Synthesis and Surface Activity of Novel Triazole-based Cationic Gemini Surfactants

The synthesis and surfactant activities of two new cationic gemini surfactants containing triazole compound as spacer were described. Their critical micelle concentrations (CMC), which are 1.8×10-4 mol/L and 3.9×10-4 mol/L respectively, are much lower than that of conventional surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC). In addition, compared with some gemini surfactants containing phenylene, xylylene and stilbenyl as spacer, this new kind of surfactants has good solubility in water at room temperature because of containing more hydrophilic groups or atoms in molecules.

Synthesis and Surface Activity of Biquaternary Ammonium Salt Gemini Surfactants with Ester Bond

The synthesis and surface activity of gemini surfactants with ester bond as spacer are described. Their critical micelle concentrations （CMC） are much lower than that of conventional surfactants, i.e., 1.62×10^-5, 1.38×10^-5, 1.28×10^-5 mol·L^-1 for gemini Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ respectively. Surface tension at the CMC of gemini Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were 36.4, 38.5, 41.2 mN · m^-1. The physico-chemical properties such as Krafft points, foaming abilities and emulsifying power were also investigated. It is found that the title compounds have low Krafft points and show good solubility in water. The gemini surfactants synthesized also exhibit good foaming properties and excellent emulsifying power toward toluene. The foaming abilities and emulsifying power increase with the increase in carbon number of hydrophobic chain, and this might be caused by the sheer viscosity of different gemini surfactant solution.

Progress in synthesis and application of zwitterionic Gemini surfactants

Zwitterionic Gemini surfactants have the Gemini molecular structure in which there are both multiple lipophilic groups and multiple hydrophilic groups.However,their hydrophilic groups have different charges.Due to the special molecular structure,this kind of surfactants possesses excellent properties,including high surface activities,isoelectric point(IP),low critical micelle concentration(CMC),less toxicity,low irritating,biodegradability,bioactive,interface modification,and so on.In this review,synthetic strategies of three kinds of zwitterionic Gemini surfactants,i.e.,an ioniccationic,cationic-nonionic and anionic-nonionic Gemini surfactants,are discussed,and their potential applications in life sciences,chemical industry and enhanced oil recovery(EOR)are illustrated.Their future development is also prospected.

Synthesis and properties of novel cationic gemini surfactants with adamantane spacer

Novel quaternary ammonium cationic gemini surfactants, with two hydrocarbon chains and an adamantane core, were designed and synthesized by three-step reactions from adamantane. The structure of obtained surfactants were confirmed by 1H NMR, FTIR and elements analysis and the surface properties of these surfactants were also studied by surface tension measurements. These target surfactants exhibit much lower critical micelle concentrations （CMC） and higher efficiency in lowering the surface tension of water than typical surfactants.

Synergistic anionic/zwitterionic mixed surfactant system with high emulsification efficiency for enhanced oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs

Emulsification is one of the important mechanisms of surfactant flooding. To improve oil recovery for low permeability reservoirs, a highly efficient emulsification oil flooding system consisting of anionic surfactant sodium alkyl glucosyl hydroxypropyl sulfonate(APGSHS) and zwitterionic surfactant octadecyl betaine(BS-18) is proposed. The performance of APGSHS/BS-18 mixed surfactant system was evaluated in terms of interfacial tension, emulsification capability, emulsion size and distribution, wettability alteration, temperature-resistance and salt-resistance. The emulsification speed was used to evaluate the emulsification ability of surfactant systems, and the results show that mixed surfactant systems can completely emulsify the crude oil into emulsions droplets even under low energy conditions. Meanwhile,the system exhibits good temperature and salt resistance. Finally, the best oil recovery of 25.45% is achieved for low permeability core by the mixed surfactant system with a total concentration of 0.3 wt%while the molar ratio of APGSHS:BS-18 is 4:6. The current study indicates that the anionic/zwitterionic mixed surfactant system can improve the oil flooding efficiency and is potential candidate for application in low permeability reservoirs.

Synthesis and Properties of Gemini Cationic Surfactants with Amide Spacers

Four gemini cationic surfactants {N,N′-di[2-(lauryldimethylamino)acetyl]polymethylenediamine dichloride, LAA-s-LAA, s=2,3,4,6} were synthesized by using four bis(α-chloroacetamide)s and N,N-dimethyllaurylamine, respectively. The molecular structures were characterized by means of IR, ~ 1H NMR, \{~ ~13 C NMR\} and MS, and the behavior of their aqueous solutions was studied. The critical micell concentrations(CMC) of LAA-s-LAA were one order of magnitude lower than that of dodecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride(DTAC). With the change of the length of spacer chain(s), their CMC values change, and CMC reaches the top value at s=4.

