Exploring the molecular mechanism of Baoyuan decoction in the treatment of lung cancer based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Background:Baoyuan decoction is used clinically as an adjuvant treatment for lung cancer.However,the underlying mechanism remains unclear.Therefore,this study aimed to explore the mechanism of action of Baoyuan decoction in lung cancer treatment using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.Methods:The Traditional Chinese Medicines Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform and SwissTargetPrediction databases were used to screen the active ingredients of Baoyuan decoction and their relevant targets.Lung cancer-related targets were obtained from the GeneCards,Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man,and DrugBank databases.Protein-protein interaction network of the common targets was constructed using the STRING database and analyzed using Cytoscape software 3.10.1.Furthermore,Gene Ontology enrichment,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses and visualization of common genes were performed using the R software.Finally,molecular docking of the selected key ingredients and targets was performed,and the results were verified using AutoDock Vina software.Results:We identified 142 potential active ingredients,3624 potential lung cancer-related targets,and 341 common drug targets.A total of 72 core targets were identified,of which AKT1,TP53,interleukin-6,epithelial growth factor receptor,and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 were key.A total of 4116 items were obtained via Gene Ontology enrichment analyses.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses revealed 189 related signaling pathways,including the PI3K-Akt,AGE-RAGE signaling pathways in diabetic complications,FOXO,and TH signaling pathways,which are involved in cell proliferation,autophagy,metastasis,invasion,radiation resistance,and chemotherapy resistance in the lung cancer microenvironment.The molecular docking results suggested that the key ingredients had a strong affinity for key targets.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that Baoyuan decoction plays a key therapeutic role in a complex manner involving multiple ingredients,targets,and pathways in lung cancer.Our findings are anticipated to provide new ideas for follow-up experimental research and clinical application.

Research progress of minimally invasive surgery for gastric cancer

Since the first laparoscopic radical surgery for early gastric cancer 30 years ago, there has been a gradual shift from“open” to “minimally invasive” surgery for gastric cancer. This transition is due to advancements in refined anatomy, enlarged field of view, faster recovery, and comparable oncological outcomes. Several high-quality clinical studies have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopy in the treatment of both early and locally advanced gastric cancer. The role of perioperative chemotherapy in managing locally advanced gastric cancer has been widely recognized, and there have been continuous breakthroughs in the exploration of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for perioperative treatment. Additionally, the application of indocyanine green near-infrared imaging technology, 3D laparoscopic technology, and robotic surgery systems has further improved the accuracy and minimally invasive nature of gastric cancer surgeries. Looking ahead, the field of minimally invasive surgery for gastric cancer is expected to become more standardized, resulting in a significant enhancement in the quality of life for gastric cancer patients.

Clinical Application and Research Progress of Accelerated Rehabilitation Surgery in Perioperative Period of Advanced Gastric Cancer in the Elderly

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has been used in various surgical professions in recent years and is widely accepted by doctors. This concept not only helps patients speed up postoperative recovery, reduce the incidence of related complications and shorten hospital stays, but also has been proved to be effective and safe in the perioperative application of gastric cancer. This article reviews the clinical application and research progress of enhanced recovery after surgery in the perioperative period of advanced gastric cancer in the elderly.

Research Progress of ANP, NPRA, and Cx43 in Gastric Cancer

The occurrence and development of gastric cancer are regulated by many factors and result from the joint action of many factors. Studies have shown that ANP, NPRA, and Cx43 play a vital role in the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer. This article reviews the relationship between Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA), and Connexin43 (Cx43) with the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. The review aims to provide an effective reference value for scientific research and clinical treatment.

