Ultraslim endoscopy with flexible spectral imaging color enhancement for upper gastrointestinal neoplasms

AIM:To conduct a preliminary study on the effect of flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE) used in combination with ultraslim endoscopy by focusing on the enhanced contrast between tumor and non-tumor lesions. METHODS: We examined 50 lesions of 40 patients with epithelial tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract before endoscopic submucosal dissection using ultraslim endoscopy with conventional natural color imag ing and with FICE imaging. We retrospectively invest igated the effect of the use of FICE on endoscopic diagn osis in comparison with normal light. RESULTS: Visibility of the epithelial tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract with FICE was superior to normal light in 54% of the observations and comparable to normal light in 46% of the observations. There was no lesion for which visibility with FICE was inferior to that with normal light. FICE visualized 69.6% of hyperemic lesions and 58.8% of discolored lesions better than conventional endoscopy with natural color imaging. FICE sign if icantly improved the visibility of lesions with hyp ere mia or discoloration compared with normocolored lesions. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the use of FICE would improve the ability of ultraslim endoscopy to detect epithelial tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Conventional radiological strategy of common gastrointestinal neoplasms

This article summarizes the clinical characteristics and imaging features of common gastrointestinal(GI) neoplasms in terms of conventional radiological imaging methods. Barium studies are readily available for displaying primary malignancies and are minimallyor not at all invasive. A neoplasm may be manifested as various imaging findings, including mucosal disruption, soft mass, ulcer, submucosal invasion and lumen stenosis on barium studies. Benign tumors typically appear as smoothly marginated intramural masses. Malignant neoplasms most often appear as irregular infiltrative lesions on barium examination. Tumor extension to adjacent GI segments may be indistinct on barium images. Cross-sectional images such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging may provide more accurate details of the adjacent organ invasion, omental or peritoneal spread.

Current update on imaging for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms(panNEN)are a heterogeneous group of tumors with differing pathological,genetic,and clinical features.Based on clinical findings,they may be categorized into functioning and nonfunctioning tumors.Adoption of the 2017 World Health Organization classification system,particularly its differentiation between grade 3,well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors(panNET)and grade 3,poorly-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas(panNEC)has emphasized the role imaging plays in characterizing these lesions.Endoscopic ultrasound can help obtain biopsy specimen and assess tumor margins and local spread.Enhancement patterns on computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)may be used to classify panNEN.Contrast enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging have been reported to be useful for characterization of panNEN and quantifying metastatic burden.Current and emerging radiotracers have broadened the utility of functional imaging in evaluating panNEN.Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography(PET)/CT and somatostatin receptor imaging such as Gallium-681,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid–octreotate PET/CT may be useful for improved identification of panNEN in comparison to anatomic modalities.These new techniques can also play a direct role in optimizing the selection of treatment for individuals and predicting tumor response based on somatostatin receptor expression.In addition,emerging methods of radiomics such as texture analysis may be a potential tool for staging and outcome prediction in panNEN,however further investigation is required before clinical implementation.

Confocal laser endomicroscopy in the “in vivo” histological diagnosis of the gastrointestinal tract

Recent technological advances in miniaturization have allowed for a confocal scanning microscope to be integrated into a conventional flexible endoscope,or into trans-endoscopic probes,a technique now known as confocal endomicroscopy or confocal laser endomicroscopy.This newly-developed technology has enabled endoscopists to collect real-time in vivo histological images or "virtual biopsies" of the gastrointestinal mucosa during endoscopy,and has stimulated significant interest in the application of this technique in clinical gastroenterology.This review aims to evaluate the current data on the technical aspects and the utility of this new technology in clinical gastroenterology and its potential impact in the future,particularly in the screening or surveillance of gastrointestinal neoplasia.

Imaging of bone metastasis: An update

Early detection of skeletal metastasis is critical for accurate staging and optimal treatment. This paper briefly reviews our current understanding of the biological mechanisms through which tumours metastasise to bone and describes the available imaging methods to diagnose bone metastasis and monitor response to treatment. Among the various imaging modalities currently available for imaging skeletal metastasis, hybrid techniques whichfuse morphological and functional data are the most sensitive and specific, and positron emission tomography(PET)/computed tomography and PET/magnetic resonance imaging will almost certainly continue to evolve and become increasingly important in this regard.

