Experimental study on the activation of coal gasification fly ash from industrial CFB gasifiers

Coal gasification fly ash(CGFA)is an industrial solid waste from the coal circulating fluidized bed(CFB)gasification process,and it needs to be effectively disposed to achieve sustainable development of the environment.To realize the application of CGFA as a precursor of porous carbon materials,the physicochemical properties of three kinds of CGFA from industrial CFB gasifiers are analyzed.Then,the activation potential of CGFA is acquired via steam activation experiments in a tube furnace reactor.Finally,the fluidization activation technology of CGFA is practiced in a bench-scale CFB test rig,and its advantages are highlighted.The results show that CGFA is characterized by a high carbon content in the range of 54.06%–74.09%,an ultrafine particle size(d50:16.3–26.1 μm),and a relatively developed pore structure(specific surface area SSA:139.29–551.97 m^(2)·g^(-1)).The proportion of micropores in CGFA increases gradually with the coal rank.Steam activation experiments show that the pore development of CGFA mainly includes three stages:initial pore development,dynamic equilibrium between micropores and mesopores and pore collapse.The SSA of lignite fly ash(LFA),subbituminous fly ash(SBFA)and anthracite fly ash(AFA)is maximally increased by 105%,13%and 72%after steam activation;the order of the largest carbon reaction rate and decomposition ratio of steam among the three kinds of CGFA is SBFA>LFA>AFA.As the ratio of oxygen to carbon during the fluidization activation of LFA is from 0.09 to 0.19,the carbon conversion ratio increases from 14.4%to 26.8%and the cold gas efficiency increases from 6.8%to 10.2%.The SSA of LFA increases by up to 53.9%during the fluidization activation process,which is mainly due to the mesoporous development.Relative to steam activation in a tube furnace reactor,fluidization activation takes an extremely short time(seconds)to achieve the same activation effect.It is expected to further improve the activation effect of LFA by regulating the carbon conversion ratio range of 27%–35%to create pores in the initial development stage.

Structural properties of residual carbon in coal gasification fine slag and their influence on flotation separation and resource utilization:A review

Coal gasification fine slag(FS)is a typical solid waste generated in coal gasification.Its current disposal methods of stockpil-ing and landfilling have caused serious soil and ecological hazards.Separation recovery and the high-value utilization of residual carbon(RC)in FS are the keys to realizing the win-win situation of the coal chemical industry in terms of economic and environmental benefits.The structural properties,such as pore,surface functional group,and microcrystalline structures,of RC in FS(FS-RC)not only affect the flotation recovery efficiency of FS-RC but also form the basis for the high-value utilization of FS-RC.In this paper,the characteristics of FS-RC in terms of pore structure,surface functional groups,and microcrystalline structure are sorted out in accordance with gasification type and FS particle size.The reasons for the formation of the special structural properties of FS-RC are analyzed,and their influence on the flotation separation and high-value utilization of FS-RC is summarized.Separation methods based on the pore structural characterist-ics of FS-RC,such as ultrasonic pretreatment-pore-blocking flotation and pore breaking-flocculation flotation,are proposed to be the key development technologies for improving FS-RC recovery in the future.The design of low-cost,low-dose collectors containing polar bonds based on the surface and microcrystalline structures of FS-RC is proposed to be an important breakthrough point for strengthening the flotation efficiency of FS-RC in the future.The high-value utilization of FS should be based on the physicochemical structural proper-ties of FS-RC and should focus on the environmental impact of hazardous elements and the recyclability of chemical waste liquid to es-tablish an environmentally friendly utilization method.This review is of great theoretical importance for the comprehensive understand-ing of the unique structural properties of FS-RC,the breakthrough of the technological bottleneck in the efficient flotation separation of FS,and the expansion of the field of the high value-added utilization of FS-RC.

