Optimum Weight Design of Functionally Graded Material Gears

Traditional gear weight optimization methods consider gear tooth number, module, face width or other dimension parameters of gear as design variables. However, due to the complicated form and geometric features peculiar to the gear, there will be large amounts of design parameters in gear design, and the influences of gear parameters changing on gear trains, transmission system and the whole equipment have to be taken into account, which increases the complexity of optimization problem. This paper puts forward to apply functionally graded materials（FGMs） to gears and then conduct the optimization. According to the force situation of gears, the material distribution form of FGM gears is determined. Then based on the performance parameters analysis of FGMs and the practical working demands for gears, a multi-objective optimization model is formed. Finally by using the goal driven optimization（GDO） method, the optimal material distribution is achieved, which makes gear weight and the maximum deformation be minimum and the maximum bending stress do not exceed the allowable stress. As an example, the applying of FGM to automotive transmission gear is conducted to illustrate the optimization design process and the result shows that under the condition of keeping the normal working performance of gear, the method achieves in greatly reducing the gear weight. This research proposes a FGM gears design method that is able to largely reduce the weight of gears by optimizing the microscopic material parameters instead of changing the macroscopic dimension parameters of gears, which reduces the complexity of gear weight optimization problem.

Design and Experimental Research on Seedling Pick-Up Mechanism of Planetary Gear Train with Combined Non-circular Gear Transmission

Currently, transplanting mechanisms for dryland plug seedlings in China are mainly semiautomatic and have low efficiency. The rotary seedling pick-up mechanism with a planetary gear train for non-uniform intermittent transmission, and a concave and convex locking arc device, has a large rigid impact. To solve these problems, according to the design requirements for a dryland plug seedling transplanting mechanism, a rotary seedling pick-up mechanism of a planetary gear train with combined non-circular gear transmission of incomplete eccentric circular and noncircular gears was proposed. This has the characteristics of two-times greater fluctuation of the transmission ratio in a cycle, and can achieve a non-uniform continuous drive. Through analysis of the working principle of the seedling pick-up mechanism, its kinematics model was established. The human–computer interaction optimization method and self-developed computer-aided analysis and optimization software were used to obtain a set of parameters that satisfy the operation requirements of the seedling pick-up mechanism. According to the optimized parameters, the structure of the seedling pick-up mechanism was designed, a virtual prototype of the mechanism was created, and a physical prototype was manufactured. A virtual motion simulation of the mechanism was performed, high-speed photographic kinematics tests were conducted, and the kinematic properties of the physical prototype were investigated, whereby the correctness of the theoretical model and the optimized design of the mechanism were verified. Further, laboratory seedling pick-up tests were conducted. The success ratio of seedling pick-up was 93.8% when the seedling pick-up efficiency of the mechanism was 60 plants per minute per row, indicating that the mechanism has a high efficiency and success ratio for seedling pick-up and can be applied to a dryland plug seedling transplanter.

NEW DESIGN METHOD FOR HYPOID GEARS

A digital model is presented for the purpose of design, manufacture and measurement of hypoid gear, based on the non-uniform rational B-spline surface （NURBS） method. The digital model and the function-oriented active design technique are combined to form a new design method for hypoid gears. The method is well adaptable to CNC bevel gear cutting machines and CNC-controlled gear inspection machines, and can be used to create the initial machine tool cutting location data or program measurement path. The presented example verifies the method is correct.

Tooth Surface Design for Variable Transmission Ratio Bevel Gearing

A novel CAD method for tooth profile based on the gearing feature has been proposed in this paper, and this method could be applied to the variable transmission ratio and three-dimension situation. The two pitch curves of the two gears can be generated due to the given transmission ratio. The tooth profile curves are formed in each coordinate system of its pitch curve by the gearing process. Finally, the tooth profile could be extracted and translated into a real dimension by CAD method. It is provided a simply thought for tooth profile design to avoid so much complicated mathematical reasoning.