Clinical impact of gastrointestinal endoscopy on the early detection of pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND In recent years,with the growing availability of image-enhanced gastrointestinal endoscopy,gastroenterologists have contributed to the early detection of pharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas(SCC).AIM To clarify the clinical characteristics of pharyngeal SCCs detected by gastrointestinal endoscopy.METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study conducted in a single-center,a university hospital in Japan.We retrospectively assessed the clinical records of 522 consecutive patients with oropharyngeal or hypopharyngeal SCC who were examined in our hospital between 2011 and 2018.The lesions were classified into two groups:Group GE(detected by gastrointestinal endoscopy)and Group non-GE(detected by means other than gastrointestinal endoscopy).The clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups.Continuous data were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test.Pearson’sχ2 test or Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the categorical data and compare proportions.The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate the cumulative patient survival rates.RESULTS In our study group,the median age was 65 years and 474 patients(90.8%)were male.One hundred and ninety-six cases(37.5%)involved the oropharynx and 326 cases(62.5%)involved the hypopharynx.Three hundred and ninety-five cases(75.7%)had some symptoms at the time of diagnosis.One hundred and forty-five(27.8%)cases had concurrent ESCC or a history of ESCC.One hundred and sixtyfour(31.4%)cases were detected by gastrointestinal endoscopy and classified as Group GE.The proportions of asymptomatic cases,cTis-1 cases and cases with no lymph node metastasis were significantly higher in Group GE than Group non-GE(61.6%vs 7.3%,P<0.001,32.9%vs 12.0%,P<0.001 and 69.5%vs 19.0%,P<0.001).Endoscopic laryngo-pharyngeal surgery or endoscopic submucosal dissection were performed in only 0.6%of the lesions in Group non-GE but in 21.3%of the lesions in Group GE(P<0.001).Overall survival was significantly longer in Group GE than in Group non-GE(P=0.018).The 2-year and 4-year survival rates were 82.5%and 70.7%in Group GE,and 71.5%and 59.0%in Group non-GE,respectively.CONCLUSION Gastrointestinal endoscopy plays an important role in the early detection and improving the prognosis of pharyngeal SCCs.

放射性核素出血显像在消化道出血诊断中的临床应用价值

目的 探讨放射性核素99m锝红细胞单光子发射型计算机断层显像(^(99m)Tc-RBC SPECT/CT)在诊断消化道出血中的临床价值。方法 回顾性选取2019年1月至2023年2月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院核医学科收治的86例临床怀疑为消化道出血并行^(99m)Tc-RBC SPECT/CT出血显像的患者。所有患者均行体内法标记,间断静态扫描至6 h平面显像,扫描过程中发现可疑阳性时立即行局部SPECT/CT显像;如无明显阳性发现,则延迟至6 h行断层显像。分析^(99m)Tc-RBC平面显像与^(99m)Tc-RBC SPECT/CT断层显像的检出率、诊断准确率;以“金标准”为参照,比较不同部位^(99m)Tc-RBC平面显像与^(99m)Tc-RBC SPECT/CT的诊断效能。结果^(99m)Tc-RBC SPECT/CT断层显像检测的出血检出率为52.3%,高于^(99m)Tc-RBC平面显像(33.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与“金标准”进行参照,^(99m)Tc-RBC SPECT/CT断层显像的诊断准确率为90.7%,高于^(99m)Tc-RBC平面显像(73.3%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在20例怀疑上消化道出血的患者中,^(99m)Tc-RBC SPECT/CT断层显像的诊断准确率为100.0%,显著高于^(99m)Tc-RBC平面显像(55.0%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在25例怀疑中消化道出血的患者中,两种诊断方法之间的诊断效能比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在14例下消化道出血的患者中,^(99m)Tc-RBC SPECT/CT断层显像的诊断准确率为100.0%,高于^(99m)Tc-RBC平面显像(64.3%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 放射性核素显像有助于消化道出血原因及部位判断,^(99m)Tc-RBC SPECT/CT断层显像较^(99m)Tc-RBC平面显像具有更高的诊断效能,能为精准地指导消化道出血的诊断和治疗提高支持。

放射性核素诊疗一体化:挑战与机遇

放射性核素诊疗一体化为实现精准诊断与治疗分化型甲状腺癌、神经内分泌肿瘤与前列腺癌等恶性肿瘤提供了个体化方案,既带来巨大机遇,也在开发新靶点、研发新型放射性药物、辐射剂量学与安全性评估等方面带来挑战。本文就放射性核素诊疗一体化面临的挑战与机遇进行展望。