Synthesis and properties of novel gemini surfactant with short spacer

Cationic gemini surfactant dimethylene-1,2-bis(dodecyldiethylammonium bromide), referred to as C12C2C12(Et) was synthesized, and its surface property and aggregation behavior in aqueous solution were studied. The value of γ at the critical micelle concentration (γcmc) is much smaller than that of the surfactant homologues with longer spacer. Spherical and elongated micelles were formed in the aqueous solution of this gemini surfactant,and the spherical micelles were absolutely dominant compared to the elongated micelles at our studied concentration quantitatively.

Synergistic effect of salts on inducingobvious viscoelastic behavior of cationic trimeric surfactant solutions

A viscoelastic system formed by the solutions of di（2-hydroxyl-dimethylene ether）-α,ω, y-triple （ dimethyloctadecylammonium chlorine ） （ 18-4 （ OH ） -18-4 （ OH ） -18 ） is proposed to solve the problems of poor temperature and shear resistances of clean fracturing fluid. The apparent viscosity of 18-4（ OH）-18-4（ OH）-18 solution affected by inorganic salt, hydrotropic salt and their mixtures is investigated using steady state measurements. Meanwhile, the temperature and shear resistances of systems of 18-4（ OH）-18-4（ OH）-18 and several common single-chain surfactants are compared. The rheological experiments show that, the coexistence of NaSal and NaC1 makes it easier for the system to promote micellar growth yielding wormlike micelles than single NaSal or NaC1. The apparent vis- cosity of 18-4（OH） -18-4（OH） -18 solution maintains over 87. 5 mPa-s above 100 22. The results indi- cate that there exists a synergistic effect in solutions of 18-4 （ OH ） -18-4 （ OH ） -18 trimeric surfactant

Novel Piperazine-based Gemini and Bola Surfactants

A series of piperazine-based Gemini and Bola surfactants were synthesized. Gemini 1 and 5 have well surface activities. Their critical micelle concentrations （cmc） is 6.47×10^-4 mol/L and 1.17×10^-3mol/L, respectively. Bola surfactants 2 and compound 3, possessing better water solubility, have lower surface activities. Calculation, carried out by MM2 energy minimization, showed that compound with more hydrophobic chains in a spacer of limited length is difficult to be synthesized.

Innovative surfactant of Gemini-type for dissolution mitigation of steel in pickling HCl medium

A new surfactant of Gemini-type,N,N'-((phthylbis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(N,N-dimethyldodecan-1-aminium bromide)is prepped&confirmed.The dissolution suppression impact of the new compound on steel is performed in 1 mol·L^(-1)HCl environment by means of chemical and electrochemical methods.The prepared surfactant is an agreeable dissolution inhibitor for steel.The mitigation efficacy rises with the quantity of the compound.The surfactant belongs to inhibitors of mixed-type.The adsorption of the synthesized compound followed the Langmuir's model.The negative magnitudes of bothΔG_(ads)^(θ) andΔH^(adsθ)indicate that the adsorption process proceeds from its own accord and exothermic.The mechanism of adsorption is elucidated by scanning microscopy.It is established that the transfer resistance(R_(ct))value rose,where the value of the phase element(CPE)reduced with the amount of synthesized inhibitor.According to the experimental data arrived by surface tension measurements,the prepared compound is a powerful active agent at the air/water boundary.

氨基甘油Gemini表面活性剂的合成与性质研究

以脂肪胺、缩水甘油及1,3-二氯-2-丙醇为原料,合成了一系列甘油胺为头基、羟基丙烷为连接基的非离子型Gemini表面活性剂。通过核磁共振(1HNMR、13CNMR)、高分辨质谱(HRMS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)对产物的结构进行表征,并研究了它们的表面活性、润湿性、乳化性、起泡性和抑菌活性。结果表明,8-3(OH)-8在2.02 mmol/L时有较好的降低表面张力的效果,12-3(OH)-12具有最好的发泡性以及乳化性;8-3(OH)-8和12-3(OH)-12在水溶液中均呈稳定的纳米分散体系;8-3(OH)-8对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌都有最好的抑菌效果,在40μg/mL时抑菌率达90%以上。羟基丙烷为连接基的脂肪氨基甘油Gemini表面活性剂具有良好的应用前景。

Synergistic Effect of Cocamidopropyl Betaine and Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate

In this study,we investigated the synergistic effect of a zwitterionic surfactant(cocamidopropyl betaine)and amino acid surfactant(sodium lauroyl sarcosinate)by measurements of surface tension,rheological properties,dynamic light scattering(DLS),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The results confirm the formation of wormlike micelles in the mixed system,which leads to superior surface activity as compared to that of an individual surfactant.Stable and dynamic viscoelastic measurements were also performed to explore the characteristics of wormlike micelles at different mole fractions,p H values,and temperatures.The results indicate that the strongest wormlike structure formed under the conditions of X_(1)=0.5,pH=4.7,and C T=600 mmol/L.The size and morphology of the mixed micelles were obtained by DLS and TEM.The results of this work offer insight into the interaction between zwitterionic and amino acid surfactants,which will contribute to the design of complex surfactants.

