Analysis of Internal Flow Field Characteristics of Tire Capsule Vulcanization

In order to reduce the temperature difference caused by condensed water in vulcanized tire capsules,the flow field and temperature field inside vulcanized tire capsules were numerically simulated by setting three different intake angles based onvolume of fluid(VOF)multiphase flow model.When the intake air is blown to the upper and lower tire sides of the vulcanized capsule at 18°from the horizontal direction,the distribution of condensed water at the bottom of the capsule changes obviously due to the effect of vorticity flow,and the distribution along the wall is more uniform.When the inlet air is blown down the tire side,the condensate is most evenly distributed along the wall,and the maximum temperature difference drops to 9.5℃.The results show that changing the distribution of condensed water by adjusting the proper intake angle can effectively reduce the temperature difference of condensed water in vulcanized capsules.

Study on Kinetics of Natural Rubber Vulcanization by S/La(DiPDP)_3

Kinetics of natural rubber （NR） vulcanization by lanthanum O, O＇-diisopropyldithiophosphate [ La（DiPDP）3 ] was studied. La（DiPDP）3 had remarkable accelerating effect on the vulcanization of NR. The rate constant k6 of the reaction that turned polysulphidic cross-links into the modified main chain was higher than that of desulfuration reaction of polysulfidic cross-links （k3 ）. The activation energies （Ea2, Ea3, and Ea6） of the formation, desulfuration, and decomposition of polysulfidic cross-links were 87.57,102.34, and 95.01 kJ · mol^-1, respectively. Activation energy （Eas） of the reaction that turned the cross-link precursors into the modified main chain was 82.67 kJ · mol^-1. It could be concluded that the proportion of polysulphidic cross-links was higher than mono- and di- sulphidic cross-links during induction and curing periods, mono- and di- sulphidic cross-links increased as curing temperature rose. In the temperature range of 140 - 160 ℃, the amounts of polysulphidic cross-links were similar. However, over 160℃, mono- and di- sulphidic cross-links increased rapidly. Moreover, cross-link density of the vulcanizates was determined from the equilibrium-swelling data. A chemical probe detected the concentration of polysulphidic cross-links of vulcanizates. The change trend of the results predicated from equation corresponded to that of the experimental results.

Radiation Vulcanization of Magnetorheological Elastomers Based on Silicone Rubber

The fabrication of magnetorheological （MR） elastomers was studied by two vulcanization methods, including heat vulcanization （HV） and radiation vulcanization （RV）, were employed to fabricate MRE samples. The dynamical mechanical properties were characterized by using a dynamic mechanic analyzer. In particular, both the MR effect and its durability were investigated. The experimental results showed that RV samples have large magnetoinduced modulus, large zero-field modulus, and good durability property of MR effect. To explain these results, cubic deformation and plasticizer migration were analyzed. Large magneto-induced modulus of RV sample results from cubic deformation during vulcanization process. And the plasticizer migration results in better durability of MR effect.

Radiation pre-vulcanization effect on properties of the truck tyre's transition layer and the truck tyre

In this paper,the natural rubber is chosen as the main constituents for the transition layer of all-steel load radial tyre,which is pre-vulcanized by 500-keV E-beam irradiation of up to 60 kGy.The results show that the green strength of transitional layer increases with the dose,reaching four times as much as the control(without irradiation) at 60 kGy.The final mechanical properties do not differ significantly from those of the control except that the aging and fatigue performance increased.However,thickness of the natural rubber transitional layer for an average single tyre can be reduced by 1 mm(or 1.5 kg) without obvious adverse effect on tyre performance.

Hydrophilicity Modification of Addition-cured Room Temperature Vulcanization Silicone Rubber

Allyl terminated polyether was used to improve the hydrophilicity of addition-cured room temperature vulcanization silicone rubber. With the increasing of the polyether, both the hydrophilicity and water absorbed of the vulcanizates were increased. The mechanical properties were also improved by adding the polyether. The result showed that 1.5wt% of the polyether provided the silicone rubber with proper hydrophilicity.

