Measurement and Compensation of Deviations of Real Tooth Surface of Spiral Bevel Gear

This paper presents a method for measurement of deviation of the real gear tooth surface from the theoretical one with a coordinate measurement machine and compensation of repeatable parts. By investigation of characteristics of distortion of the gear tooth surface along the circle direction, the deviation is derived from distortion, and the definition of deviation with the geometrical invariability is proposed. Then the approach for determination of the location and orientation of the gear with respect to the coordinate measurement machine and the measurement way are developed. The deviation is represented with a difference surface, and an algorithm for derivation of parameters of global form deviations from the discrete points has been provided. Finally, the compensation approach is discussed.

Study on Coaxiality Measurement System of Compound Gear Shaft Based on Non⁃contact Optic

Aiming at the shortcomings of traditional contact measurement methods such as low measurement efficiency,high cost and low accuracy,a non-contact optical measurement method based on the laser displacement sensor is proposed.According to the relevant regulations of the coaxiality error evaluation standard and the structural characteristics of the compound gear shaft,we have designed and built a set of supporting software system as well as a hardware test platform.In this paper,the distance difference threshold and scale threshold methods are used to eliminate outlier data.The least squares circle is selected to calculate the center of the circle and the minimum containment cylinder axis method is used as the reference axis of the composite gear shaft.Compensated by the standard step shaft calibration,the coaxiality error of the composite gear shaft can be measured to be within 0.01 mm in less than two minutes.The range value of the multi-section measurement test is 0.065 mm.The average coaxiality error is∅0.476 mm.

Study on the Intelligent System of Gear Pitch Deviation Measurement and Analysis

The intelligent controlling and data process of pitch error measurement is proposed.The whole system takes C++ as the development tool and takes advantages of object-oriented and visualization,having the advantages of easy operation and hu- manistic interface.In the meanwhile,the system can be complemented and improved according to the demand of user,having cer- tain independence.The research of the system provides an efficient and reliable way to measure and analyze the gear pitch,which can be referenced in the future research.

Research on global form deviations for spiral bevel gear based on latticed measurement

In order to improve the machining ac cu racy of spiral bevel gear,difference surface was adopted to characterize its gl obal form deviations quantifiably and correct its deviations.The theoretical to oth surface model of spiral bevel gear was built,and the actual tooth surface o f spiral bevel gear had been got by using latticed measurement.The equation of difference surface which can characterize the actual tooth surface deviation s was built by means of mathematical method in combination with measurement prin ciple.The quantitative mathematical relationship between the actual tooth surfa ce deviations of spiral bevel gear and the corrected values of the machine-sett ing parameters had been referred,and the theoretical correction formula of the global form deviations had been got by the least square method.Finally,the pinion of spiral bevel gear in the automobile rear axle has been set for an exam ple to account for the effectiveness of the deviation correction by use of the d ifference surface method.

Application and dynamical performance simulation of tooth surface measured data of hypoid gear

The tooth surface shape of hypoid gear is very complicated, and tooth surface accuracy of hypoid gear can be measured by using the latticed measurement and scanning measurement. Advantages and disadvantages of the two measurement patterns are compared and application of their measurement data on hypoid gear＇s quality management is analyzed. How to use these measurement data to simulate the dynamical performance of hypoid gear is researched, and the intelligent predicton of the dynamical performance indexes of contact spot, root stress, vibration exciting forces and load distribution and hertz contact stress on the tooth surface are carried out. This research work has an important guiding sense to design and ma- chine hypoid gear with low vibration and noise.

PENETRATION RATE MEASUREMENT AND ITS INSTRUMENT DESIGN

The practical method for precise penetration rate measurement in a short time and the instrument design have been specially discussed in this paper.Considering the defects of the penetration rate meters available,via the balanced design in consideration of service life,costs,accuracy and reliability,a kind of penetration rate meter has been put forward.The meter consists of a magnetic clutch,a gear box and a raster disk system to pick up the signal.The meter has the following advantages-it might measure a low speed with higher accura-cy,it could disengage automatically without being divorced from the driving device during tripping rods at high speed,it has a circuit of rotary direction discrimination and of repeated counting prevention so as to eU-minate error caused by rod vibration.

