Under strong seismic excitation, a rigid block will uplift from its support and undergo rocking oscillations which may lead to （complete） overturning. Numerical and analytical solutions to this highly nonlinear vibr...Under strong seismic excitation, a rigid block will uplift from its support and undergo rocking oscillations which may lead to （complete） overturning. Numerical and analytical solutions to this highly nonlinear vibration problem are first highlighted in the paper and then utilized to demonstrate how sensitive the overturning behavior is not only to the intensity and frequency content of the base motion, but also to thc presence of strong pulses, to their detailed sequence, and even to their asymnletry. Five idealised pulses capable of representing ＂rupture-directivity＂ and ＂fling＂ affected ground motions near the fault, are utilized to this end ： the one-cycle sinus, the one-cycle cosinus, the Ricker wavelet, the truncated （T）-Ricker wavelet, and the rectangular pulse ＂Overturning-Acceleration Amplification＂ and ＂Rotation＂ spectra are introduced and presented. Artificial neural network modeling is then developed as an alternative numerical solution. The neural network analysis leads to closed-form expressions for predicting the overturning failure or survival of a rigid block, as a function of its geometric properties and the characteristics of the excitation time history. The capability of the developed neural network modeling is validated through comparisons with the numerical solution. The derived analytical expressions could also serve as a tool for assessing the destructiveness of near-fault ground motions, for structures sensitive to rocking with foundation uplift.展开更多
The present study of Anisian(Middle Triassic)conodonts from the Kocaeli Peninsula(western Turkey)encompasses over 10 species of the families Gondolellidae and Gladigondolellidae,providing Early and Middle Triassic tim...The present study of Anisian(Middle Triassic)conodonts from the Kocaeli Peninsula(western Turkey)encompasses over 10 species of the families Gondolellidae and Gladigondolellidae,providing Early and Middle Triassic time constraints,Chiosella timorensis(Nogami,1968);Cornudina oezdemirae Gedik,1975;Gladigondolella tethydis(Huckriede,1958);Neostrachanognathus tahoensis Koike,1998;Paragondolella aegaea(Bender,1970);Paragondolella bulgarica Budurov and Stefanov,1975;Nicoraella kockeli(Tatge,1956);P.hanbulogi(Sudar and Budurov,1979),and Gladigondolella sp.A.Newly established are Paragondolella hirschii n.sp.Kilic and Budurov;P.praecornuta n.sp.Kilic ,Budurov,Petrunova and Mirauta;and P.ebruae n.sp.K?l??.The Kocaeli Anisian conodonts show a faunal affinity with Bulgaria.The present Anisian fauna is characteristic of the Tethys.The strong homeomorphy that characterizes the Anisian in western North America is discussed.展开更多
文摘Under strong seismic excitation, a rigid block will uplift from its support and undergo rocking oscillations which may lead to （complete） overturning. Numerical and analytical solutions to this highly nonlinear vibration problem are first highlighted in the paper and then utilized to demonstrate how sensitive the overturning behavior is not only to the intensity and frequency content of the base motion, but also to thc presence of strong pulses, to their detailed sequence, and even to their asymnletry. Five idealised pulses capable of representing ＂rupture-directivity＂ and ＂fling＂ affected ground motions near the fault, are utilized to this end ： the one-cycle sinus, the one-cycle cosinus, the Ricker wavelet, the truncated （T）-Ricker wavelet, and the rectangular pulse ＂Overturning-Acceleration Amplification＂ and ＂Rotation＂ spectra are introduced and presented. Artificial neural network modeling is then developed as an alternative numerical solution. The neural network analysis leads to closed-form expressions for predicting the overturning failure or survival of a rigid block, as a function of its geometric properties and the characteristics of the excitation time history. The capability of the developed neural network modeling is validated through comparisons with the numerical solution. The derived analytical expressions could also serve as a tool for assessing the destructiveness of near-fault ground motions, for structures sensitive to rocking with foundation uplift.
文摘The present study of Anisian(Middle Triassic)conodonts from the Kocaeli Peninsula(western Turkey)encompasses over 10 species of the families Gondolellidae and Gladigondolellidae,providing Early and Middle Triassic time constraints,Chiosella timorensis(Nogami,1968);Cornudina oezdemirae Gedik,1975;Gladigondolella tethydis(Huckriede,1958);Neostrachanognathus tahoensis Koike,1998;Paragondolella aegaea(Bender,1970);Paragondolella bulgarica Budurov and Stefanov,1975;Nicoraella kockeli(Tatge,1956);P.hanbulogi(Sudar and Budurov,1979),and Gladigondolella sp.A.Newly established are Paragondolella hirschii n.sp.Kilic and Budurov;P.praecornuta n.sp.Kilic ,Budurov,Petrunova and Mirauta;and P.ebruae n.sp.K?l??.The Kocaeli Anisian conodonts show a faunal affinity with Bulgaria.The present Anisian fauna is characteristic of the Tethys.The strong homeomorphy that characterizes the Anisian in western North America is discussed.
