The Choice of Gender Roles and the Perceptions of Gender Violence in Regions of Armenia

This article describes results of the fieldwork study concerning the reasons of gender roles＇ choice and the possible violence in Armenian families that occur from the gender roles. I have completed field study encompassing nine, out of 11, administrative regions of Armenia. The purpose of this study is to understand the perception level of domestic violence, child abuse and society＇s approach to the latter by conducting quantitative survey. These findings may be useful for the experts specialized in the gender violence and working on adapting the value system of EU countries in Armenia.

Gender Roles in the Utilization and Challenges in the Management of Mangrove Forests in Casiguran, Aurora, Philippines

Mangrove utilization and management were observed done by men and women depending on their needs and priorities in Casiguran, Aurora. This study, therefore, tried to investigate the gender roles in the utilization and management of mangrove forests, the existing mangrove management practices and their challenges, and the relationship between gender and mangrove resources management. A mixed-method approach was used and data were obtained through triangulation. Respondents were obtained through snowball sampling and interviewed using a structured questionnaire with a few open-ended questions. Results revealed that the majority of the respondents were women (60.7%) and residents of Brgy. Esteves (52.5%) live within or near the mangrove forest. Mostly married (59%) who were providing food and income for the family. They utilized mangrove woods (58.20%) with an average quantity of less than 10 board feet (34.4%) for cooking (40.2%). Roots were utilized in minimal amounts (2.50%) for mythical, medicine, and cork purposes. Mollusks (93.44%), commonly bivalves (93.4%), were primarily gleaned by women for food consumption (93.4%) and as a source of income (93. 61%). On the other hand, catching of crabs (57.4%) for consumption (56.6%) and as a source of income (14.8%) and catching of fish (31.1%) for consumption (27.9%) were done by men. Both genders were involved in mangrove management practices, although only 65% of them had actual involvement in mangrove planting, 19% in mangrove nursery development and maintenance, and 16% in mangrove plantation maintenance. Challenges in management include low survival rate of planted mangroves (33%), lack of maintenance activity (20%), and lack of funds for mobilization (20%). A chi-square test of independence revealed that both men and women have no significant difference in their involvement in nursery establishment and maintenance, mangrove planting, and plantation management.

Arab Attitudes Toward Gender Roles： From Homogeneous Stereotype to Heterogeneous Reality

Western society has historically perceived Arab attitudes toward gender roles in a stereotypically negative light. This perception has had great influence on international public opinion toward Arab treatment of women, Western foreign policy toward the Arab world and development aid programs in the Middle East. This paper seeks to question the legitimacy of this perception by advancing the hypothesis that Arab attitudes toward gender roles are heterogeneous rather than homogeneous. To do so, it uses cross-cultural analysis in examining survey data regarding women＇s status in the Arab world, the significance of which contributes to a more accurate and well-rounded understanding of Arab attitudes toward gender roles. Results confirm the hypothesis that Arab attitudes toward gender roles are heterogeneous rather than homogeneous. Indeed, contrary to the Western stereotype regarding Arab attitudes toward gender roles and Arab treatment of women, cross-cultural analysis of the statistical information provided showed that Arab societies differ from one another in their attitudes toward gender roles and that Arab states differ from one another in their governmental approaches to gender equality in terms of personal status laws, gender-based discrimination in the workplace, and overall policies aimed at the advancement of women.

Historical Transition of Gender Roles in China

This article delves into the intricate landscape of gender roles within China,employing a historical lens to dissect the evolution of these roles throughout key periods of Chinese societal transformation.The study centres on three pivotal epochs in contemporary China:the pre-liberation era(prior to 1949),the era of socialist construction(1949-1978),and the phase of economic reform(post-1978).Despite the undeniably persistent underpinning of traditional gender roles throughout history,this analysis offers insight into the essence of feminist movements-an ongoing struggle against the subjugation of women.While notable strides have been made in enhancing the status and rights of women in recent decades,it becomes evident that achieving genuine gender equality necessitates a more nuanced approach beyond the mere expansion of educational and occupational opportunities for women.True transformation mandates heightened awareness of gender inequality across all societal domains,catalysing collective participation in social initiatives by both genders.This article underscores the imperative of multifaceted engagement to drive meaningful and lasting shifts in gender dynamics.

Changing Gender Roles in Chinese Society

According to Confucian philosophy, the main source of traditional Chinese culture the husband is responsible for handling external affairs, while the wife takes charge of home affairs. In this social order, men are superior to women.