澳大利亚UCG工程示范历程与启示

煤炭地下气化(UCG)作为变革性的采煤技术,是我国低碳高效煤炭能源结构转型方向的重要选择,也是为保障我国碳达峰、碳中和(“双碳”)目标顺利实现而可探索的潜在重要途径。通过文献调研,梳理了澳大利亚UCG技术探索历程,依据现场试验案例分析探讨了澳大利亚UCG技术探索的得失,其中的经验可为我国UCG技术发展提供借鉴。结果显示,澳大利亚UCG技术探索可追索到20世纪70年代,随后开展了长达15年的UCG现场试验,先后启动3个UCG示范工程,成功实施了迄今为止在前苏联之外最大规模的现场示范;尽管探索历程“一波三折”,但UCG技术进步显著,相关成就为全球UCG产业化努力做出了示范。澳大利亚UCG技术探索与发展历程显示:引入民间资本是支撑费用巨大的UCG技术研发及现场试验的可行途径,充分考察并借鉴全球经验可使UCG现场试验少走弯路,利用合成气生产多元化最终产品是UCG产业发展的重要方向。在工程技术方面:钻井设计及工程质量是确保UCG炉安全高效运行的关键,尤其是固井材料选择应考虑井壁受热产生的收缩膨胀性能;纯氧注入装置应设计自动跳闸系统以保证UCG生产安全,整体工程任何环节都需要严格保证气化炉及其管线密封质量,前期UCG地质评价与选址十分必要;UCG设计需要综合考虑各方面因素,确保在单炉滚动式投产基础上实现气化区炉井最佳配置。同时,系统而详细的产业政策建设是推进UCG产业化的基本保障,企业与政府主管部门事前沟通充分程度往往决定着UCG项目的成败。

美国煤炭地下气化先导试验及其对现代UCG技术的贡献

煤炭地下气化(UCG)产业化有助于煤炭能源结构转型发展,提高煤炭资源的低碳化利用水平,是一项符合可持续发展战略的环境友好型能源开发技术。20世纪80—90年代的国际能源危机,促使美国大力发展UCG技术,先后开展了6大系列UCG先导试验,极大推进了UCG技术进步,为全球现代UCG技术的形成提供了关键基础。系统收集整理美国40余年的UCG先导试验成果,梳理关键技术发展路径,目的是为我国正在推进的UCG技术产业化进程提供启示和借鉴。研究表明,美国通过UCG先导试验和技术探索,确定了适宜于UCG技术的煤层和煤质条件,创新发展了钻井式UCG方法和工艺,尤其是发明了可控后退式注入点(CRIP)和双水平井(P-CRIP)技术,提供了气化通道建造、气化过程控制、合成气质量提高三方面技术难题的解决方案;提出了相邻孔腔相互融合的技术思路,为从单炉开始扩大UCG气化规模奠定了可行基础。在政府层面上组织实施系统的协同科技研发计划,是美国UCG技术创新能力持续释放的关键。同时,美国UCG系列试验尚有诸多技术难题有待进一步解决,如UCG炉地质密封性及其动态监测评价、气化通道动态监控与稳定性、煤层充分气化保障技术、炉宽安全有效扩展技术、UCG炉环境监测与控制、与碳减排密切结合的UCG技术等,为我国UCG技术发展提供了需要关注的重点方向。

Occurrence,leaching behavior,and detoxification of heavy metal Cr in coal gasification slag

Coal gasification slag(CGS)is a type of solid waste produced during coal gasification,in which heavy metals severely restrict its resource utilization.In this work,the mineral occurrence and distribution of typical heavy metal Cr in CGS is investigated.The leaching behavior of Cr under different conditions is studied in detail.Acid leaching-selective oxidation-coprecipitation method is proposed based on the characteristics of Cr in CGS.The detoxification of Cr in CGS is realized,and the detoxification mechanism is clarified.Results show that Cr is highly enriched in CGS.The speciation of Cr is mainly residual fraction(74.47%-86.12%),which is combined with amorphous aluminosilicate.Cr^(3+)and Cr^(6+)account for 90.93%-94.82%and 5.18%-9.07%of total Cr,respectively.High acid concentration and high liquid-solid ratio are beneficial to destroy the lattice structure of amorphous aluminosilicate,thus improving the leaching efficiency of Cr,which can reach 97.93%under the optimal conditions.Acid leaching-selective oxidation-coprecipitation method can realize the detoxification of Cr in CGS.Under the optimal conditions,the removal rates of Fe^(3+)and Cr^(3+)in the leaching solution are 80.99%-84.79%and 70.58%-71.69%,respectively,while the loss rate of Al^(3+)is only 1.10%-3.35%.Detoxification slag exists in the form of Fe-Cr coprecipitation(Fe_(1-x)Cr_xOOH),which can be used for smelting.The detoxification acid leaching solution can be used to prepare inorganic polymer composite coagulant poly-aluminum chloride(PAC).This study can provide theoretical and data guidance for detoxification of heavy metal Cr in CGS and achieve resource utilization of coal gasification solid waste.