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法 ,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳 ,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法 ,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。

含对苯氧基联接链的羧酸盐Gemini表面活性剂合成及胶团化特性

合成了含对苯氧基联接链的羧酸盐 Gemini表面活性剂 ,研究了其胶团化特性 .结果表明 ,该羧酸盐Gemini表面活性剂具有很低的 cmc值 ,给出了 cmc-T(温度 )以及 lncmc-( m+1 ) (烷烃链长 )的回归方程 .计算了胶团化的热力学函数变化 ,证实胶团化过程来自熵驱动 ,并表现出焓 /熵补偿现象 ,在所考察的系列中 ,以 ( m+1 ) =1 1的胶团最为稳定 .

磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂合成研究进展

磺酸盐型Gimini表面活性剂是一类新型的阴离子表面活性剂,它由联结基团通过化学键将2个或多个单体磺酸盐型表面活性剂连接在一起,由此产生高表界面活性,低临界胶束浓度值,增强了洗涤能力,与传统的阴离子表面活性剂有较好的复配性,奇异的流变特性和良好的抗盐性等一系列的性质,从而具有广泛的应用前景。本文以原料来源不同分类,综述了一系列磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的合成方法,展望了合成磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的研究方向。

含酯基季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂的合成及表面活性

以氯乙酰氯、乙二醇、长链叔胺为原料,合成了一系列含有酯基的季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂,用正交实验法对实验条件进行了优化,并用IR(红外光谱)1、H NMR(核磁共振氢谱)、MS(质谱)、元素分析等方法对产物结构进行了表征.该表面活性剂的性能测试结果显示,当疏水链R为C12H25,C14H29,C16H33时,其临界胶团浓度ccmc值分别为1.62×10-5,1.38×10-5,1.28×10-5mol/L,临界表面张力γcmc分别为36.4,38.5,41.2 mN.m-1.

系列反应型阳离子Gemini表面活性剂的合成及性能

通过三步反应,以甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(DM)、环氧氯丙烷(ECH)和3种长链烷基叔胺(十二烷基叔胺、十四烷基叔胺、十六烷基叔胺)为主要原料,合成了3种反应型阳离子Gemini表面活性剂,即C12-3(OH)-DM、C14-3(OH)-DM和C16-3(OH)-DM。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、核磁共振仪(1H NMR)和元素分析仪表征了目标产物结构,通过DCTA21表面界面张力仪测定其在水溶液中的表面张力、临界胶束浓度(cmc)以及其热力学常数,并测定了其水溶液的乳化性能和泡沫性能。结果表明:与传统单子季铵盐型表面活性剂相比,Gemini表面活性剂Cm-3(OH)-DM(m=12,14,16)具有更高的表面活性,其临界胶束浓度(cmc)分别为0.0265mmol/L、0.0169mmol/L、0.0083mmol/L,对应的表面张力γcmc分别为32.1m N/m、30.1m N/m、27.7m N/m。

含酰胺基Gemini阳离子表面活性剂的合成

Gemini型表面活性剂分子是由2条疏水链、2个亲水基和1个间隔基组成,间隔基在靠近极性基团的部位将2个疏水基连接起来[1].亲水基可以是阴离子型（如磺酸、羧酸基等）,也可以是阳离子型（如季铵盐等）.

生物质腰果酚基Gemini表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

采用生物质原料腰果酚与1,4-二溴丁烷和氯磺酸反应合成了一种新型绿色腰果酚磺酸盐Gemini表面活性剂。并通过单因素实验对双醚反应进行条件优化,得到较优的反应条件:n(腰果酚)∶n(1,4-二溴丁烷)=2.10∶1,反应温度为150℃,反应时间为8 h,收率为85.16%。采用红外光谱和元素分析对双醚中间体和目标产物进行了结构表征。对合成的腰果酚磺酸盐Gemini表面活性剂进行了性能测定,并与传统的单基表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠进行了对比,其γcmc为35.06 m N/m,低于十二烷基苯磺酸钠(39.2 m N/m),CMC为0.05 mmol/L,比十二烷基苯磺酸钠(1.6 mmol/L)低2个数量级。同时,具有比十二烷基苯磺酸钠更好的起泡性和乳化性能,表现出良好的表面活性。

Gemini表面活性剂的研究进展

Gemini型表面活性剂是一类双亲油基双亲水基的两亲物,因其特殊的二聚结构从而具有许多特殊的物化性质。综述了Gemini型表面活性剂的研究进展、合成方法、物化性质及其应用。