间温度逐渐降低至凝点以下6、8、10、12℃时,井口回压存在运行平稳、小幅波动、低频大幅波动和高频大幅波动四个阶段的变化,且当集输温度过低时,集输管线内存在多次“再启动”过程。不同气油比条件下的现场集油管线掺气降温试验结果表明,当气油比分别为40、80、160 m^(3)/t时,集输管线可以在进入计量间温度低于黏壁温度3、4、6℃的工况下进行低温集输。

含酸原油破乳剂研究与应用

含酸原油含量丰富,具有很高的工作开采价值。由于大量环烷酸以盐的形式存在于原油中,造成原油破乳脱水难度增加,脱水效率下降、脱出水质变差,原油集输处理成本升高。硅骨架型破乳剂对含酸原油具有很好的针对性,在提高脱水效率、提升水质和降低中间层等方面,表现出优良的综合性能。本文介绍了一种授权发明专利的硅骨架破乳剂新产品以及对含酸原油的使用情况。

Geochemical characteristics of light hydrocarbons in cracking gases from chloroform bitumen A,crude oil and its fractions

The composition characteristics of light hydrocarbons from crude oil,chloroform bitumen A,saturated hydrocarbon fraction,aromatic hydrocarbon fraction,and asphaltene fraction during cracking have been studied systematically. The results revealed that the content of n-alkanes,branched alkanes and cycloalkanes in light hydrocarbons from the samples gradually decreased as the simulation temperature increased,and finally almost depleted completely,while the abundance of methane,benzene and its homologues increased obviously and became the main products. The ratios of benzene/n-hexane and toluene/n-heptane can be used as measures for oil cracking levels. Variation characteristics of maturity parameters of light hydrocarbons,for example,iC4/nC4,iC5/nC5,isoheptane value,2,2-DMC4/nC6,and 2-MC6+3-MC6/nC7 for different samples with increasing pyrolysis temperature,are consistent with those in petroleum reservoirs,indicating that these parameters may be efficient maturity index.

Geochemical Characteristics and Origin of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in the Southern Slope Zone,Kuqa Foreland Basin,NW China

Continuous exploration has triggered a heated debate on hydrocarbon resource potential in the southern slope zone of the Kuqa foreland basin,and sources of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic oil and gas have become a key problem to be solved in this region.Composition and organic geochemical parameters of crude oil and natural gas from the southern slope zone of the Kuqa foreland basin were illustrated in order to reveal their origin by using a combination of gas chromatograph(GC),gas chromatogram-mass spectrum(GC-MS)and carbon isotope analyses.The characteristics of crude oil,such as low density,viscosity,solidification point and sulfur content,and high wax content,indicate that source of the crude oil is continental.The biomarker compositions of crude oil are characterized by low to medium molecular weight compounds(n-C_(12) to n-C_(20)),high Pr/Ph ratios(>1.0),low phytane/n-C18 ratios(0.06-0.54),and predominant regular sterane C_(29).All biomarker parameters clearly indicate that the crude oil was derived mainly from algae and aquatic plankton and deposited under weak reduction-oxidation environment,and has the characteristics of mixed kerogens.The Cretaceous crude oil was mainly derived from the Triassic lacustrine source rocks,which also contributed to the Paleogene crude oil together with Jurassic coal source rocks.Natural gas is characterized by moderate methane content,high heavy hydrocarbon and nitrogen content,and no hydrogen sulfide.The methane and ethane in Paleogene natural gas are relatively rich in ^(13)C withδ^(13)C_(1) andδ^(13)C_(2) values ranging from-37.3‰to-31.2‰(mean=-34.25‰)and from-25‰to-21.3‰(mean=-23.09‰),respectively,indicating the coal-derived gas from the Middle and Lower Jurassic strata.Hydrocarbon products in the southern slope zone of the Kuqa foreland basin are primarily generated from source rocks in the mature stage.The low-amplitude structural and lithologic traps with the updip pinch-out sand bodies or plugging secondary fault at relatively high tectonic positions are the most favorable areas for discovery and breakthrough in the study area.Results of this study will provide useful information for controlling factors of reservoirs and oil and gas exploration deployment in the southern slope zone of the Kuqa foreland basin.