Integrated vacuum pressure swing adsorption and Rectisol process for CO_(2) capture from underground coal gasification syngas

An integrated vacuum pressure swing adsorption(VPSA) and Rectisol process is proposed for CO_(2) capture from underground coal gasification(UCG) syngas. A ten-bed VPSA process with silica gel adsorbent is firstly designed to pre-separate and capture 74.57% CO_(2) with a CO_(2) purity of 98.35% from UCG syngas(CH_(4)/CO/CO_(2)/H_(2)/N_(2)= 30.77%/6.15%/44.10%/18.46%/0.52%, mole fraction, from Shaar Lake Mine Field,Xinjiang Province, China) with a feed pressure of 3.5 MPa. Subsequently, the Rectisol process is constructed to furtherly remove and capture the residual CO_(2)remained in light product gas from the VPSA process using cryogenic methanol(233.15 K, 100%(mass)) as absorbent. A final purified gas with CO_(2) concentration lower than 3% and a regenerated CO_(2) product with CO_(2) purity higher than 95% were achieved by using the Rectisol process. Comparisons indicate that the energy consumption is deceased from 2.143 MJ·kg^(-1) of the single Rectisol process to 1.008 MJ·kg^(-1) of the integrated VPSA & Rectisol process, which demonstrated that the deployed VPSA was an energy conservation process for CO_(2) capture from UCG syngas. Additionally, the high-value gas(e.g., CH_(4)) loss can be decreased and the effects of key operating parameters on the process performances were detailed.

Effects of Different Calcining Temperatures on the Properties of Ceramsite Prepared by High-carbon Gasification Slag

The structure and characteristics of high-performance lightweight aggregates produced by high-carbon gasification slag were investigated by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,thermogravimetry/differential thermogravimetr,differential scanning calorimetry-Fourier transform infrared,and mercury intrusion porosimetry,respectively.The experimental results show that the ceramsite undergoes two weightless stages in the calcining process.With the increase in the calcining temperature,a large number of pores are formed inside the ceramsite,its structure becomes denser,but the calcining temperature band of the ceramsite becomes narrow.The crystalline phase of the ceramsite changes at different calcining temperatures and the mineral phase changes from the earlieralbite,quartz,oligoclase,hematite,etc,to a silica-aluminum-rich glass phase.The 1130℃ is a more suitable calcining temperature,and the cylinder compressive strength of ceramics is 11.59 MPa,the packing density,apparent density,porosity,and water absorption are 939.11 kg/m^(3),1643.75 kg/m^(3),28.11%,and 10.35%,respectively,which can meet the standards for high-strength lightweight aggregates.

Recycling and utilization of coal gasification residues for fabricating Fe/C composites as novel microwave absorbents

Under the background of a transformation of the global energy structure,coal gasification technology has a wide application prospect,but its by-product,the coal gasification residue(CGR),is still not being efficiently utilized for recycling.The CGR contains abundant carbon components,which could be applied to the microwave absorption field as the carbon matrix.In this study,Fe/CGR composites are fabricated via a two-step method,including the impregnation of Fe^(3+)and the reduction process.The influence of the different loading capacities of the Fe component on the morphology and electromagnetic properties is studied.Moreover,the loading content of Fe and the surface morphology of the Fe/CGR can be reasonably controlled by adjusting the concentration of the ferric nitrate solution.Meanwhile,Fe particles are evenly inserted on the CGR framework,which expands the Fe/CGR interfaces to enhance interfacial polarization,thus further improving the microwave-absorbing(MA)properties of composites.Particularly,as the Fe^(3+)concentration is 1.0 mol/L,the Fe/CGR composite exhibits outstanding performance.The reflection loss reaches-39.3 dB at 2.5 mm,and the absorption bandwidth covers 4.1 GHz at 1.5 mm.In this study,facile processability,resource recycling,appropriately matched impedance,and excellent MA performance are achieved.Finally,the Fe/CGR composites not only enhance the recycling of the CGR but also pioneer a new path for the synthesis of excellent absorbents.