Drive Characteristic Analysis and Design of an Elliptic Gear Mechanism

One notable transmission characteristic of an elliptic gear mechanism is that the driven gear will rotate at varying speed according to a given rule when the drive gear rotates at a uniform speed, which can just meet some special requirements that a common mechanism cannot meet. It is important for the design of special mechanisms. In this paper, the transmission characteristic of an elliptic gear mechanism was analyzed and the design method was researched. The application of the elliptic gear used in the grooved gearing mechanism was designed and the validity was proved.

Method for Selecting the Optimal Solution for the Design of the Gear Train

Some researchers in mechanical engineering have developed systems for the design of gear transmission boxes, but almost no calculation methods exist for widespread synthesis. In this article, we outline methods for automatic determination of toothed helical gear trains and the selection criteria for the optimal choice of gear trains. In this work two methods were applied. As first design to use an expert system for the design and then optimize the design that is why we used Kappa PC and Catia for CAD.

Optimal Design for an End Face Engagement Worm Gear with Multiple Worm-wheel Meshing

To solve the problem for lacking a special mechanical transmission that could provide multiple outputs with high transmission efficiency and good lubrication in the modem industrial, a novel worm gear, named end face engagement worm gear, with multiple worm-wheel meshing is proposed for the first time. The essential parameters for the worm gear are optimized to enhance lubrication and meshing properties. Moreover, analysis of variance（ANOVA） is applied to determine the optimum levels and to determine the influence of parameters. The ANOVA results show that the novel end face engagement worm gear with multiple worm wheels provides high lubrication（the lubrication angle is more than 89~） and meshing performance（the induce normal curvature is less than 0.0002 mm ＇）. The interaction between center distance and roller slant distance most strongly influences the lubrication angle（contributed 51.6%）, followed by the parameters of center distance（contributed 25.0%）, roller slant distance（contributed 16.4%）, tooth angle of gear, gear ratio, and roller radius. In addition, roller radius most strongly influences the induced normal curvature（contributed 39.4%）, followed by roller slant distance（contributed 15.2%）, tooth angle of the gear（contributed 9.0%）, center distance, and gear ratio. The proposed worm gear helps to enrich the no-backlash high precision worm drive and the optimal design method can provide a useful reference on performance improvement of other worm gear.

Reliability Design for the Landing Gear of Chang'E-3 Probe

Landing gear is one of the important components of Chang'E-3 Probe.The device was used to absorb the impact energy of Chang'E-3 Probe during the landing process.After landing on the moon,it can support the lander steadily for a long time.In order to assure the reliability of the landing gear and deal with the extremely severe landing conditions,many reliability measures were adopted in the design procedure,such as selection of cushion materials,optimization of mechanism configuration,design of deployment mode,allocation of buffer force and control of its variation.The successful landing on the moon of Chang'E-3 Probe has completely verified the high reliability of the landing gear.

OPTIMUM DESIGN OF HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY LOCOMOTIVE TRACTION GEAR

On the basis of deep investigation of locomotive traction gears manufactured at home and abroad , a variety of measures are putted forward to improve the driving load-bearing capacity and working life of our country's high-speed locomotive traction gears. The measures include the fol- lowing five aspects : optimally selecting the material and heat treatment process , optimally designing the tooth profile . reasonably choosing the manufacture accuracy and technique , optimally choosing the lubricant and the way of lubrication and seal , improving the dynamic feature of the gearing. In the respect of the tooth profile , a hob with optimal cutter angles is designed to make root thickness on the dangerous section as large as possible and the stress concentration as small as possible. Ad- dendum modification coefficient is optimized to minimize the maximum flash temperature in the course of meshing. Finally . finite element analysis method is used to calculate the deformation and the stress of teeth accurately. And on this basis , optimal profile correction and axial modification have been designed with regard to the start , continuious running and high speed travel of the loco- motive .

Precise Design and Stress Analysis of Straight Conical Gear

Variable section sweeping with sphere involutes is used to generate the precise model of tooth profile. The contact and bending stress of a straight conical gear set with static bearing contact during a meshing cycle is studied using finite element method. Numerical results and comments are presented, revealing that the edge contact causes stress concentration and the gear tooth profile needs further modification.