Tooth surface error correction of hypoid gears machined by duplex helical method

In this work,synchronous cutting of concave and convex surfaces was achieved using the duplex helical method for the hypoid gear,and the problem of tooth surface error correction was studied.First,the mathematical model of the hypoid gears machined by the duplex helical method was established.Second,the coordinates of discrete points on the tooth surface were obtained by measurement center,and the normal errors of the discrete points were calculated.Third,a tooth surface error correction model is established,and the tooth surface error was corrected using the Levenberg-Marquard algorithm with trust region strategy and least square method.Finally,grinding experiments were carried out on the machining parameters obtained by Levenberg-Marquard algorithm with trust region strategy,which had a better effect on tooth surface error correction than the least square method.After the tooth surface error is corrected,the maximum absolute error is reduced from 30.9μm before correction to 6.8μm,the root mean square of the concave error is reduced from 15.1 to 2.1μm,the root mean square of the convex error is reduced from 10.8 to 1.8μm,and the sum of squared errors of the concave and convex surfaces was reduced from 15471 to 358μm^(2).It is verified that the Levenberg-Marquard algorithm with trust region strategy has a good accuracy for the tooth surface error correction of hypoid gear machined by duplex helical method.

A Method for Identification and Compensation of Machining Errors of Digital Gear Tooth Surfaces

In order to generate the digital gear tooth surfaces(DGTS)with high efficiency and high precision,a method for identification and compensation of machining errors is demonstrated in this paper.Machining errors are analyzed directly from the real tooth surfaces.The topography data of the part are off-line measured in the post-process.A comparison is made between two models:CAD model of DGTS and virtual model of the physical measured surface.And a matching rule is given to determine these two surfaces in an appropriate fashion.The developed error estimation model creates a point-to-point map of the real surface to the theoretical surface in the normal direction.A“pre-calibration error compensation”strategy is presented.Through processing the results of the first trail cutting,the total compensation error is predicted and an imaginary digital tooth surface is reconstructed. The machining errors in the final manufactured surfaces are minimized by generating this imaginary surface.An example of ma- chining 2-D DGTS verifies the developed method.The research is of important theoretical and practical value to manufacture the DGTS and other digital conjugate surfaces.

齿轮线激光三维测量仪的研制

快速获取齿轮全部齿面的三维误差信息,是表征复杂齿面质量的关键和前提。本文基于激光三角测量原理,建立了齿轮线激光三维测量模型,研制出齿轮线激光三维测量仪,可用于生产现场快速获取被测齿轮的三维齿面误差信息并进行质量评定。仪器采用立式结构,主要由基座、精密主轴、圆光栅传感器、控制系统、软件系统等部分组成。精密主轴采用密珠轴系实现高精度回转,保证了被测齿轮的高精度定位与回转。在精密主轴周向布置两个高精度线激光传感器,并根据被测齿轮参数调整其位姿状态;圆光栅实时获取精密主轴的回转角度,并触发采集器实时采集并记录被测齿轮左右齿面的几何信息。开发了齿轮线激光三维测量与评价软件,可实现齿轮齿廓偏差、齿距偏差、拓扑偏差等项目的测量与评定,能够满足5级精度齿轮的检测要求。

论齿轮样板

齿轮样板是齿轮参数量值的标准实物载体,用于将齿轮国家测量标准所复现的量值传递到各级齿轮测量仪器上,从而实现齿轮测量的准确性和一致性,保证齿轮产品质量。全面概述了齿轮样板起源及其发展历程;详细论述了齿轮样板的种类、结构及特点、齿轮样板的测量技术及装置、齿轮样板的国际比对、未来的发展与展望。齿轮样板迄今已历经九十多年发展,其种类在不断丰富、尺度不断延伸、复杂度不断简化,作为一种“有形”的实物量具,目前仍不可替代。未来随着“无形”的虚拟仿真测量技术发展,对“有形”实物样板的依赖将可以减弱,“无形”的技术将可能成为量值传递的新模式。