Analyzing the energy intensity and greenhouse gas emission of Canadian oil sands crude upgrading through process modeling and simulation

This paper presents an evaluation of the energy intensity and related greenhouse gas/CO2 emissions of integrated oil sands crude upgrading processes. Two major oil sands crude upgrading schemes currently used in Canadian oil sands operations were investigated： cokingbased and hydroconversion-based. The analysis, which was based on a robust process model of the entire process, was constructed in Aspen HYSYS and calibrated with representative data. Simulations were conducted for the two upgrading schemes in order to generate a detailed inventory of the required energy and utility inputs： process fuel, steam, hydrogen and power. It was concluded that while hydroconversion-based scheme yields considerably higher amount of synthetic crude oil （SCO） than the cokerbased scheme （94 wt-% vs. 76 wt-%）, it consumes more energy and is therefore more CO2-intensive （413.2kg CO2/m3sco vs. 216.4kg CO2/m^3sco）. This substantial difference results from the large amount of hydrogen consumed in the ebullated-bed hydroconverter in the hydroconversion-based scheme, as hydrogen production through conventional methane steam reforming is highly energy-intensive and therefore the major source of CO2 emission. Further simulations indicated that optimization of hydroconverter operating variables had only a minor effect on the overall CO2 emission due to the complex trade-off effect between energy inputs.

大型地下石油洞库自然水封性应力–渗流耦合分析

根据地质条件,地下水封石油洞库可以选择自然水封或人工水封方式。以中国首个大型地下水封石油洞库为背景,开展了岩石三轴压缩试验和现场水文试验,获得了洞库围岩变形特征和渗透特性,采用应力–渗流耦合理论,分析了该地下石油洞库的自然水封性与稳定性。岩石三轴实验表明,岩体受剪作用下体积变化情况与剪胀性密不可分。现场水文试验表明,洞库渗透系数存在一定的不确定性。通过数值分析得出如下结论:自然水封条件下,洞库水位将不满足水封要求;地下水封洞库实现水封条件的水头受水力梯度和岩体渗透性影响;洞库施工期涌水量与渗透系数存在着分形关系;施工期各洞室拱顶沉降为19～32 mm,水平收敛为16～35 mm。研究成果为中国首个大型地下水封石油洞库工程建设提供了科学依据。

原油中含氮化合物的分离富集及鉴定方法

综述了原油中含氮化合物的分离富集及鉴定方法,着重介绍了吸附色层法、酸抽提法、离子交换树脂法和络合法等分离富集方法的研究进展,并对以上各种方法的优缺点进行了讨论。原油中含氮化合物主要采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、气相色谱-原子发射检测器(GC-AED)、气相色谱 -氮磷检测器(GC-NPD)、气相色谱-氮化物特定检测器(GC-NSD)和火焰电离检测器(FID)等技术进行分析鉴定。

柴达木盆地尕斯库勒油田原油油源特征及成藏分析

在系统剖析尕斯库勒油田浅层(N1-N1 2)和深层(E1 3)油藏原油的地球化学特征,精细划分原油类型基础上,用中性氮化合物作为原油运移的示踪性指标,追溯油藏原油的运移方向和路径;并利用含油包裹体测温资料,结合地层沉降热演化史,确定原油成藏期.研究结果表明,尕斯库勒浅层与深层油藏原油地球化学特征有明显差别,分别来自不同的油源;在浅层和深层油藏内部原油也并非来自单一油源.运移参数显示,尕斯库勒浅层油藏原油来自茫崖凹陷,沿油砂山大逆断层从构造东侧注入油藏.深层油藏有两个原油注入点,一是来自茫崖凹陷的原油从东北方向沿油藏北端的Ⅺ号断层注入,由北往南运移;二是从构造西侧的Ⅲ号断层注入.尕斯库勒浅层油藏原油在约9Ma前开始注入成藏,延续至今;深层油藏原油成藏期较早,为前29.5～3Ma.