Gasification kinetic studies of low volatile weakly caking coal

Present investigation focuses on the fractional conversion of low volatile weakly caking coal(LVWC)under the standard set of operating conditions for gasification.For this purpose,samples of LVWC of different ash content have been collected from Kusunda Area of Bharat Coking Coal Ltd.Gasification results were validated using Homogenous and Shrinking Core kinetic models and the suitability of selected samples for gasification was assessed by estimating the activation energy.The values of activation energy for LVWC samples were obtained in the range of 25.17-44.09 kJ/mol.Further,empirical models were developed to correlate the response of interest with the input variables(temperature,residence time and CO_(2) flow rate).The significance of these developed empirical models was checked using analysis of variance(ANOVA).

Gasification of Organic Waste:Parameters,Mechanism and Prediction with the Machine Learning Approach

Gasification of organic waste represents one of the most effective valorization pathways for renewable energy and resources recovery,while this process can be affected by multi-factors like temperature,feedstock,and steam content,making the product’s prediction problematic.With the popularization and promotion of artificial intelligence such as machine learning(ML),traditional artificial neural networks have been paid more attention by researchers from the data science field,which provides scientific and engineering communities with flexible and rapid prediction frameworks in the field of organic waste gasification.In this work,critical parameters including temperature,steam ratio,and feedstock during gasification of organic waste were reviewed in three scenarios including steam gasification,air gasification,and oxygen-riched gasification,and the product distribution and involved mechanism were elaborated.Moreover,we presented the details of ML methods like regression analysis,artificial neural networks,decision trees,and related methods,which are expected to revolutionize data analysis and modeling of the gasification of organic waste.Typical outputs including the syngas yield,composition,and HHVs were discussed with a better understanding of the gasification process and ML application.This review focused on the combination of gasification and ML,and it is of immediate significance for the resource and energy utilization of organic waste.

Microscopic mechanism study and process optimization of dimethyl carbonate production coupled biomass chemical looping gasification system

Biomass chemical looping gasification technology is one of the essential ways to utilize abundant biomass resources.At the same time,dimethyl carbonate can replace phosgene as an environmentfriendly organic material for the synthesis of polycarbonate.In this paper,a novel system coupling biomass chemical looping gasification with dimethyl carbonate synthesis with methanol as an intermediate is designed through microscopic mechanism analysis and process optimization.Firstly,reactive force field molecular dynamics simulation is performed to explore the reaction mechanism of biomass chemical looping gasification to determine the optimal gasification temperature range.Secondly,steady-state simulations of the process based on molecular dynamics simulation results are carried out to investigate the effects of temperature,steam to biomass ratio,and oxygen carrier to biomass ratio on the syngas yield and compositions.In addition,the main energy indicators of biomass chemical looping gasification process including lower heating value and cold gas efficiency are analyzed based on the above optimum parameters.Then,two synthesis stages are simulated and optimized with the following results obtained:the optimal temperature and pressure of methanol synthesis stage are 150℃ and 4 MPa;the optimal temperature and pressure of dimethyl carbonate synthesis stage are 140℃ and 0.3 MPa.Finally,the pre-separation-extraction-decantation process separates the mixture of dimethyl carbonate and methanol generated in the synthesis stage with 99.11%purity of dimethyl carbonate.Above results verify the feasibility of producing dimethyl carbonate from the perspective of multi-scale simulation and realize the multi-level utilization of biomass resources.

Simulation Research on Coal-Water Slurry Gasification of Oil-Based Drill Cuttings Based on Fluent

In this paper,based on Fluent software,a five-nozzle gasifier reactor was established to simulate the gasification process of oil-based drill cuttings coal-water slurry.The influence of concentration and oxygen/carbon atomic ratio on the gasification process of oil-based drill cuttings coal-water slurry was investigated.The results show that when the oxygen flow is constant,the outlet temperature of gasifier decreases,the content of effective gas increases,and the carbon conversion rate decreases with the increase of concentration;When the ratio of oxygen to carbon atoms is constant,the effective gas content rises and the temperature rises with the increase of the concentration,and the carbon conversion rate reaches the maximum value when the concentration of oil-based drill cuttings coal-water slurry is 65%;When the concentration is constant,the effective gas content decreases and the outlet temperature rises with the increase of the oxygen/carbon atom ratio,and the carbon conversion rate reaches 99.80%when the oxygen/carbon atom ratio is 1.03.It shows that this method can effectively decompose the organic matter in oilbased drill cuttings and realize the efficient and cooperative treatment of oil-based drill cuttings.

