结合gazetteers和句法依存树的中文命名实体识别

中文命名实体识别在机器翻译、智能问答等下游任务中起着重要作用。提出一种新的基于gazetteers和句法依存树的中文命名实体识别方法,旨在解决由于字符向量缺少词信息和词之间的句法依赖结构信息而导致的错误传递问题。该方法将句子中的gazetteers信息和句法依存树信息形成图,再通过自适应门控图神经网络(adapted gated graph neural networks,AGGNN)将其融入到字符向量中,从而使得每个字向量很好地获取词汇间的语义关系,提升识别准确率。通过在Ecommerce、Resume、QI等数据集的验证,新的方法可以使得中文实体识别的准确率得到较大提升。

“地方志”不能译成Gazetteer吗?

目前各种汉英词典以及某些外语类期刊对"地方志"的英译五花八门,但往往没有包括其真正的英文对等词gazetteer。"中国翻译"杂志刊载的一篇文章更是断言"地方志"不能英译成gazetteer。根据gazetteer的含义以及它在汉学家著作中的广泛使用,可以得出一个结论:地方志在英语中的对应词即为Gazetteer。

Resolving place names in Amdo and Kham:A gazetteer for the Hengduan Mountains region of Southwest China

Perhaps no region on earth presents such a confusing array of place names as does the area made up of the former provinces of Kham and Amdo in historic Tibet (Xizang). Within these areas, cities, towns, villages, mountains, lakes and other geographic features have at least two names applied to them, one Tibetan, the other Chinese. Overlying this indigenous nomenclature are the names applied by outsiders, mostly Europeans, each of whom used their native language to transliterate the names they heard or read from Tibetan or Chinese script, and names in the languages of other ethnic minorities who live within the area. Adding to the confusion are the conflicting “standards” for transliterating Tibetan and Chinese names. To resolve the inconsistencies and uncertainties of place names in this region, a multilingual gazetteer and thesaurus was prepared. The gazetteer-thesaurus was compiled to be used as a tool for correlating the often radically different names assigned to a single place or feature and to provide the geographic coordinates for each. The impetus for this project was the need to assign geographic coordinates to plant specimens collected in the area since the latter part of the 19th century up until the advent and widespread use of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in the 1990s. Georeferencing specimens is necessary for plotting the historical distribution of species and for more completely understanding the information contained on specimen labels. Knowing the distribution of plants is important for answering phylogenetic questions, determining local and widespread biogeographical patterns, identifying areas of unusually high diversity or endemism, and determining areas in need of special protection. The value of such a gazetteer, however, extends well beyond the field of botany. It is intended to be of use to anyone with a desire to know the nomenclatural history of places in the area and for pinpointing with a fair degree of accuracy the location of each of those places.

Britons＇ Translation and Introduction of the Peking Gazette andthe Sino-British Relations （1800s- 1860）

Peking Gazette （京報）, the information of which was derived according to Di Bao （邸報）, or Di Chao （邸抄）, wasa sort of Chinese official papers and a main form to spread court information in Ming and Qing dynasty. Westernersrepresented by Britons who came to China had paid great attention to the Peking Gazette in the 19th Century. Andtheir interests in the Peking Gazette endued these traditional papers a new mission. British missionaries anddiplomats coming to China kept a tradition of translating and introducing the Peking Gazette in the 19th Century.Thomas Francis Wade is the key man in promoting the formation of the tradition. During the period of the SecondOpium War, Wade＇s interests in the Peking Gazette had promoted the role of the Peking Gazette to be transformedfrom the ＂information source＂ to the ＂negotiation method＂, and also greatly influenced the Sino-British powerrelationship in ＂Information Space＂ in the second part of the 19th Century.

The Bridge of Chinese and Western Information Exchange in the 19th Century—The Translation of Peking Gazette from North-China Herald Office

The publication of the translation of Peking Gazette by North-China Herald Office began in 1850 when “TheNorth-China Herald” was first published and finally ended at the end of the 19th century. Peking Gazette is alsoknown and used by more Western readers through the great influence of English newspapers under the jurisdictionof North-China Herald Office. These translations provided western readers with rich knowledge about China in thelate Qing Dynasty, enhanced their understanding and understanding of the events from the court to the socialcustoms in the late Qing Dynasty, and on this basis, exerted an important influence on the historical process ofSino-Western relations in the middle and late 19th century.