Network pharmacology study and in vitro experimental validation of Xiaojianzhong decoction against gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Cancer is one of the most serious threats to human health worldwide.Conventional treatments such as surgery and chemotherapy are associated with some drawbacks.In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine treatment has been increasingly advocated by patients and attracted attention from clinicians,and has become an indispensable part of the comprehensive treatment for gastric cancer.AIM To investigate the mechanism of Xiaojianzhong decoction(XJZ)in the treatment of gastric cancer(GC)by utilizing network pharmacology and experimental validation,so as to provide a theoretical basis for later experimental research.METHODS We analyzed the mechanism and targets of XJZ in the treatment of GC through network pharmacology and bioinformatics.Subsequently,we verified the impact of XJZ treatment on the proliferative ability of GC cells through CCK-8,apoptosis,cell cycle,and clone formation assays.Additionally,we performed Western blot analysis and real-time quantitative PCR to assess the protein and mRNA expression of the core proteins.RESULTS XJZ mainly regulates IL6,PTGS2,CCL2,MMP9,MMP2,HMOX1,and other target genes and pathways in cancer to treat GC.The inhibition of cell viability,the increase of apoptosis,the blockage of the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase,and the inhibition of the ability of cell clone formation were observed in AGS and HGC-27 cells after XJZ treatment.In addition,XJZ induced a decrease in the mRNA expression of IL6,PTGS2,MMP9,MMP2,and CCL2,and an increase in the mRNA expression of HOMX1.XJZ significantly inhibited the expression of IL6,PTGS2,MMP9,MMP2,and CCL2 proteins and promoted the expression of the heme oxygenase-1 protein.CONCLUSION XJZ exerts therapeutic effects against GC through multiple components,multiple targets,and multiple pathways.Our findings provide a new idea and scientific basis for further research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of XJZ in the treatment of GC.

Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in gastric cancer development and progression

Although the incidence of gastric cancer has been declining in recent decades,it remains a major public health issue as the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide.In China,gastric cancer is still the main cause of death in patients with malignant tumors.Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage and mortality is high.Cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)is a ratelimiting enzyme in prostanoid synthesis and plays an important role in the development and progression of gastric cancer.The expression of COX-2 in gastric cancer is upregulated and its molecular mechanisms have been investigated.Helicobacter pylori infection,tumor suppressor gene mutation and the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B may be responsible for the elevated expression of COX-2 in gastric cancer.The mechanisms of COX-2 in the development and progression of gastric cancer are probably through promoting the proliferation of gastric cancer cells,while inhibiting apoptosis,assisting angiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis,and participating in cancer invasion and immunosuppression.This review is intended to discuss,comment and summarize recent research progress on the role of COX-2 in gastric cancer development and progression,and elucidate the molecular mechanisms which might be involved in the carcinogenesis.

Cellular and molecular aspects of gastric cancer

Gastric cancer remains a global killer with a shifting burden from the developed to the developing world. The cancer develops along a multistage process that is defined by distinct histological and pathophysiological phases. Several genetic and epigenetic alterations mediate the transition from one stage to another and these include mutations in oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and cell cycle and mismatch repair genes. The most significant advance in the fight against gastric caner came with the recognition of the role of Helicobacter pylori （H pylori） as the most important acquired aetiological agent for this cancer. Recent work has focussed on elucidating the complex host/microbial interactions that underlie the neoplastic process. There is now considerable insight into the pathogenesis of this cancer and the prospect of preventing and eradicating the disease has become a reality. Perhaps more importantly, the study of H pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis offers a paradigm for understanding more complex human cancers. In this review, we examine the molecular and cellular events that underlie Hpyloriinduced gastric cancer.

Emerging molecular basis of hematogenous metastasis in gastric cancer

Lymphatic metastasis is commonly observed in gastric cancer(GC), but hematogenous metastasis is more likely responsible for the cancer-related mortality. Since Stephen Paget first introduced the "seed and soil hypothesis" a century ago, growing evidence recognizes that numerous essential secreted factors and signaling pathway effectors participate in the pre-metastatic niche formation and distant organ metastasis. The cross-talk between GC cells and surrounding microenvironment may consist of a series of interrelated steps, including epithelial mesenchymal transition, intravasation into blood vessels, circulating tumor cell translocation, and secondary organ metastasis. Secreted factors including vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases and cancer-derived extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, are essential in formation of premetastatic niche. Circulating tumor cells and micro RNAs represent as ‘‘metastatic intermediates' ' between primary tumors and sites of dissemination. Many biomarkers have been identified as novel metastatic markers and prognostic effectors. In addition, molecular therapy has been designed to target biomarkers such as growth factors(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, VEGF) and chemokines, although they have not clearly proven to be effective in inhibiting GC metastasis in clinical trials. In this review, we will systematically discuss the emerging molecules and their microenvironment in hematogenous metastasis of GC, which may help us to find new therapeutic strategies in the future.