全容积ADC直方图分析联合ADC值术前预测直肠癌肿瘤沉积的价值

目的探讨基于肿瘤全容积表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)直方图参数联合ADC值在术前预测直肠癌肿瘤沉积(tumor deposits,TDs)中的应用价值。材料与方法回顾性分析苏州大学附属第一医院2016年6月至2023年6月术前行直肠MRI检查且经病理确诊的111例直肠癌患者的临床及影像学资料,依据病理结果将其分为TDs阳性组(n=30)和TDs阴性组(n=81),在ADC图像上手动勾画每一层肿瘤病灶感兴趣区(region of iterest,ROI)并提取ADC直方图参数,包括第10百分位数(ADC_(10%))、第90百分位数(ADC_(90%))、最大值(ADC_(max))、最小值(ADC_(min))、均数(ADC_(mean))、中位数(ADC_(median))、峰度及偏度;同时测量肿瘤最大层面的平均ADC值。分析比较两组患者间ADC值及ADC直方图参数的差异,将差异具有统计学意义的参数纳入多因素logistic回归分析构建联合模型,利用ROC曲线分析ADC值、全容积ADC直方图参数及两者联合模型的预测效能。采用DeLong检验比较各AUC间的差异。结果ADC值、ADC_(10%)、ADC_(90%)、ADC_(max)、ADC_(mean)、ADC_(median)及峰度在TDs阳性组和阴性组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),以ADC_(90%)的预测效能最高(AUC、敏感度、特异度分别为0.778、80.0%、65.4%)。由ADC值、ADC_(10%)、ADC_(90%)、ADC_(mean)构建的联合模型AUC、敏感度、特异度分别为0.940、86.7%、93.8%,其诊断效能优于ADC值(AUC为0.645)及各全容积ADC直方图参数(AUC为0.649~0.778),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论全容积ADC直方图参数及肿瘤最大层面的ADC值可用于术前预测直肠癌TDs,尤其当两者联合时具有较高的预测效能。

放射性核素诊疗一体化临床研究进展

利用放射性药物紧密结合分子影像与靶向核素治疗的优势,核医学逐步实现精准诊断与个体化治疗疾病,有力促进了诊疗一体化的发展。本文就放射性核素诊疗一体化临床研究进展进行综述。

1例甲状腺乳头状癌术后双肺转移患者受益于多次^(131)I治疗

患者女,56岁,因“双侧甲状腺乳头状癌”接受“甲状腺全切术+颈部淋巴结清扫术”后1月余;检出糖尿病3个月。查体:颈前见横向手术瘢痕,余未见明显异常。实验室检查:促甲状腺素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)92.72μIU/ml,血清刺激性甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)>479ng/ml。行^(131)I清除残余甲状腺组织(简称清甲)治疗后全身显像(^(131)I post therapy whole body scan,Rx-WBS)见颈部多发淋巴结及双肺多发结节^(131)I浓聚。

核医学显像在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用

核医学显像具有从功能和代谢角度评估器官和病变组织状态的优势,已成为肿瘤诊疗领域的重要工具。肿瘤免疫治疗是继手术、放化疗、分子靶向治疗后的重要治疗方法。准确评估肿瘤状态、识别获益人群是实现肿瘤免疫治疗精准化、个体化的前提和保证。本文对核医学显像在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用现状、临床价值及前景进行综述。

乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿淋巴显像分期与脂肪抽吸术联合淋巴管-静脉吻合术疗效的相关性

目的观察乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿(BCRL)治疗前淋巴显像分期与脂肪抽吸术联合淋巴管-静脉吻合术(LVA)疗效的相关性。方法回顾性分析67例接受脂肪抽吸术并于术后3个月接受LVA的BCRL患者,依据治疗前淋巴显像分为患侧上肢淋巴部分梗阻(P期)与完全梗阻(T期)组;记录联合治疗后3及6个月双上肢淋巴水肿指数(UELi)、患侧UELi超额百分比(UPE)、治疗后与治疗前患侧UPE比值(rUPE)及术后上肢淋巴水肿功能、残疾与健康问卷调查表(Lymph-ICF-UL)评分,对比不同分期患者治疗后临床参数及上肢淋巴水肿改善情况。结果治疗前淋巴显像显示P期组29例、T期组38例。组间治疗前蜂窝织炎发生率、术中吸出脂肪体积差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。联合治疗后3及6个月,67例患侧UELi、UPE及Lymph-ICF-UL评分均低于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论BCRL治疗前淋巴显像分期与脂肪抽吸术联合LVA疗效相关。