The ＂Mother Complex＂ of Martha Quest

Human experience can best be understood in the framework of collective social relations. Like any other tie, the mother-daughter relationship is forged not in isolation but informed by cultural, historical, and social values, circumstances, and practices. The twentieth century has witnessed the greatest changes in world history. As an outcome of the noticeable shift in gender ideologies in the last half of that century, modern mothers and daughters struggled to experience a union, a bond, an understanding of themselves and the world around them. Clash of tradition and modernity in ideals and mores can be held accountable for the consequential neurotic development of the psyche in twentieth century mothers and daughters. Doris Lessing＇s writings reflect the way in which these complex changes in society affect family relationships. Her first novel of the Children of Violence series, Martha Quest, is an apt study of a mother and her daughter＇s struggle with their newly defined roles in society. This paper will seek to examine the conflicts that are encountered in the wake of such adjustments by contemporary mothers and daughters. In order to do so, the study will focus on an exploration of the kind of issues that Martha Quest and May Quest experience in Lessing＇s Martha Quest through approaches available in works by Carl Jung on his theory of the ＂mother complex＂.

Involvement of Girls in Leadership in Primary Schools in Voi Sub-county, Kenya

Women in Kenya are underrepresented in decision-making positions, which appears as a remnant of persisting cultural gender roles that limit women from participating in activities critical for personal, societal, and national development. Such retrogressive ideas regarding a large number of the country＇s citizens have to be addressed early in the life of a girl to build in girls＇ self-esteem and facilitate them to develop leadership skills. This study investigated the extent to which girls in primary schools in Voi sub-county are involved in leadership in their schools. The study was based on the 2010 Kenya＇s constitution which ruled that no more than two-thirds of elected or appointed public institutions leaders should consist of one gender. The new legal framework seeks to break down the barriers women face in realizing their political, civil, economic, and social rights. It also ensures that women are involved in decision-making at all levels of government. In this study, data was collected from three mixed primary schools in Voi sub-county given codes A, B, and C. School A had a total of 470 pupils; 225 were boys and 245 were girls and the school had 21 leadership positions. The findings showed that the majority 14 （66.7%） of the leadership positions were occupied by boys while the few 7 （33.3%） were occupied by girls. In school B, there were a total of 1,056 pupils; 498 were boys and 558 were girls. There were 13 leadership positions. The majority of the positions 7 （53.8 %） were occupied by boys and minority 6 （46.2%） were occupied by girls. In school C, there were a total of 1,450 pupils and 680 were boys and 770 girls. There were 13 leadership positions. The majority 7 （53.8%） of the positions were occupied by boys while 6 （46.2%） were occupied by girls. In all the schools, there were more girls than boys but boys occupied more leadership positions than girls. Boys also took senior positions and girls were their deputies and were not as active as boys in areas such as class discussions and debate. It was recommended that conscious effort should be made to develop leadership skills in girls during their formative years.

Women’s Empowerment and Its Subversions in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

The Tenant of Wildfell Hall,firstly published in 1848,was the second and final novel of Anne Brontë,the youngest of the Brontësisters,telling a story of the mysterious young widow Helen Huntingdon,who flees her abusive husband and hides with her son at Wildfell Hall.Just as most contemporary critic defines it as one of the first feminist novels,the overall characterization of Helen sends a strong message of the empowerment of women.What confuses modern readers,however,is the subtle confrontation between the empowerment and its subversion.Thus,this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the text concerning Anne's empow⁃erment of Helen and the corresponding subversion of the established empowerment before unveiling the fundamental cause of such arrangement with a view of shedding light on the comprehension of Anne Brontë's belief in universal social issues.

An Analysis of the Female Images in Theft from the Perspective of Feminism

In the field of vision of American Literature in the 20th century,Katherine Anne Porter is highly praised by many readers for her flexible artistic style,accurate and vivid description of characters,profound connotation of her works.As a female writer,Porter is good at creating female characters from a unique female perspective,and reveals the inner activities of female characters in self-development and the female individual consciousness and independent consciousness pursued by women through her works.Although she doesn’t consciously involve feminism,we can see that the heroine’s female consciousness is gradually awakening from her portrayal of female characters and her exploration of female inner world.This paper takes Porter’s short story Theft published in the 1990s as an example to analyze the feminist consciousness in her works from the perspective of feminism.