Study on radiation vulcanization of natural rubber latex

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Rapid and real-time analysis of multi-component dissolved gas in seawater by Raman spectroscopy combined with continuous gas-liquid separator

Rapid and sensitive detection of dissolved gases in seawater is quite essential for the investigation of the global carbon cycle.Large quantities of in situ optical detection techniques showed restricted measurement efficiency,owing to the single gas sensor without the identification ability of multiple gases.In this work,a novel gas-liquid Raman detection method of monitoring the multi-component dissolved gases was proposed based on a continuous gas-liquid separator under a large difference of partial pressure.The limit of detection(LOD)of the gas Raman spectrometer could arrive at about 14 μl·L^(-1)for N_(2)gas.Moreover,based on the continuous gas-liquid separation process,the detection time of the dissolved gases could be largely decreased to about 200 s compared with that of the traditional detection method(30 min).Effect of equilibrium time on gas-liquid separation process indicated that the extracted efficiency and decay time of these dissolved gases was CO_(2)>O_(2)>N_(2).In addition,the analysis of the relationship between equilibrium time and flow speed indicated that the decay time decreased with the increase of the flow speed.The validation and application of the developed system presented its great potential for studying the components and spatiotemporal distribution of dissolved gases in seawater.

Degradation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in a multiphase mixed system by subaquatic gas-liquid discharge plasma

In recent years, antibiotic pollution has become a serious threat to human health. In this study, a gas-liquid discharge plasma is developed to degrade ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in a multiphase mixed system containing inorganic and organic impurities. The discharge characteristics are analyzed by diagnosing the applied voltage and discharge current waveforms, as well as the optical emission spectra. The work investigates how degradation efficiency is affected by applied voltage, gas flow rate, treatment time, initial concentration as well as the addition of γ-Al_(2)O_(3) pellets and peanut straw. After 70 min, the degradation efficiency of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in the multiphase mixed system reached 99.6%. Its removal efficiency increases as the initial concentration decreases and the applied voltage increases. Besides, there is still a good degradation efficiency of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride with the addition of peanut straw.The degradation mechanism of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride is investigated through the analysis of degraded intermediates and reactive species.

A Novel Method for Determining the Void Fraction in Gas-Liquid Multi-Phase Systems Using a Dynamic Conductivity Probe

Conventional conductivity methods for measuring the void fraction in gas-liquid multiphase systems are typically affected by accuracy problems due to the presence of fluid flow and salinity.This study presents a novel approach for determining the void fraction based on a reciprocating dynamic conductivity probe used to measure the liquid film thickness under forced annular-flow conditions.The measurement system comprises a cyclone,a conductivity probe,a probe reciprocating device,and a data acquisition and processing system.This method ensures that the flow pattern is adjusted to a forced annular flow,thereby minimizing the influence of complex and variable gas-liquid flow patterns on the measurement results;Moreover,it determines the liquid film thickness solely according to circuit connectivity rather than specific conductivity values,thereby mitigating the impact of salinity.The reliability of the measurement system is demonstrated through laboratory experiments.The experimental results indicate that,in a range of gas phase superficial velocities 5–20 m/s and liquid phase superficial velocities 0.079–0.48 m/s,the maximum measurement deviation for the void fraction is 4.23%.

A New Device for Gas-Liquid Flow Measurements Relying on Forced Annular Flow

A new measurement device,consisting of swirling blades and capsule-shaped throttling elements,is proposed in this study to eliminate typical measurement errors caused by complex flow patterns in gas-liquid flow.The swirling blades are used to transform the complex flow pattern into a forced annular flow.Drawing on the research of existing blockage flow meters and also exploiting the single-phase flow measurement theory,a formula is introduced to measure the phase-separated flow of gas and liquid.The formula requires the pressure ratio,Lockhart-Martinelli number(L-M number),and the gas phase Froude number.The unknown parameters appearing in the formula are fitted through numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics(CFD),which involves a comprehensive analysis of the flow field inside the device from multiple perspectives,and takes into account the influence of pressure fluctuations.Finally,the measurement model is validated through an experimental error analysis.The results demonstrate that the measurement error can be maintained within±8%for various flow patterns,including stratified flow,bubble flow,and wave flow.