Wahi, a discrete global grid gazetteer built using linked open data

Discrete global grid systems have become an important component of Digital Earth systems.However,previously there has not existed an easy way to map between named places(toponyms)and the cells of a discrete global grid system.The lack of such a tool has limited the opportunities to synthesize social place-based data with the more standard Earth and environmental science data currently being analyzed in Digital Earth applications.This paper introduces Wāhi,the first gazetteer to map entities from the GeoNames database to multiple discrete global grid systems.A gazetteer service is presented that exposes the grid system and the associated gazetteer data as Linked Data.A set of use cases for the discrete global grid gazetteer is discussed.

Two Halls of Hangzhou： Local Gazetteers and the Grading of Geography for a Song Dynasty City

This article examines the shifting geo-political significance of Hangzhou as presented in two local gazetteers dating from the Southern Song dynasty （1127-1276）. Focusing on literary works quoted in both of these gazetteers that describe two of Hangzhou＇s famous halls on West Lake, I argue that geographic discourses on these halls manifest a tension between two conflicting presentations of Hangzhou＇s geo-political significance as understood by literati elite of the Southern Song. In writings concerning the Hall of Possessing Beauty （Youmei tang 有美堂）, Hangzhou was viewed as a city of rising economic and cultural importance during the Northern Song. Writings on the Hall of Centrality and Harmony （Zhonghe tang 中和堂）, in contrast, depict Hangzhou as an imperial refuge for a court in flight and associate it with the motif of territorial loss during the Southern Song when the city became the dynastic capital. By examining how these two views of Hangzhou are contrasted, this essay concludes that gazetteers functioned to grade and rank different kinds of landscapes in order to make geo-political arguments about the proper reconstitution of the empire during the Southern Song.

Integrating NLP and Ontology Matching into a Unified System for Automated Information Extraction from Geological Hazard Reports

Many detailed data on past geological hazard events are buried in geological hazard reports and have not been fully utilized. The growing developments in geographic information retrieval and temporal information retrieval offer opportunities to analyse this wealth of data to mine the spatiotemporal evolution of geological disaster occurrence and enhance risk decision making. This study presents a combined NLP and ontology matching information extraction framework for automatically recognizing semantic and spatiotemporal information from geological hazard reports. This framework mainly extracts unstructured information from geological disaster reports through named entity recognition, ontology matching and gazetteer matching to identify and annotate elements, thus enabling users to quickly obtain key information and understand the general content of disaster reports. In addition, we present the final results obtained from the experiments through a reasonable visualization and analyse the visual results. The extraction and retrieval of semantic information related to the dynamics of geohazard events are performed from both natural and human perspectives to provide information on the progress of events.

Interoperability for Global Observation Data by Ontological Information

The Ontology registry system is developed to collect, manage, and compare ontological information for integrating global observation data. Data sharing and data service such as support of metadata deign, structuring of data contents, support of text mining are applied for better use of data as data interoperability. Semantic network dictionary and gazetteers are constructed as a trans-disciplinary dictionary. Ontological information is added to the system by digitalizing text based dictionaries, developing 'knowledge writing tool' for experts, and extracting semantic relations from authoritative documents with natural language processing technique. The system is developed to collect lexicographic ontology and geographic ontology.

外亦是内:护国战争前后梁启超与英文《京报》的合离

民国初年梁启超曾与英文《京报》(Peking Gazette)密切合作,其名文《异哉所谓国体问题者》便最早刊登于此。《京报》因此在"二十一条"交涉期间及大约同时的反帝制运动中发挥了重要的舆论作用,成为一份颇具影响力的外文报纸。护国战争结束后,《京报》一度被视为梁之机关报。然而,二者终因在黎段之争中立场不同,渐行殊途。梁启超与英文《京报》的这段合作经历向被忽视,却揭示出内政与外交不可复分的时代特征。勾勒双方的交往活动,有助于理解讨袁前后梁启超政治态度的变化,进一步认识民初在华外文报刊在政争中的特殊地位及护国战争前后中外因素的互动。