Emerging molecular classifications and therapeutic implications for gastric cancer

Gastric cancer(GC) is a highly aggressive and life-threatening malignancy.Even with radical surgical removal and front-line chemotherapy,more than half of GCs locally relapse and metastasize at a distant site.The dismal outcomes reflect the ineffectiveness of a one-size fits-all approach for a highly heterogeneous disease with diverse etiological causes and complex molecular underpinnings.The recent comprehensive genomic and molecular profiling has led to our deepened understanding of GC.The emerging molecular classification schemes based on the genetic,epigenetic,and molecular signatures are providing great promise for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies in a more personalized and precise manner.To this end,the Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA) research network conducted a comprehensive molecular evaluation of primary GCs and proposed a new molecular classification dividing GCs into four subtypes:Epstein-Barr virus-associated tumors,microsatellite unstable tumors,genomically stable tumors,and tumors with chromosomal instability.This review primarily focuses on the TCGA molecular classification of GCs and discusses the implications on novel targeted therapy strategies.We believe that these fundamental findings will support the future application of targeted therapies and will guide our efforts to develop more efficacious drugs to treat human GCs.

Gastric cancer stem cells in gastric carcinogenesis,progression,prevention and treatment

In recent decades,the study of the mechanism of tumorigenesis has brought much progress to cancer treatment.However,cancer stem cell(CSC)theory has changed previous views of tumors,and has provided a new method for treatment of cancer.The discovery of CSCs and their characteristics have contributed to understanding the molecular mechanism of tumor genesis and development,resulting in a new effective strategy for cancer treatment.Gastric CSCs(GCSCs)are the basis for the onset of gastric cancer.They may be derived from gastric stem cells in gastric tissues,or bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.As with other stem cells,GCSCs highly express drug-resistance genes such as aldehyde dehydrogenase and multidrug resistance,which are resistant to chemotherapy and thus form the basis of drug resistance.Many specific molecular markers such as CD44 and CD133 have been used for identification and isolation of GCSCs,diagnosis and grading of gastric cancer,and research on GCSC-targeted therapy for gastric cancer.Therefore,discussion of the recent development and advancements in GCSCs will be helpful for providing novel insight into gastric cancer treatment.

Emerging evidence of the molecular landscape specific for hematogenous metastasis from gastric cancer

Gastric cancer(GC) is one of the most frequentlydiagnosed cancers in the world. Most GC patients are diagnosed when the cancer is in an advanced stage, and consequently, some develop metastatic lesions that generally cause cancer-related death. Metastasis establishment is affected by various conditions, such as tumor location, hemodynamics and organotropism. While digestive cancers may share a primary site, certain cases develop hematogenous metastasis with the absence of peritoneal metastasis, and vice versa. Numerous studies have revealed the clinicopathological risk factors for hematogenous metastasis from GC, such as vascular invasion, advanced age, differentiation, Borrmann type 1 or 2 and expansive growth. Recently, molecular mechanisms that contribute to metastatic site determination have been elucidated by advanced molecular biological techniques. Investigating the molecules that specifically participate in metastasis establishment in distinct secondary organs will lead to the development of novel biomarkers for patient stratification according to their metastatic risk and strategies for preventing and treating distinct metastases. We reviewed articles related to the molecular landscape of hematogenous metastasis from GC.

Long noncoding RNAs in gastric cancer: From molecular dissection to clinical application

Long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)are important regulators of cell processes that are usually dysregulated in gastric cancer(GC).Based on their high specificity and ease of detection in tissues and body fluids,increasing attention has spurred the study of the roles of lncRNAs in GC patients.Thus,it is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and further explore the clinical applications of lncRNAs in GC.In this review,we summarize current knowledge to examine dysregulated lncRNAs in GC and their underlying molecular mechanisms and activities in GC,which involve microRNA sponging,mRNA stability,genetic variants,alternative splicing,transcription factor binding,and epigenetic modification.More significantly,the potential of lncRNAs as prognostic,circulating,and drug-resistant biomarkers for GC is also described.This review highlights the method of dissecting molecular mechanisms to explore the clinical application of lncRNAs in GC.Overall,this review offers assistance in using lncRNAs as novel candidates for molecular mechanisms and for the identification of revolutionary biomarkers for GC.