An Analysis of Lindo Jong＇ s Androgyny in The Joy Luck Club

Lindo Jong's image has been interpreted from different perspectives. An androgynous reading of Lindo is worth notice. The first section explores her masculinity. While the second section probes her adherence to femininity. The last section concludes that Amy Tan's ideal of androgyny is revealed in her depiction of Lindo's inner struggle concerning her androgynous nature and her quest for what kind of gender role she should embrace.

Fish trader’s gender and niches in a declining coral reef fishery:implications for sustainability

Introduction:The state of natural resources is greatly influenced by market access.Consequently,resource trader's incentives,decisions,and willingness to comply with manage-ment an influence efforts to achieve sustainabi lity.Trader's impacts will depend on their economic niches,which are influenced by cultural norms,skill,social relationshi ps,profitability,and the spatial scale of markets.Consequently,we examined the potential of traders to influence fisheries'sustainability by evaluating their jobs,gender roles,religion,socioeconomic status,association and perceptions of management systems,and future plans.We studied 142 traders in 19 Kenyan coral reef fisheries landing sites distributed among four gear management systems.Outcomes:We found a strong role of gender,geography,and religion in the participation of these fisheries that was primarily driven by fisheries'profitability.The associations suggest that overfished fisheries should retain traders with low education,capital,and savings-often women;whereas sustainable stocks favor the opposite characteristics,and often men.Conclusions:Therefore,managing for increasing yields,profits,and sustainability could exclude women traders unless they successfully access or adopt the more traditional male economic niche.Gender coexistence is most likely to be achieved by managing for inter-mediate resource levels where net production,catch,and fish body size diversity are high.Further,reducing risk and increasing the capital and mobility of women traders should reduce their chances of exclusion when fisheries are sustainable.

Gender Role,But Not Sex,Shapes Humans’Susceptibility to Emotion

It is unknown whether the famous sex-related difference in emotion processing is accounted for by biological sex,gender role,or their interaction.To clarify the issue,in Study 1 we recorded event-related potentials in response to negative and positive images of diverse intensities when 47 masculine(26 males)and 47 feminine(22 males)subjects performed a non-emotional task.The occipital P1 and N1 amplitudes were larger in women than in men,while feminine subjects showed larger N1 amplitudes than masculine subjects,regardless of sex.Moreover,feminine subjects showed enhanced frontocentral N2(210–270 ms)amplitudes for highly and mildly negative than for neutral stimuli,while masculine subjects showed an emotion effect only for highly negative stimuli.The feminine-specific effect for mildly negative stimuli was positively correlated to the feminine score,and this correlation was located to the anterior cingulate and the superior and medial frontal gyri.Furthermore,feminine but not masculine subjects showed enhanced parietal P3(330–560 ms)amplitudes for highly and mildly positive than for neutral stimuli,an effect positively related to the feminine score and localized to the precuneus,posterior cingulate,and superior temporal gyrus.Machine learning analyses verified that single-trial N2 and P3 amplitudes of feminine subjects reliably discriminated the intensity of negative and positive stimuli,respectively.For ecological considerations,in Study 2 we used an observational approach(n=300)and confirmed that feminine gender role,rather than biological sex,predicted individual differences in daily experience of emotion-related psychopathological symptoms.These findings provide solid evidence for the critical impact of gender role rather than sex on emotional susceptibility.

Status of women:a comparative study of female and male household heads in India

The social reality of gender discrimination in India is stratified,multi-phasic and structurally complex.Studies suggest that there are obvious differences in the conditions of households headed by male and female and that female-headed households are more disadvantaged poses the question of gender discrimination at household level.The study explores how gender roles and norms,impact family head’s ability to exercise resources and agency differently,by gender and how women’s agency is often restricted compared to men’s.An innovative method to measure gender status called Gender Status Index is adopted from the quantitative part of the African Gender and Development Index that compares the status of female heads to the male heads in India.The index measures the gender gap in social,economic and political aspects of life among the family heads with help of data obtained from the Indian Human Development Survey round two(2011-2012),which is a nationally representative,multi-topic survey.The nearer the score is towards 1,the better is the gender status along with a shrinking gender gap.Results indicate that the status of female heads is indeed poor,showcasing a value of 0.555 with a wide social and economic and even wider political gap.The paper concludes that the status of women is poor irrespective of their head position in the family.The role played by a female head both as a provider and caregiver does not earn much of a higher status than male heads.Thus,the role of‘head’for a female is not a powerful agency to improve women’s access and control of resources.