Ability to have access and use financial goods and services such as bank and mobile money accounts indicates the overall financial inclusion level of an economy and the higher the indices are in any economy,the better...Ability to have access and use financial goods and services such as bank and mobile money accounts indicates the overall financial inclusion level of an economy and the higher the indices are in any economy,the better that economy is.Financial inclusion is important to realize inclusive growth in any country.It has direct impacts on the level of growth and development experienced by any economy.It can however,be skewed along gender lines as noticed overtime in the Nigerian economy and other developing economies.This study examined financial inclusion in Nigeria:a gender gap approach.It also determined the factors responsible for the gender gaps.The Global Findex(2014)dataset of Nigeria from World Bank database was used to analyse the aims of the study.In the study,61% of the men were financially included,while only 43% of the female were financially included,with 18% gap.The gap in endowments accounted for the huge difference of the gap in outcomes as males seemed to be more naturally favoured by society than females.The level of education,wealth quintile,saved in past 12 months for farm/business purposes,sent domestic remittances in the past 12 months,paid utility bills in the past 12 months,and received wage payments in the past 12 months are the factors explaining the gender gaps in Nigeria.Thus the government and other relevant stakeholders should encourage females along these factors.展开更多
The research consistently highlights the gender disparity in cybersecurity leadership roles, necessitating targeted interventions. Biased recruitment practices, limited STEM education opportunities for girls, and work...The research consistently highlights the gender disparity in cybersecurity leadership roles, necessitating targeted interventions. Biased recruitment practices, limited STEM education opportunities for girls, and workplace culture contribute to this gap. Proposed solutions include addressing biased recruitment through gender-neutral language and blind processes, promoting STEM education for girls to increase qualified female candidates, and fostering inclusive workplace cultures with mentorship and sponsorship programs. Gender parity is crucial for the industry’s success, as embracing diversity enables the cybersecurity sector to leverage various perspectives, drive innovation, and effectively combat cyber threats. Achieving this balance is not just about fairness but also a strategic imperative. By embracing concerted efforts towards gender parity, we can create a more resilient and impactful cybersecurity landscape, benefiting industry and society.展开更多
Over the past decades,life expectancy in Hong Kong has been increasing steadily.However,the gender gap in life expectancy has experienced a comparatively high level of plateauing state.Based on data from the Human Mor...Over the past decades,life expectancy in Hong Kong has been increasing steadily.However,the gender gap in life expectancy has experienced a comparatively high level of plateauing state.Based on data from the Human Mortality Database and the official statistics,an age-and cause-decomposition method was used to analyze contributions of main age groups and major causes of death to the gender gap over the period 1986-2016.The results showed that a female-advantage in the mortality among those aged 25 years and above was mainly responsible for the male-female gap in life expectancy in Hong Kong.In consideration of major causes of death,lower female mortality from non-communicable diseases,particularly malignant neoplasms,and pneumonia at older age groups,was the major contributor to the female-favored life expectancy.Public efforts to reduce excess mortality rates from non-communicable diseases and pneumonia among older male population may help narrow the gender gap in life expectancy in Hong Kong.展开更多
This study investigates gender income disparity in Portuguese firms using separate Tobit models for men and women. While job segregation seems to be one of the major sources of gender disparity, women do not appear to...This study investigates gender income disparity in Portuguese firms using separate Tobit models for men and women. While job segregation seems to be one of the major sources of gender disparity, women do not appear to be systematically underpaid in predominantly female occupations, regardless of the industry. The authors found that gender pay gap is larger in domestic firms, and it increases with employees＇ accumulated tenure and decreases with advanced education for women and on labor market entry. Despite showing some encouraging cracks, the glass ceiling still continues to prevent women from reaching top management positions. Finally, despite it appears wage disparity does exist, and it will probably continue to exist, the results point towards a window of opportunity for women.展开更多
This paper explores the research behind the wage gap between men and women, the reasons for and extent of the gap, and strategies for dealing with gender pay discrepancies. Historically, gender discrimination was the ...This paper explores the research behind the wage gap between men and women, the reasons for and extent of the gap, and strategies for dealing with gender pay discrepancies. Historically, gender discrimination was the traditional and easy explanation for pay discrepancies, but more aggressive enforcement of equal pay legislations has virtually diminished the validity of rationalizing the existence of pay differences solely on gender. Statistical data surrounding the pay gap point to other factors as more causal instruments that sustain and perpetuate the gap in spite of more than forty years of enforcement of equal pay legislations. The choices we make seem to predict and explain current wage gaps better than blatant gender discrimination does, and policies directed at improving those choices appear to be better strategic tools in closing the wage gap.展开更多
The rapid ascent of digital platforms and the gig economy has prompted concerns about the gender pay gap.The results show that in the gig economy,gender continues to be a crucial determinant of workers'earnings,wi...The rapid ascent of digital platforms and the gig economy has prompted concerns about the gender pay gap.The results show that in the gig economy,gender continues to be a crucial determinant of workers'earnings,with women earning 85%of what men earn on a monthly basis.Nevertheless,in comparison to the traditional waged employment during the same period,the gender pay gap in the gig economy has narrowed.While some gig jobs(e.g.,ride-hailing services,delivery services,online education)exhibit certain occupational segregation,women in gig economy work are no longer concentrated in low-paying roles,thereby challenging the occupational crowding hypothesis prevalent in traditional employment.In the gig economy,the vast majority of the gender pay gaps arise from factors within occupations,and occupational segregation only has a very limited impact on the earnings gap.Additionally,the gender pay gap among platform gig workers can be mostly explained by observable factors,which implies that compared to traditional employment,the gig economy exhibits a lower level of implicit gender discrimination in China.Finally,we investigate new factors that determine the gender pay gap in the gig economy.Women exhibit a stronger aversion to algorithmic control,a preference for job flexibility,and a tendency toward more isolated and less socially interactive work environmentsall of which serve to widen the gender pay gap that might have otherwise narrowed.The results of this research suggest that despite the criticisms surrounding the gig economy,it continues to exert a positive influence on China's labor market。展开更多
文摘Ability to have access and use financial goods and services such as bank and mobile money accounts indicates the overall financial inclusion level of an economy and the higher the indices are in any economy,the better that economy is.Financial inclusion is important to realize inclusive growth in any country.It has direct impacts on the level of growth and development experienced by any economy.It can however,be skewed along gender lines as noticed overtime in the Nigerian economy and other developing economies.This study examined financial inclusion in Nigeria:a gender gap approach.It also determined the factors responsible for the gender gaps.The Global Findex(2014)dataset of Nigeria from World Bank database was used to analyse the aims of the study.In the study,61% of the men were financially included,while only 43% of the female were financially included,with 18% gap.The gap in endowments accounted for the huge difference of the gap in outcomes as males seemed to be more naturally favoured by society than females.The level of education,wealth quintile,saved in past 12 months for farm/business purposes,sent domestic remittances in the past 12 months,paid utility bills in the past 12 months,and received wage payments in the past 12 months are the factors explaining the gender gaps in Nigeria.Thus the government and other relevant stakeholders should encourage females along these factors.