左下颌骨唑来膦酸相关骨髓炎1例

患者女,45岁,左下牙龈及颊部肿痛2个月、左下第一磨牙脱落;2年前诊断“双乳浸润性乳腺癌伴肝及骨(L1椎体)转移”并接受新辅助化疗(PHT方案)及唑来膦酸(择泰,5 ml,每月1次)治疗,7个月后接受“双乳切除术+双侧腋窝淋巴结清扫术”,术后接受双靶向治疗(PH方案)+唑来膦酸治疗。

^(99)Tc^m-HL91肺癌显像的临床应用

目的 探讨^(99)Tc^m-4,9-二氮-3,3,10,10-四甲基十二烷-2,11-二酮后(HL91)显像对肺部肿瘤定性的价值。方法 对32例肺部肿瘤患者注射^(99)Tc^m-HL91后10 min,2、4 h进行显像,将显像结果分为^(99)Tc^m-HL91显像阳性组和阴性组,对^(99)Tc^m--HL91显像阳性患者利用感兴趣区(ROI)技术分别勾画各时相肿瘤(T)与对侧相应部位(N)ROI,计算T/N比值。所有患者均经手术病理检查证实,将显像结果与CT和病理检查结果对照。结果 ^(99)Tc^m-HL91显像灵敏度为82.6％,特异性为100％,准确性为87.5％。CF灵敏度为69.6％,特异性为100％,准确性为78.1％。CT提示肺癌16例中,^(99)Tc^m-HL91显像均阳性。随^(99)Tc^m-HL91显像时间延长,T/N比值增高,10 min为1.620±0.320,2 h为1.737±0.416,4 h为1.909±0.491。10 min与2 h差异无显著性(P>0.05),10 min与4 h差异有显著性(P<0.05)。肺腺癌组与肺鳞癌组各时相T/N比值差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 ^(99)Tc^m-HL91显像判断肺肿瘤良恶性有较好价值。

SPECT/CT同机融合显像鉴别诊断骨良恶性病灶的价值

目的评价单光子发射计算机断层成像(SPECT)/CT同机融合功能解剖显像在恶性肿瘤患者中鉴别诊断骨良恶性病灶的价值。方法对全身骨显像难于确诊的125例恶性肿瘤患者的141个病灶进行SPECT/CT同机融合显像,同时获得SPECT、CT及两者的融合图像。由2名经过放射学培训的核医学科医师盲法独立阅片。所有病灶均以病理、磁共振结果或6个月以上的随访为最终诊断结果。结果SPECT、SPECT+CT和SPECT/CT对125例患者的141个病灶诊断骨转移癌的敏感性分别为82.5%、93.7%和98.4%,特异性为66.7%、80.8%和93.6%,准确性为73.8%、86.5%和95.7%。与SPECT和SPECT+CT相比,SPECT/CT诊断骨转移癌的特异性和准确性显著提高(P<0.05)。结论SPECT/CT同机融合显像对鉴别诊断骨良恶性病灶具有良好的临床应用价值。

甲状腺^（99m）Tc－MIBI显像对甲状腺癌的诊断价值

对１６例甲状腺癌患者进行９９ｍＴｃ-甲氧基异了基异腈（ＭＩＢＩ）显像，以探讨其对甲状腺癌的诊断价值．方法：静脉注射９９ｍＴｃ-ＭＩＢＩ３７０ＭＢｑ后５～１５分钟和１～１．５小时分别采集早、晚期前位图像各１帧．计算早、晚期摄取比值（ＵＲ）和储留指数（ＲＩ）．结果：１６个甲状腺癌原发灶中１５个有放射性填充，而３１个甲状腺良性原发灶仅７个有放射性填充；７例有甲状腺癌淋巴结转移者显像均呈阳性．以晚期ＵＲ＞０．８０作为诊断甲状腺癌的下限值，诊断灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为８７．５％、９３．５％和９１．５％，而肉眼观察仅分别为７１．４％、７７．４％和７５．６％．结论：甲状腺９９ｍＴｃ-ＭＩＢＩＥ显像对诊断甲状腺癌有临床意义，晚期ＵＲ值有助于提高诊断的灵敏度．

