Gas-generating polymersomes-based amplified photoimmunotherapy for abscopal effect and tumor metastasis inhibition

Due to the heterogeneity of tumors,single phototherapy cannot completely ablate tumors and inhibit tumor metastasis.To overcome these,we formulated targeted and multifunctional polymersomes ABC@ICGIMQ-LHRH(AIRL)that encapsulated Toll-like receptor(TLR)7/8 agonist imiquimod(IMQ)and photosensitizer indocyanine green(ICG)in the hydrophobic layer as well as bubble-generator NH_(4)HCO_(3) in the hydrophilic cavity to inhibit the growth of primary and distant tumors,and prevent tumor metastasis through synergistic photoimmunotherapy.The AIRL polymersomes exhibited uniform and stable size,and high drug encapsulation efficiency,acid/reduction/laser responsiveness,excellent photothermal conversion efficiency,effective reactive oxygen species generation,high tumor accumulation.AIRL could be effectively internalized by dendritic cells(DCs),achieve lysosome escape and enhance DCs maturation.The synergistic photoimmunotherapy via AIRL polymersomes remarkably promoted the differentiation and activation of T cells,elevated strong systemic immune response to eradicate primary tumors and inhibit the growth of distant tumors.Simultaneously,the endurable immunological memory prevented tumor metastasis,which provided a promising nanoplatform for the combination therapy of cancer.

Natural gas exploration potential and favorable targets of Permian Fengcheng Formation in the western Central Depression of Junggar Basin,NW China

Based on the organic geochemical data and the molecular and stable carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas of the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in the western Central Depression of Junggar Basin,combined with sedimentary environment analysis and hydrocarbon-generating simulation,the gas-generating potential of the Fengcheng source rock is evaluated,the distribution of large-scale effective source kitchen is described,the genetic types of natural gas are clarified,and four types of favorable exploration targets are selected.The results show that:(1)The Fengcheng Formation is a set of oil-prone source rocks,and the retained liquid hydrocarbon is conducive to late cracking into gas,with characteristics of high gas-generating potential and late accumulation;(2)The maximum thickness of Fengcheng source rock reaches 900 m.The source rock has entered the main gas-generating stage in Penyijingxi and Shawan sags,and the area with gas-generating intensity greater than 20×108 m3/km2 is approximately 6500 km2.(3)Around the western Central Depression,highly mature oil-type gas with light carbon isotope composition was identified to be derived from the Fengcheng source rocks mainly,while the rest was coal-derived gas from the Carboniferous source rock;(4)Four types of favorable exploration targets with exploration potential were developed in the western Central Depression which are structural traps neighboring to the source,stratigraphic traps neighboring to the source,shale-gas type within the source,and structural traps within the source.Great attention should be paid to these targets.

A natural gas hydrate-oil-gas system in the Qilian Mountain permafrost area, northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Natural gas hydrate,oil and gas were all found together in the Qilian Mountain permafrost area,northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.They are closely associated with each other in space,but whether they are in any genetic relations are unknown yet.In this paper,a hydrocarbon gas-generation series,gas-fluid migration series and hydrocarbon gas-accumulation series are analyzed to probe the spatial,temporal and genetic relationships among natural natural gas hydrate,oil and gas.The subsequent results show that natural gas hydrate,oil and gas actually form a natural gas hydrate-oil-gas system.Based on the Middle Jurassic and the Upper Triassic hydrocarbon gas-generation series,it is divided into four major sub-systems in the study area:(1)A conventional Upper Triassic gas-bearing sub-system with peak hydrocarbon gas-generation in the late Middle Jurassic;(2)a conventional Middle Jurassic oil-bearing sub-system with low to mature hydrocarbon gas-generation in the late Middle Jurassic;(3)a natural gas hydrate sub-system with main gas source from the Upper Triassic gas-bearing sub-system and minor gas source from the Middle Jurassic oil-bearing sub-system as well as little gas source from the Middle Jurassic coal-bed gas and the microbial gas;(4)a shallower gas sub-system with microbial alteration of the main gas source from the Upper Triassic gas-bearing sub-system.This natural gas hydrate-oil-gas system and its sub-systems are not only theoretical but also practical,and thus they will play an important role in the further exploration of natural gas hydrate,oil and gas,even other energy resources in the study area.