喷油润滑内齿圈外圆面红外测温及误差分析

高速重载人字齿轮箱的摩擦功率损失会转换成为温升,齿面温度测量是评价齿轮箱润滑和冷却设计的重要手段。针对某人字齿轮箱中内齿圈外圆面温度的在线实时准确测量需求,提出了一种基于红外测温仪的旋转齿轮表面温度测量方法,并分别设计搭建了相关测试试验装置。首先,分析了基于红外测温仪的旋转齿轮表面温度测量误差的影响因素;其次,通过试验对待测齿面的发射率进行标定;最后,开展了不同转速工况下的喷油润滑齿轮表面温度测量试验,并分析了吹气压力和吹气温度对红外测温误差的影响。研究结果表明:待测齿面喷涂黑色哑光漆后的标定发射率为0.96,而红外测温光路上的光学镜片会使红外测温值低2℃左右;带有空气吹扫管的红外测温仪可以在线实时测量旋转内齿圈外圆面的温度,且红外与热电偶测温值的最大相对误差不超过7%;选择合适的空气吹扫压力和吹扫温度,可以进一步减小红外测温误差。

弱刚性齿轮传动测试台的研制与试验

为了对齿轮传动系统进行更加深入、细致的研究,根据弱刚性齿轮传动轴的振动特点,提出将高精度激光位移传感器用于传动轴的振动测量,研制了一台用于测试弱刚性齿轮传动系统的齿轮测试台,针对弱刚性齿轮传动开展了不同工况条件下振动测试研究。根据弱刚性齿轮传动临界转速较低的特性,对由齿轮和轴组成的转子进行模态分析,得到转子的固有频率,计算了可能引发转子共振的电动机转速;并通过恒载变速试验与恒速变载试验进行了验证。结果表明,该系统在电动机转速为219.69 r/min左右时会到达转子的共振频率;分析数据发现,轴的振动幅值在一定范围内对载荷的响应成线性关系而受转速的影响并不显著。最后,对测试台进行重复性试验,验证了该设备的可靠性与稳定性。

面齿轮在机测量综合预行程误差补偿及齿面匹配方法

在机测量可在加工过程中实时测量,有效提高面齿轮的加工质量及测量效率。考虑面齿轮在机测量预行程误差对齿面精度的影响和齿面匹配精度低的问题,制定了基于蜗杆砂轮磨齿机的在机测量策略,将多种误差影响因素作为输入,测头综合预行程误差作为输出,构建基于PSO-CNN神经网络的综合预行程误差预测模型完成误差补偿。提出齿面精匹配方法,构建六参数优化模型使测量齿面与理论齿面进行匹配得到齿面误差。最后,测量实验结果显示,左齿面精度提高61.33%,右齿面精度提高71.15%,在机测量与克林贝格测量仪测量结果基本一致,满足面齿轮在机测量精度要求。

齿轮加工机床几何误差补偿研究综述

齿轮的加工精度是制约高端装备发展的关键瓶颈,高性能齿轮加工机床是实现齿轮高精度加工的选择。齿轮加工机床结构和运动的复杂性增加了其几何误差补偿的难度。通过分析近年来国内外多轴通用机床的几何误差补偿技术并结合齿轮加工机床几何误差补偿发展现状,对齿轮加工机床几何误差补偿技术展开综述,总结几何误差的来源,介绍多体系统理论、旋量理论、微分运动矩阵及变流理论4种可应用于几何误差建模的理论,分析采用激光干涉仪和球杆仪对直线轴及旋转轴进行几何误差测量与辨识的方法,概述通过NC数据修改对几何误差进行补偿的方法,为齿轮加工机床几何误差补偿设计提供参考。

数控机床传动齿轮失效分析

针对数控机床长时间工作易出现传动齿轮失效的问题,通过传动齿轮表现出的失效形式分析其失效原因,并制定相应的改进措施对数控机床传动齿轮进行优化,提高了数控机床传动齿轮的使用稳定性和寿命。

ZC1蜗杆齿廓测量测头对准误差修正

测头对准误差对齿轮测量中心ZC蜗杆齿廓偏差测量结果的影响较大,需要建立测头对准误差修正方法。基于ZC1蜗杆齿面方程,建立了蜗杆轴向齿廓测量误差模型,修正得到轴截面上齿廓测量点的轴向坐标,再依据精度标准评定得到蜗杆齿廓偏差,并分析了蜗杆的不同头数、模数和分度圆直径对蜗杆轴向齿廓测量误差的影响规律。在齿轮测量中心上开展了蜗杆轴截面齿廓测量实验,测头对准误差对齿廓形状偏差的影响较小;测头对准误差修正前后齿廓测量总偏差的最大差异由1.2μm降为0.2μm;齿廓形状测量偏差的最大差异由0.5μm降为0.3μm;齿廓倾斜测量偏差的最大差异由2.5μm降为0.4μm。该方法可有效减小齿轮测量中心测头对准误差对蜗杆轴截面齿廓偏差测量的影响。