Investigation of the optimum differential gear ratio for real driving cycles by experiment design and genetic algorithm

Experiment statistical method and genetic algorithms based optimization method are used to obtain the optimum differential gear ratio for heavy truck that provides best fuel consumption when changing the working condition that affects its torque and speed range. The aim of the study is to obtain the optimum differential gear ratio with fast and accurate optimization calculation without affecting drivability characteristics of the vehicle according to certain driving cycles that represent the new working conditions of the truck. The study is carried on a mining dump truck YT3621 with 9 for- ward shift manual transmission. Two loading conditions, no load and 40 t, and four on road real driving cycles have been discussed. The truck powertrain is modeled using GT-drive, and DOE -post processing tool of the GT-suite is used for DOE analysis and genetic algorithm optimization.

GEAR BOX CONCEPT DESIGN EXPERT SYSTEM OF NC MILLER BASED ON OBJECT─ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY

The method and basic structure of object─oriented knowledge representation are presented in detail and the hierarchical structurc of object description is explained Based on object─oriented technology.the gear box concept design expert cistem of NC miller (GBCDLS) has been developed and applied to practical use.Moreover. the design principlc and techniques of GBCDES are discussed and analyzed. and the main functions of GBCDES are described. From the results of applications.it can be seen that GBCDES is effective and successful.

面向螺旋锥齿轮的主动设计与加工方法研究

针对面铣螺旋锥齿轮的设计和制造,建立了基于自由曲面机床的加工方法的数学模型,在自由曲面机床上采用工件轴固定的方法完成螺旋锥齿轮铣削的主动设计和制造。以啮合性能参数为输入变量,建立了齿轮啮合的数学模型,并根据设计的接触属性对齿轮齿面进行了主动设计。除了传统方法控制的每个小齿轮侧面平均接触点的一阶和二阶参数外,该方法还可以同时保证小齿轮常用驱动侧面上的每个接触路径点,避免了工件轴运动精度差造成的误差和制造难度。最后,通过齿面接触分析(TCA)和滚动试验对该方法进行了有效验证。

DIRECT DIGITAL DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MESHING IN WORM-GEAR DRIVE

A direct digital design method （DDDM） of worm-gear drive is proposed. It is directly based on the simulation of manufacturing process and completely different from the conventional modeling method. The loaded tooth contact analysis （LTCA） method is analyzed, in which the advanced surface to surface searching technique is included. The influence of misalignment errors and contact deformations on contact zone and transmission error （TE） is discussed. Combined modification approach on worm tooth surface is presented. By means of DDDM and LTCA, it is very conven- ient to verify the effect of worm-gear drive＇s modification approach. The analysis results show that, the modification in profile direction reduces the sensitivity of worm-gear drive to misalignment errors and the modification in longitudinal direction decreases the TE. Thus the optimization design of worm-gear drive can be achieved prior to the actual manufacturing process.

基于差分进化算法的减速器齿轮参数优化设计

根据上海道路循环工况,利用载荷的随机连续性和20CrMnMo材料的低载强化特性进行减速器齿轮有限寿命的轻量化设计。基于线性损伤理论,分别计算编制载荷谱和连续载荷谱在低载强化效应下的疲劳损伤,将疲劳损伤约束在一定范围内为选取条件,以齿轮体积最小为优化目标,建立了齿轮有限寿命的轻量化优化模型,通过差分进化算法求解得到优化后的齿轮参数。实验结果表明,设计的模型可快速准确优化齿轮参数,在采用连续载荷谱和考虑低载强化效应时,优化的齿轮参数最小。优化的模型可移植性好,可直接迁移到其他变速系统零件的轻量化设计。

弧齿锥齿轮齿面建模和参数化设计系统软件开发

基于弧齿锥齿轮的复杂齿面设计和实际啮合情况,提出一种利用齿廓成型刀具的齿廓建模方法,能有效实现弧齿锥齿轮齿廓的精确建模.以弧齿锥齿轮为主要建模对象,提出自动化建模及装配方法,开发一种参数化设计系统软件.该软件能够实现弧齿锥齿轮的自动化快速建模和装配,缩短建模时间,提高设计质量与效率,有助于推动产业数字化转型,发展高端装备制造业.