Gastric cancer molecular classification based on immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization:Analysis in western patients after curative-intent surgery

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a highly heterogeneous disease,and the identification of molecular subtyping of gastric adenocarcinoma emerged as a promising option to define therapeutic strategies and prognostic subgroups.However,the costs and technical complexity of molecular methodologies remains an obstacle to its adoption,and their clinical significance by other approaches needs further evidence.AIM To evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and long-term survival of GC based on the subgroups of molecular classification by immunohistochemistry(IHC)and in situ hybridization(ISH).METHODS We retrospectively evaluated all patients who underwent D2-gastrectomy between 2009 and 2016 in a Western cohort of GC patients treated with curative intent.Microsatellite instability(MSI)status,E-cadherin,and p53 expression were analyzed by IHC,and Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)by ISH.Tissue microarrays were constructed for analysis.Clinicopathological characteristics and survival of GC were evaluated according to subtypes defined by The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)Research Network Group and Asian Cancer Research Group(ACRG)classification systems.RESULTS A total of 287 GC patients were included.Based on IHC and ISH analysis,five profiles were defined as follows:E-cadherin aberrant(9.1%),MSI(20.9%),p53 aberrant(36.6%),EBV positivity(10.5%),and p53 normal(31%),which corresponded to tumors that showed no alteration in another profile.A flowchart according to the TCGA and ACRG classifications were used to define the subtypes,where clinical and pathological characteristics associated with GC subtypes were evidenced.Proximal location(P<0.001),total gastrectomy(P=0.001),and intense inflammatory infiltrate(P<0.001)were characteristics related to EBV subtype.MSI subtype was predominantly associated with advanced age(P=0.017)and the presence of comorbidities(P=0.011).While Laurén diffuse type(P<0.001)and advanced stage(P=0.029)were related to genomically stable(GS)subtype.GS tumors and microsatellite stable/epithelial to mesenchymal transition phenotype subtype had worse disease-free survival(DFS)and overall survival(OS)than other subtypes.Conversely,MSI subtype of GC had better survival in both classifications.Type of gastrectomy,pT and the TCGA subtypes were independent factors associated to DFS and OS.CONCLUSION The IHC/ISH analysis was able to distinguish immunophenotypic groups of GC with distinct characteristics and prognosis,resembling the subtypes of the molecular classifications.Accordingly,this method of classification may represent a viable option for use in a clinical setting.

Advances in Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms of Fruit Trees under Low Temperature Stress

The most recent research findings on the tolerance of fruit trees to cold stress are reviewed from a molecular perspective,including the perception and transduction of low temperature calcium signaling,CBF-dependent molecular regulatory mechanisms,non-CBF-dependent molecular regulatory mechanisms,and so forth.The objective is to provide a reference basis for further improving the cold resistance of fruit trees and cultivating new varieties of hardy plants.

Prediction of the mechanism of berberine in the prevention and treatment of colorectal adenoma cancerizat based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology

To predict the potential mechanism of prevention and treatment of colorectal adenoma canceration by berberine and the docking of main key targets by computer virtual method.Methods:The related targets of berberine,colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer were collected in various databases;the key targets were obtained by intersection;the protein protein interaction network and 6 kinds of enrichment analysis of key potential targets were completed by corresponding databases;the main key targets and berberine molecules were obtained for molecular docking.Results:There were 319 unique targets for berberine,3,279 for intestinal adenoma and 4,119 for colorectal cancer.The protein protein interaction network of key target involved 66 proteins.In the results of Gene Ontology enrichment,28 items related to biological process,28 items related to cell composition,30 items related to molecular function,26 items related to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment,35 items related to TargetScan microRNA,15 items related to Human Phenotype Ontology.TP53 and CYCS are the 2 key targets involved in the system enrichment.After docking,berberine was closely bound to theα-helix and β-fold of TP53 protein,and to theα-helix of CYCS protein.Conclusion:The potential mechanism of berberine in the prevention and treatment of colorectal adenoma canceration may be related to the regulation of cell apoptosis,metabolic pathways and biological activities of various enzymes.berberine,as a small molecular ligand,has the characteristics of multi-target,multi-channel and multi-system mechanism.In the prediction results,berberine,as a small molecular ligand,can closely bind with the main key targets related to colorectal adenoma canceration.