小模数直齿轮免参数并行快速测量

小模数齿轮在实际制造中,单条产线多台设备通常同时生产多种不同参数的齿轮,迄今无法用单台齿轮测量仪器在生产线上同时实时全检这些不同参数的齿轮。开发了基于Facet的齿轮亚像素边缘定位算法、基于迭代重加权最小二乘的齿轮中心定位法、圆与齿廓交点快速定位法、正弦函数拟合齿数法和齿廓近似测压力角法等;若结合适当的送料与定位机构,本文方法能够在未知参数时,实现多种不同型号齿轮的混合测量,无需装夹,测量效率高。可以实现齿数、模数、压力角、齿顶圆直径、齿根圆直径、全齿高、齿宽、公法线变动量、变位系数、齿廓偏差和形位误差的测量。实验结果表明:该方法测量0.5~1.0 mm模数的直齿轮的重复性精度为4μm。该方法在小模数齿轮柔性化生产线具有重要应用前景。

20CrMnTi薄壁齿轮渗碳淬火过程有限元模拟与调控

对实际工况下20CrMnTi薄壁齿轮渗碳淬火过程利用有限元分析软件Deform进行模拟。结果表明,薄壁齿轮渗碳淬火后,渗碳层厚度为1.2 mm,淬火组织主要由马氏体和残余奥氏体组成,表面的残余奥氏体较心部的多4.2%,由于温度场的不均以及组织应力导致其径向产生9%的变形。齿轮表面和心部的残余应力分别为-256.5MPa和141 MPa。实际测得显示薄壁齿轮渗碳层厚度为1.15 mm,淬火后齿轮表面组织由针状马氏体+7%残余奥氏体+颗粒状碳化物组成,心部组织由低碳马氏体+1%残余奥氏体组成,齿轮表面残余应力为(-1078±168.2)MPa,径向最大变形量约7%,与模拟结果对应较好。为此针对薄壁齿轮热处理过程中因热应力与组织应力综合作用下内应力过大造成的变形,使其在不同部位同时冷却或采取径向约束的措施。

基于NURBS曲线拟合的渐开线圆柱齿轮齿形偏差计算

为了提高现有齿轮齿廓曲线的拟合精度,针对现有的齿形偏差计算方法,提出了一种基于非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)曲线拟合的渐开线圆柱齿轮齿形偏差计算方法。首先,建立渐开线圆柱齿轮齿形误差的理论数学模型,然后根据NURBS曲线拟合原理和三坐标测量机测量的齿廓坐标点,用Matlab编程实现了NURBS曲线对实际齿廓曲线的拟合,结合渐开线等效拟合法,计算出了齿轮的齿形偏差。拟合结果表明,与最小二乘法(LS)的拟合结果对比,NURBS曲线拟合齿廓曲线精度更高,误差小,具有良好的拟合效果。齿形偏差计算结果表明,采用的基于NURBS曲线拟合的齿形偏差与实测值一致,表明该方法准确、有效。

精密减速器摆线轮制造误差的数字化测量

摆线轮的制造误差是影响精密减速器传动精度的重要因素。基于使用一维测头的齿轮测量中心提出了一种精密减速器摆线轮制造误差的数字化测量方法,该方法能够快速而精确的实现摆线轮制造误差的测量。通过建立摆线轮的理论齿廓模型和误差测量模型,计算得到了测头的理论运动轨迹。根据精密测量原理,通过采取实际齿廓的NURBS拟合以及实际齿廓与理论齿廓的最佳匹配处理,构建了摆线轮制造误差精确计算过程及制造误差处理的数学模型,通过采用优化迭代算法求解得到了摆线轮的实际制造误差。在国产JB45型齿轮测量中心上对摆线轮的实际齿廓进行了实际检测,验证了该方法的准确性和有效性。