Enhanced degradation of tetracycline by gas-liquid discharge plasma coupled with g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2)

Plasma-catalysis is considered as one of the most promising technologies for antibiotic degradation in water.In the plasma-catalytic system,one of the factors affecting the degradation effect is the performance of the photocatalyst,which is usually restricted by the rapid recombination of electrons and holes as well as narrow light absorption range.In this research,a photocatalyst g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2) was prepared and coupled with gas-liquid discharge(GLD)to degrade tetracycline(TC).The performance was examined,and the degradation pathways and mechanisms were studied.Results show that a 90%degradation rate is achieved in the GLD with g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2) over a 10 min treatment.Increasing the pulse voltage is conducive to increasing the degradation rate,whereas the addition of excessive g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2) tends to precipitate agglomerates,resulting in a poor degradation efficiency.The redox properties of the g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2) surface promote the generation of oxidizing active species(H2O2,O3)in solution.Radical quenching experiments showed that·OH,hole(h^(+)),play important roles in the TC degradation by the discharge with g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2).Two potential degradation pathways were proposed based on the intermediates.The toxicity of tetracycline was reduced by treatment in the system.Furthermore,the g-C_(3)N_(4)/TiO_(2) composites exhibited excellent recoverability and stability.

VULCAN系统在我国露天矿中应用前景

VULCAN软件系统是由澳大利亚 MAPTEK公司开发成功的。该系统功能强大、内容丰富 ,主要用于地表及地下三维数据的处理 ,包括地质工程、环境工程、地理地形、测量工程、采矿工程、水库工程、地震分析等方面的数据处理及工程设计。VUL CAN有 PC版、工作站版等版本 ,操作使用方便、适应性强、性能优越 ,适合在我国露天矿推广应用 ,与我国自行开发的有关软件配合使用可达到优势互补、相互借鉴、促进提高软件开发水平的效果。

澳大利亚Vulcan次盆Puffin油田油气源与成藏

Puffin油田目前油气来源不明,主力烃源岩展布及主要生、排烃期不确定都制约了下一步勘探的进行。利用烃源岩二维生烃模拟以及生物标志物指纹对比等方法,揭示了下Vulcan组海相泥页岩是本区最为重要的一套烃源岩,白垩纪—中新世为主要生、排烃期;而本区的Plover组烃源岩普遍演化程度较高,在晚侏罗世已达到高成熟,生烃潜力差,对于成藏的贡献较为有限,属于次要烃源岩。成藏事件图反映出Puffin垒带上的圈闭主要形成于侏罗纪—白垩纪,中新世以前由于侏罗系以上地层断裂不发育,下Vulcan组主力烃源岩生成的原油主要在地堑中的侏罗系圈闭中聚集成藏。中新世末,区域性的构造挤压运动形成众多垂向断裂并且使早期形成的断裂体系活化,使得早期成藏的油气垂向调整到浅层的白垩系聚集成藏。因此,目前Puffin油田发现的白垩系油藏主要为次生油藏,为早期侏罗系油藏调整改造到浅部垒带上形成。

VULCAN软件系统及其在元宝山露天矿的应用

软件系统功能强大,内容丰富,主要用于地表及地下三维数据的处理,形成三维立体模VULCAN型,包括地质工程、环境工程、地理地形、测量工程、采矿工程、水库工程、地震分析等方面的数据处理及工程设计。应用该软件成功地建立了元宝山露天煤矿的矿床地质模型,进行地质储量管理,形成彩场测量验收现状图,并编制各种开采生产计划。