煤炭地下气化的敏感性地质因素探讨

相对于地面煤化工装置,煤炭地下气化(UCG)炉体为地质体,地质条件准确认识是推进UCG气化成功的关键前提。为了最大限度避免煤炭地下气化选区选址地质风险,以贵州复杂地质条件为例,系统探讨其煤炭地下气化的敏感性地质因素。通过收集梳理贵州煤炭资源勘查资料,建立归一化的参数分级赋值、参数权重向量算法、参数权重积算法等数学模型,准确获取研究区地质参数量化数据;基于由26个地质因素构成的地质参数集,采用数理统计方法,识别地质风险关键因素对复杂构造区煤层UCG可行性的交叉影响,查明建炉可行性、过程易控性、气化安全性、开发经济性“四性”指标敏感性地质风险源。结果表明:“四性”指标地质参数的敏感性有所差异,建炉可行性、过程易控性、气化安全性、开发经济性的地质因素敏感性依次变弱,UCG可行性对建炉可行性的依赖性最强,过程易控性次之,其他两个条件离散性相对较大,敏感性明显降低;就敏感性程度而言,26项地质参数中最为敏感的是煤的坚固性系数,其他8个主控地质因素分别是煤层厚度、煤层倾角、煤厚变异系数、夹矸厚度系数、断层指数、煤层埋深、奥亚膨胀度和黏结指数,影响建炉可行性、过程易控性两个方面。就贵州UCG敏感性地质因素来说,UCG项目成功与否的关键在于建炉可行性,气化炉选址应优先考虑构造发育特征及其对煤层条件的影响;为持续推进煤炭地下气化产业发展,下一步或可立足于我国煤炭资源特性及赋存条件实际,以“四性”认识为基础建立统一的UCG地质风险评价准则,进而为典型地质条件先导性试验区选址提供科学依据。

煤的气化反应性与其组成的关系研究

为探究不同变质程度煤的气化反应性,采用下落式固定床反应器,以CO_(2)为气化剂,对11种不同变质程度煤的气化反应性进行了实验研究,考察了煤的气化反应性与挥发分、固定碳、碳含量及灰组成的相互关系。研究结果表明,在1 400℃下,11种不同变质程度煤的气化反应性仍有较为明显的差异,低变质程度煤的气化反应性远高于中/高变质程度煤的气化反应性,其完全气化反应所需时间和气化反应指数最大有7倍之差;从工业分析和元素分析看,挥发分、固定碳和碳含量与煤气化反应性均具有较好的相关性,相关系数为0.88以上;从灰组成分析看,碱性指数与煤气化反应性相关性较差。为此,可根据煤的挥发分、固定碳和碳含量等组成信息预测煤气化反应性的优劣,为煤气化应用提供参考。

双碳时代下多源生物质热化学转化资源化利用研究进展

生物质是唯一的可再生碳资源,具有来源广泛、储量丰富等显著优势,利用先进的生物质热化学转化技术,可获得多种高值燃料、化学品和碳基材料,进而实现对化石资源的部分替代,在新能源领域具有重要的战略地位和发展前景。尽管生物质能源化利用技术已取得长足发展,但伴随社会与科技飞速进步,生物质的范畴已不再局限于传统农林废弃物,而是涵盖了农林源、工业源和生活源等多种来源的有机废弃物。复杂组成结构和差异化热分解特性为生物质的高选择性和大规模转化带来严重阻碍,如何实现其高值资源化利用仍面临诸多挑战。论述了生物质热化学转化技术发展现状,从多源生物质组成与热分解特性出发,针对热转化产物品质低和选择性差等问题,对比分析了当前选择性热解制备高值产物、热解重整制氢、新型气化等多种前沿资源化利用技术的最新研究成果与发展趋势。然而,要推动双碳时代下多源生物质热化学转化技术的进一步发展,仍需重点关注以下方面。首先,规模化利用是未来发展的必然趋势,开发高效的催化工艺与反应装备至关重要。通过突破催化剂效率瓶颈与循环再生技术,降低催化运行成本,同时研发新型热转化反应设备,优化传热与抗结焦性能,实现目标产物的定向富集,配合高效的原料收储运策略,从全流程提升生物质热化学转化工业化生产经济性。其次,全组分转化是实现生物质高值利用的关键。通过深入研究生物质不同特征组分分解机理和协同转化机制,开发耦合多重预处理、定向热转化和精准分离冷凝等技术,将生物质原料转化为富含高值化学品的生物油、高品质可燃气和高性能炭材料,实现热解多联产综合利用,有效提高技术资源产出率。最后,多能互补也是未来重要发展方向。通过将生物质与其他清洁能源与电力进行有效整合,充分发挥生物质热分解产物的长周期化学储能特性,构建灵活的多能互补供应体系,实现新能源产业的多维发展与经济效益提升。