Advances in Studies on Molecular Mechanism of Salt Tolerance in Dunaliella salina

Dunaliella salina is known as one of the most salt-tolerant eukaryotic or- ganisms, and the most ideal model organism for studying plant adaption to high salinity. In recent years, the study on molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in Dunaliella salina has become the focus of scholars at home and abroad with the development of molecular biological techniques. This study reviewed studies on adaption of Dunaliella salina to high salinity in aspects of osmotic adjustment, salt tolerance-related genes and proteins of Dunaliella salina and signal transduction pathway of salt stress.

Targeted therapies in metastatic gastric cancer: Current knowledge and future perspectives

Gastric cancer(GC)represents a leading cause of cancer related morbidity and mortality worldwide accounting for more than 1 million of newly diagnosed cases and thousands of deaths every year.In the last decade,the development of targeted therapies and the optimization of already available chemotherapeutic drugs has expanded the available treatment options for advanced GC and granted better survival expectations to the patients.At the same time,global efforts have been undertaken to investigate in detail the genomic and epigenomic heterogeneity of this disease,resulting in the identification of new specific and sensitive predictive and prognostic biomarkers and in innovative molecular classifications based on gene expression profiling.Nonetheless,several randomized studies aimed at exploring new innovative agents,such as immune checkpoint inhibitors,failed to demonstrate clinically meaningful survival advantages.Therefore,it is essential to further improve the molecular characterization of GC subgroups in order to provide researchers and medical oncologists with new tools for patients’selection and stratification in future clinical development programs and subsequent trials.The aim of the present manuscript is to provide a global overview of the recent molecular classifications from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Asian Cancer Research Group and to present key promising developments in the field of immunotherapy and targeted therapies in metastatic GC.

Clinical implications of the latest advances in gastrointestinal tumor research

In this editorial,we provide commentary on six articles recently published in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.These articles collectively present the latest findings in the field of gastric and colorectal cancer(CRC)research.The global incidence of gastric cancer varies based on geographical location,age,and sex.The disease predominantly affects middle-aged and elderly individuals,with a slightly higher prevalence in men than in women.CRC is characterized by a low 5-year survival rate and high mortality rate.It primarily affects individuals over the age of 50,and the risk of disease increases with age.Both gastric and CRC pose significant health threats,thus requiring more effective diagnostic,therapeutic,and supportive care strategies to improve patient outcomes.The articles discussed in this editorial encompass topics such as screening,diagnosis,mechanisms of progression,and postoperative recovery in gastric and CRC,and the findings offer valuable insights for clinical decision-making in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of gastrointestinal cancers.

切花芍药花期调控研究进展

芍药的观赏价值和经济价值较高,但自然花期集中且时间短,无法周年供花,不能长期满足切花市场需求。花期调控可以控制植株提前或推迟开花,对花卉产业发展具有重要意义。基于切花芍药的生物学特性,总结了切花芍药的花期调控措施,包括温度调控、光照调控、激素调控、施肥调控和水分调控,概述了切花芍药花期调控的分子机制,提出了相关展望,以期为进一步调控切花芍药花期提供参考。

我国癌症患者出院准备度的研究进展

随着医疗卫生体制的改革,各大医疗机构缩短患者的平均住院日,以求资源最大利用化,加之快速康复等先进理念在医院的普及和推广,患者出院时尚处于疾病恢复阶段,为减少患者出院后不良事件的发生、保证患者出院安全及快速康复回归社会,良好的出院准备至关重要。出院准备度,即患者的出院准备状态,是指医务人员通过综合评估患者的生理、心理和社会方面的健康状况,以评判患者是否具备离开医院、回归社会和进一步康复的能力,是患者和家属对是否准备好出院的一种感知,也是对患者出院后过渡期安全的一种预测。国外关于出院准备度研究较早并且较为成熟,研究人群从患者扩展至照顾者,研究内容包括出院准备度量表的编制、现况调查、影响因素的研究、质性研究及对出院准备度的干预研究。我国关于出院准备度的研究起步较晚,最早的研究人群是脑卒中患者。目前,对于癌症患者出院准备度的研究尚处于起步阶段,临床护理工作中,针对癌症患者进行出院准备度的评估,可以了解其出院准备需求,以利于护理人员为其提供针对性的出院指导。本文从癌症患者出院准备度的现状、评估工具、影响因素以及作用机制四个方面进行综述,为临床医务人员提高癌症患者的出院准备度水平提供借鉴,以期改善患者的健康结局。