富铟渣浸出—净化工艺研究

采用“一段低酸脱杂→二段高酸浸铟→铁粉还原净化→硫化沉淀净化”工艺回收富铟渣中有价金属铟。一段低酸脱杂的最佳工艺参数为:氧化剂40 mL/L、终点pH=2.0、液固比5∶1、温度70℃,富铟渣中铜、锌脱除率可达95%以上,铁的脱除率也可达55%以上,铟的损失率小于1%;二段高酸浸铟的最佳工艺参数为:氧化剂100 mL/L、始酸浓度350 g/L、温度75℃、反应时间2.5 h,铟的回收率可达95%以上;铁粉置换→硫化沉淀梯级净化的最佳工艺参数为:铁粉4.5 g/L、硫化钠用量1.0倍理论值、反应温度60℃、时间80 min,铜、砷、锡等杂质脱除率可达95%以上,铋脱除率可达85%以上。净化过程铟回收率可达97%以上。

基于Vulcan软件的山东莱州留村金矿区三维建模及资源量估值

留村金矿位于山东莱州市城区西南12 km的留村断裂带上,是发育于古老变质岩中的小型石英脉型金矿。为深入研究该矿区地层、构造与矿体在地下的延伸分布情况,加快后续数字化矿山建设,山东黄金集团应用Vulcan矿业软件对矿区开展三维地质建模。在收集相关地质实物资料的基础上,通过建立地质数据库、数据转换、地质解译等系列功能操作建立了矿区地表、岩体、构造及矿体模型,并对其进行任意剖割划分,实现了矿区地层岩性、地质构造、矿体的三维可视化,促进了本区矿体赋存规律的研究以及三维空间的成矿预测。同时利用软件强大的数据处理功能对资源量进行估值,本次估值的金资源量为1984.18 kg,与原详查报告中提交的金资源量2009.34 kg误差仅为1.25%。经估值后的每个矿块段都被赋予了精确的资源量数据,为后续矿山采矿设计与排产计划提供了准确的数据支撑,助力实现数字化、智能化矿山建设。

带非局部边值条件的Gas-Liquid模型正解的渐近性态

应用bootstrap技巧,讨论了带非局部边值条件的Gas-Liquid模型正周期拟解的存在性和一般时变解的渐近性态.

导热填料对天然橡胶胶料性能的影响

研究导热填料三氧化二铝、碳纤维、石墨烯、碳化硼、氮化硼、碳纳米管、导热炭黑、超级导热炭黑、氧化镁、导热硅胶粉、复合导热剂DR500对天然橡胶(NR)胶料性能的影响。结果表明,添加三氧化二铝DR300的NR胶料加工性能和物理性能综合较优,传热效率提升较大,对NR厚制品的高效硫化有益。

热工阀组控制在轮胎定型硫化机中的创新应用

在介绍轮胎定型硫化机热工阀组的种类、布置和执行元件的基础上,重点介绍2种新型冷凝水排放装置及集成式热工阀组。新型内温阀组冷凝水排放装置相比传统装置结构增加了排气阀等,能够克服原有两种排凝方式的缺陷,做到零泄漏。新型切断阀液位疏水装置在原切断阀定时排放装置的基础上增加了液位开关等,可实时监测冷凝水桶内的液位变化,并防止蒸汽被排掉。相对于依据相同热工原理图设计的传统分散式阀组,集成式热工阀组具有集成度高、流通能力大、介质流道短、保温效果好、运行节能的优势,且占地面积小,更换和维护省时、高效。

Synthesis, Characterization and Vulcanizing Properties of Rare Earth Complexes with 2-Mercaptobenthiazole

Eight complexes of rare earth with 2 mercaptobenthiazole, RELCl 2·RE(OH) 3· x H 2O (L=2 mercaptobenthiazole, RE= La～Gd, Y, except for Pm, x =0, 2～4), were synthesized in unhydrous ethanol and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra and thermal analyses. The results show that the ligand is coordinated to the RE ion through both the exocyclic sulfur and the thiazole nitrogen. The vulcanizing properties of the La complex as accelerator were studied in the traditional tire rubber, which indicate that the cross linked rubber accelerated by the rare earth complex has good physical and dynamic mechanical properties by comparison.