深部煤层地下气化选址研究——以东胜气田J148地区为例

从地质构造、水文地质、煤层气化适用性等角度,系统研究了东胜气田J148地区中生界侏罗系中下统延安组延9煤层地下气化的可行性,并探讨了利用深部煤层气化燃空区孔隙层、含水层及该区致密气层进行碳封存的前景。研究结果表明,该区延9煤层埋深1 264~1 285 m、倾角小于1°,煤层稳定性好。气化目标选区内地层断层、节理裂隙不发育,偶有裂隙但断面新鲜、闭合,煤层气化后空腔有较好的密闭性,对煤炭地下气化影响小,有利于气化炉的建设和扩展,可满足规模化煤炭地下气化项目实施。延9煤层顶底板存在连续的隔水层,能阻截地下水对煤层直接充水,有利于地下气化炉布置;顶板隔水层厚度小于导水裂隙带高度,存在垮落导通顶板含水层间接充水的风险,但顶板含水层属弱富水含水层,涌水量小,风险可控;底板隔水层厚度大于隔水层的安全厚度,能有效阻截煤层底板含水层对煤层直接充水的风险。总体而言,延9煤层厚度适中、夹矸少,属低灰、低硫、高热值不黏煤,煤焦反应活性高,具有良好开发前景。针对深部煤层规模化气化开采产生大量的CO_(2)排放,初步探讨了利用煤层燃空区、顶底板含水层和下部致密天然气层进行CO_(2)安全封存可行性。分析认为,在延9煤层气化燃空区孔隙层和顶底板含水层中,可封存煤层气化产生的CO_(2)的60.8%~88.2%;若结合东胜气田上古生界致密天然气开发,用煤气化产生CO_(2)进行天然气驱替与封存,有望实现深部煤层气化开采过程近零碳排放。

煤炭地下气化注气方式与能量回收效率

研究不同注气方式煤炭地下气化(UCG)能量回收情况,有利于发展更高效的UCG工艺。设计并实施了固定和移动注气点UCG模型实验,基于化学计量学和碳平衡法计算了气化煤耗总量及速率,对比分析了2种注气工艺对煤气组成和热值的影响。在此基础上,分析了不同注气方式下煤气产量和有效气体组成的变化,评价了2种注气工艺实验的能量回收效率。结果表明,固定注气点实验中提高O_(2)净注入流量可改善煤气热值衰减的现象,但随着气化空腔的扩大,提高O_(2)净注入流量对气化反应的促进作用逐渐降低;分3次提高O_(2)净注入流量,煤气热值分别提高2.01、1.27和1.10 MJ/Nm^(3),气化效率(煤气的热值与碳的燃烧热之比)分别提高14.64%、9.45%和7.73%。移动注气点位置,可实现煤气热值和气化效率的短时间快速回升,分4次移动注气点位置,每次移动距离为300 mm,煤气热值分别提高2.95、3.32、3.37和2.54 MJ/Nm^(3),气化效率分别提高17.99%、21.04%、27.88%和13.92%。2种注气工艺实验分别气化了72.49 kg和91.47kg的煤,平均煤耗速率分别为0.97和1.27 kg/h,气化效率和煤耗速率呈同步突变,这一现象在改变气化剂注入条件和移动注气点位置后更为明显,表明气化效率与煤耗速率具有一定关系。相比固定注气点实验,移动注气点位置可有效改善气化效果,相同的气化剂注入条件下,有效气体组分和气化效率分别提高12.5%和23.23%。