SPECT/CT骨显像鉴别诊断脊柱良恶性病变的价值

目的 探讨99Tcm 亚甲基二膦酸盐 (MDP)SPECT CT骨显像在鉴别脊柱良恶性病变中的价值。方法 84例脊柱骨病患者 ,行99Tcm MDPSPECT CT骨显像 ,同时获得全身骨显像、局部断层骨显像、骨CT图像以及后两者的融合图像。由 2名核医学科医生和 1名放射科医生共同阅片。 4种图像的印象诊断与最后诊断符合者 ,判定为“符合” ;病变性质待定或印象诊断与最后诊断不一致 ,判定为“不符合”。结果 全身骨显像、局部断层骨显像、骨CT以及融合图像对 2 9例骨转移的诊断符合率分别为 5 1.7%、93.1%、89.7%和 10 0 % ,对 5 5例良性骨病的诊断符合率分别为 32 .7%、6 0 .0 %、92 7%和 94 .5 %。示SPECT CT骨显像解决了常规骨显像对阳性病灶精确解剖定位难的问题 ;明显改善了对骨良性病变的诊断能力 ,降低了骨显像诊断骨转移的假阳性率 ;对诊断骨转移的类型 ,如成骨型、溶骨型和混合型有一定的价值 ;当断层骨显像与骨CT结果不一致时 ,两者信息互补 ,有助于对骨病的正确诊断。结论 SPECT CT骨显像对鉴别脊柱良恶性病变有良好的应用价值。

核素骨显像中单个病灶临床分析

目的 对骨显像中单个病灶的诊断提出较为合理的分析程序。方法 采用常规99Tcm 亚甲基二膦酸盐 (MDP)骨显像 ,对获得最后诊断的 346例骨显像中单个病灶进行临床分析。 结果①单个病灶在 2 46 5例骨显像中的发生率为 15 3% (378/ 2 46 5例 )。②有肿瘤病史的 2 82例患者中 ,骨转移诊断率为 2 4 8% (70 / 2 82例 ) ;无肿瘤病史的 6 4例患者中 ,骨转移诊断率为 6 3% (4 / 6 4例 ) ,两者差异有显著性 ;总骨转移诊断率为 2 1 4% (74/ 346例 )。③在有肿瘤病史患者中 ,单个病灶的骨转移率分别为 :肺癌 36 1% (2 2 / 6 1例 ) ,乳腺癌 2 3 8% (2 0 / 84例 ) ,前列腺癌 17 2 % (5 / 2 9例 ) ,泌尿系统肿瘤 2 2 2 % (4 / 18例 ) ,消化系统肿瘤 16 9% (10 / 5 9例 ) ,其他肿瘤 2 9 0 % (9/ 31例 ) ,不同病种之间单个病灶的骨转移率差异无显著性。④无肿瘤病史患者中 ,93 7% (6 0 / 6 4例 )的单个病灶主要是良性病灶。⑤就解剖部位 :脊柱的骨转移率为 30 0 % ,骨盆为 34 2 % ,颅骨为 36 4% ,其他骨为 10 8% ,各组之间差异有显著性。结论 骨转移最好发部位为脊柱和骨盆 ;应注意“冷”区和条索状病灶 ,单个病灶的骨转移率分别为 70 6 %和 78 6 % ;得出了单个病灶临床分析程序。

超声与SPECT/CT显像联合诊断乳头状甲状腺癌颈部转移淋巴结

目的探讨乳头状甲状腺癌(PTC)颈部转移淋巴结的超声表现特征,并评价超声联合SPECT/CT检查对甲状腺癌颈部转移淋巴结的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析64例经病理证实的PTC颈部淋巴结转移的超声表现,与相应病理结果进行对比分析,其中18例先后接受超声和SPECT/CT检查。结果超声探及53例淋巴结,正确诊断46例(46/64,71.88%),主要表现为淋巴门消失,短径≥5 mm,血供丰富,点状强回声聚集,部分液化或融合。18例联合检查中,超声正确诊断14例(14/18,77.78%),SPECT/CT正确诊断12例(12/18,66.67%),超声和SPECT/CT对于转移淋巴结的检出率无差别。结论 PTC颈部淋巴结转移具有特征性超声表现,SPECT/CT可发现超声较难检出的颈中央区及早期淋巴结转移。