高接低栽式差速变姿态行星轮系栽植机构设计与试验

针对目前旱地蔬菜钵苗移栽机大多适用于大株距(大于260 mm)移栽且投接苗与栽植位置作业高度差大、移栽性能不佳等问题,本文提出一种高接低栽式差速变姿态行星轮系栽植机构。根据中小株距蔬菜钵苗移栽农艺指导与机构设计要求,解析双行星架差速行星轮系栽植机构工作原理并建立其运动学理论模型;结合所提出优化目标构建目标函数,开发了基于Matlab GUI的栽植机构计算机辅助分析优化设计软件,通过人机交互方式获得1组较优的机构设计参数组合。通过三维建模与装配以及ADAMS软件虚拟仿真,初步验证了机构正确性与合理性。开展栽植机构物理样机试制与试验台架系统开发研究,通过空转试验测试,验证了栽植机构实际作业轨迹、姿态与虚拟仿真及理论设计的一致性;开展栽植机构接苗与栽植性能试验,试验结果表明,栽植机构在接苗与栽植各项试验指标均较为优秀,能够满足栽植机构预期设计要求与旱地移栽机械标准,验证了该机构的可行性与实用性。

基于运动法的航空发动机高速燃油齿轮泵卸荷槽设计与验证

高压、高速、高温化使得齿轮泵固有困油问题愈发严重,传统卸荷槽结构已难以满足高性能燃油泵设计要求。为此本文提出一种基于运动法的新型卸荷槽结构设计方法,通过构建困油模型并从整泵全局角度分析齿轮参数对困油各项性能的影响规律,以确定齿轮参数并为卸荷槽设计提供约束条件;其次基于齿轮运动规律和卸荷槽设计原则进行了某型燃油齿轮泵卸荷槽的设计,并进行了多个工况下新型卸荷槽和传统卸荷槽困油特性仿真对比;最后试制了样机并通过试验验证了卸荷槽设计的有效性。研究结果表明:所设计的卸荷槽与传统矩形卸荷槽相比,同工况下最大困油压力降低63.4 MPa,流量脉动率减小33.5%,空化区域更小,工作性能更优,能够显著缓解困油带来的不利影响。采用该结构卸荷槽的齿轮泵具有高的容积效率和长时抗汽蚀能力。

纯滚动单圆弧齿轮多目标模糊优化设计

文章综合利用模糊评判方法和多目标优化设计方法,以相对主曲率半径最大、重合度最大和齿轮传动总体积最小为优化目标,建立了纯滚动单圆弧齿轮传动机构的多目标模糊优化模型,并对其进行单目标分析和多目标优化设计。设计分析得出:法向模数对纯滚动单圆弧齿轮的相对主曲率半径影响权重最大,其次是齿数、齿廓系数、螺旋角、齿宽系数。其中齿数、齿宽系数、螺旋角对纵向重合度影响大,并且随之增加而减小;法向模数、齿数、齿宽系数则对齿轮体积和影响大,并且随之增加而增加。影响程度从高到低的排序为:法向模数、齿数、齿宽系数、螺旋角、齿廓系数。所得结论为纯滚动单圆弧齿轮的受力改善和轻量化设计提供了理论参考和依据。

大型绿色智能型纯电动地坪磨抛车传动系统设计与分析

基于地坪工程装备正向纯电动、绿色化产业升级的时代背景,设计了一种基于面齿轮传动的高效、磨抛面广的新型纯电动地坪磨抛车传动系统。解决传统地坪磨抛机磨抛面积小、工作效率低、能耗高的问题。通过有限元软件仿真模拟验证传动系统设计的可靠性,为后续开展地坪磨抛车电控系统、循环除尘系统及样机制作提供了理论依据。