文摘The research consistently highlights the gender disparity in cybersecurity leadership roles, necessitating targeted interventions. Biased recruitment practices, limited STEM education opportunities for girls, and workplace culture contribute to this gap. Proposed solutions include addressing biased recruitment through gender-neutral language and blind processes, promoting STEM education for girls to increase qualified female candidates, and fostering inclusive workplace cultures with mentorship and sponsorship programs. Gender parity is crucial for the industry’s success, as embracing diversity enables the cybersecurity sector to leverage various perspectives, drive innovation, and effectively combat cyber threats. Achieving this balance is not just about fairness but also a strategic imperative. By embracing concerted efforts towards gender parity, we can create a more resilient and impactful cybersecurity landscape, benefiting industry and society.
基金Humanities and social sciences prestigious award:Grant number(106200308).
文摘Over the past decades,life expectancy in Hong Kong has been increasing steadily.However,the gender gap in life expectancy has experienced a comparatively high level of plateauing state.Based on data from the Human Mortality Database and the official statistics,an age-and cause-decomposition method was used to analyze contributions of main age groups and major causes of death to the gender gap over the period 1986-2016.The results showed that a female-advantage in the mortality among those aged 25 years and above was mainly responsible for the male-female gap in life expectancy in Hong Kong.In consideration of major causes of death,lower female mortality from non-communicable diseases,particularly malignant neoplasms,and pneumonia at older age groups,was the major contributor to the female-favored life expectancy.Public efforts to reduce excess mortality rates from non-communicable diseases and pneumonia among older male population may help narrow the gender gap in life expectancy in Hong Kong.
文摘This study investigates gender income disparity in Portuguese firms using separate Tobit models for men and women. While job segregation seems to be one of the major sources of gender disparity, women do not appear to be systematically underpaid in predominantly female occupations, regardless of the industry. The authors found that gender pay gap is larger in domestic firms, and it increases with employees＇ accumulated tenure and decreases with advanced education for women and on labor market entry. Despite showing some encouraging cracks, the glass ceiling still continues to prevent women from reaching top management positions. Finally, despite it appears wage disparity does exist, and it will probably continue to exist, the results point towards a window of opportunity for women.
文摘This paper explores the research behind the wage gap between men and women, the reasons for and extent of the gap, and strategies for dealing with gender pay discrepancies. Historically, gender discrimination was the traditional and easy explanation for pay discrepancies, but more aggressive enforcement of equal pay legislations has virtually diminished the validity of rationalizing the existence of pay differences solely on gender. Statistical data surrounding the pay gap point to other factors as more causal instruments that sustain and perpetuate the gap in spite of more than forty years of enforcement of equal pay legislations. The choices we make seem to predict and explain current wage gaps better than blatant gender discrimination does, and policies directed at improving those choices appear to be better strategic tools in closing the wage gap.
文摘The rapid ascent of digital platforms and the gig economy has prompted concerns about the gender pay gap.The results show that in the gig economy,gender continues to be a crucial determinant of workers'earnings,with women earning 85%of what men earn on a monthly basis.Nevertheless,in comparison to the traditional waged employment during the same period,the gender pay gap in the gig economy has narrowed.While some gig jobs(e.g.,ride-hailing services,delivery services,online education)exhibit certain occupational segregation,women in gig economy work are no longer concentrated in low-paying roles,thereby challenging the occupational crowding hypothesis prevalent in traditional employment.In the gig economy,the vast majority of the gender pay gaps arise from factors within occupations,and occupational segregation only has a very limited impact on the earnings gap.Additionally,the gender pay gap among platform gig workers can be mostly explained by observable factors,which implies that compared to traditional employment,the gig economy exhibits a lower level of implicit gender discrimination in China.Finally,we investigate new factors that determine the gender pay gap in the gig economy.Women exhibit a stronger aversion to algorithmic control,a preference for job flexibility,and a tendency toward more isolated and less socially interactive work environmentsall of which serve to widen the gender pay gap that might have otherwise narrowed.The results of this research suggest that despite the criticisms surrounding the gig economy,it continues to exert a positive influence on China's labor market。