煤炭地下气化碳减排技术研究进展与未来探索

煤炭地下气化(UCG)与碳减排的相互融合,有望成为当前至碳中和到来之前过渡阶段的优秀绿色能源技术,甚至在未来更长的碳中和历史时期发挥重要作用。回顾研究历史与现状,UCG减排系统策略基本形成,可归纳为5种具体途径。其中,地下原位定向调控可减少CO_(2)释放产出并促进UCG提质增产,相关策略和途径可归纳为“碳调减(CRR)”。UCG-CO_(2)地下空间超临界气态封存研究成果相对较多,主要集中在封存介质、封存空间、封存能力等方面,少数研究讨论了封存机制。UCG-CO_(2)地下空间矿化封存不受地质体稳定性和封闭性苛刻条件的约束,潜在着固碳和转化产气的双重效果,但研究成果尚不多见。UCG-CO_(2)回注利用与封存的前期探索集中在煤层气增产和UCG合成气生产改善2个方面,近年来开创了UCG制氢尾气CO_(2)减排利用系列性探索。CRR作为一种主动减排策略,通过调节气化剂及其注入方式来定向调减UCG合成气中CO_(2)浓度,理论成果较多并且经过现场初步验证,有望成为集清洁能源生产与碳减排为一体的洁净煤实用技术。评述进展并分析短板,UCG碳减排科学技术研究已取得诸多实质性成果,也面临持续发展的挑战,未来探索似应聚焦在4个方向:一是立足可行,优先发展以UCG-CRR为重点的UCG-CO_(2)地下转化利用技术;二是聚焦短板,着力突破UCG减排-合成气提质协同机理和关键技术瓶颈;三是扎实推进,优先启动实施UCG-CRR先导试验和工程示范,探索步步取得实效;四是保障实现,探索建立由碳中和与碳管理战略、专项科技行动计划、专业人才培养构成的“三位一体”UCG减排政策支撑体系。

深部煤炭地下气化制氢先进能效分析

深部煤炭地下气化制氢不仅可以利用我国丰富的深部煤炭资源,将传统采煤方法难以开采或开采不经济的深部煤层转化为氢气,而且有望成为一种理想的煤基低成本制氢路线。基于位于加拿大天鹅山的世界上唯一千米级深部煤炭地下气化试验数据,结合Aspen Plus过程模拟,以先进[火用]为先进能效指标,对深部煤炭地下气化制氢能量利用情况进行分析。与商业化的Lurgi地面煤气化制氢路线作对比,以产出单位质量氢气的积累[火用]消耗为指标,比较了2种制氢路线的能量消耗水平。结果表明,在氢气生产能力为12亿Nm^(3)/a情形下,深部煤炭地下气化制氢从原料到产品的总[火用]损失为451.79 MW。先进[火用]分析可以有效量化气化过程可以避免的[火用]损失,其中39.9%为不可避免[火用]损失。甲烷重整单元的内部可避免[火用]损E_(dest,k)^(AV,EN)和外部可避免[火用]损E_(dest,k)^(AV,EX)分别为96.63和81.58 MW,具有最大能效提升空间,如能利用转化气、烟道气的热量副产蒸汽,可将其内部可避免[火用]损失减少38.5%。地下气化单元的E_(dest,k)^(AV,EN)和E_(dest,k)^(AV,EX)分别为4.38和62.73 MW,表明降低其[火用]损失的重点应放在提高其他单元的能量效率,从而降低外部可避免[火用]损。其余单元改进空间均比较小可不予考虑。以积累[火用]消耗量为标准衡量能量消耗水平时,产出1 kg氢气,深部煤炭地下气化制氢的积累[火用]消耗为376.1 MJ,仅为Lurgi地面煤气化制氢的83.6%,表明深部煤炭地下气化制氢能够显著降低能量消耗水平。敏感性分析显示,2者积累[火用]消耗的差距随着生产规模的扩大而增加。研究结果可为深部煤炭地下气化制氢的过程优化及技术可行性定量化提供科学依据。

煤与污泥共气化过程中矿物转化及结渣特性分析实验设计

该文设计了一个煤与生活污泥共气化过程中矿物转化及结渣特性分析研究实验。该实验涉及煤与污泥混合样品结渣特性、灰熔融特性及共气化过程中矿物转化等方面的研究。以典型无烟煤和生活污泥为原料,利用碱酸比、硅铝比等指数对其结渣特性进行了评价,采用X射线衍射仪与傅里叶红外光谱仪对混合样共气化过程中的矿物相进行了表征。实验结果表明,生活污泥掺量超过50%会导致混合样结渣严重;污泥掺量增大使混合样灰熔融温度降低,掺量为20%时降低效果最显著。与氧化气氛相比,弱还原气氛下掺混更少的污泥即可生成较多的钙长石,从而导致熔融温度降低。通过该实验,能够使学生了解研究含碳固体废物共气化特性的基本方法,培养他们在含碳固废资源化高效利用方面的创新能力。