A Comprehensive Study on Gender Language and Its Differences in China

The study of language and gender,especially the study of gender language differences involves many fields such as psychology,sociology,anthropology,language and literature,news media,education,and so on.Starting from the broad definition of gender language,this paper composes and reviews the research history of domestic gender language and its differences.Around the research history of domestic gender language,the research period is divided according to the timeline into germination,genesis,and growth.Divided by theme and content,the main content is the phenomenon of sexism in language;the second is the study of gender language style differences;the third is the root causes of sexism and verbal gender differences,i.e.,the construction of the corresponding theories;and the fourth is the discussion of the limitations of the study of gender language in foreign countries.

Caloric restriction-mimetics for the reduction of heart failure risk in aging heart: with consideration of gender-related differences

The literature is full of claims regarding the consumption of polyphenol or polyamine-rich foods that offer some protection from developing cardiovascular disease(CVD). This is achieved by preventing cardiac hypertrophy and protecting blood vessels through improving the function of endothelium. However, do these interventions work in the aged human hearts? Cardiac aging is accompanied by an increase in left ventricular hypertrophy, along with diastolic and systolic dysfunction. It also confers significant cardiovascular risks for both sexes. The incidence and prevalence of CVD increase sharply at an earlier age in men than women. Furthermore, the patterns of heart failure differ between sexes, as do the lifetime risk factors. Do caloric restriction(CR)-mimetics, rich in polyphenol or polyamine, delay or reverse cardiac aging equally in both men and women? This review will discuss three areas:(1) mechanisms underlying age-related cardiac remodeling;(2) gender-related differences and potential mechanisms underlying diminished cardiac response in older men and women;(3) we select a few polyphenol or polyamine rich compounds as the CRmimetics, such as resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate and spermidine, due to their capability to extend health-span and induce autophagy. We outline their abilities and issues on retarding aging in animal hearts and preventing CVD in humans. We discuss the confounding factors that should be considered for developing therapeutic strategies against cardiac aging in humans.

Gender Differences in the Incidence and Related Factors of Low Social Support among Adolescents with Subthreshold Depression

Background:Social support is related to depression,but the gender differences and related factors that contribute to low social support among adolescents with subthreshold depression remain to be elucidated.This study explores the relationship between social support and depression,in addition to the gender difference in the incidence of low social support among adolescents with subthreshold depression and its related factors.Methods:A total of 371 Chinese adolescents with subthreshold depression were recruited.All subjects were rated on the Social Support Scale for Adolescents,the Response Style Scale,the Self-Perception Profile for Children,the Individualism-collectivism scale.Results:Binary logistic regression indicated that the stability dimension of cognitive style,the generality dimension of the Cognitive Style Questionnaire,and the social acceptance dimension of the Self-Perception Profile for Children scale were significantly correlated with social support level in male adolescents with subthreshold depression.In contrast,the total score of the Self-Perception Profile for Children scale,the social acceptance of the Self-Perception Profile for Children scale,total individualism,and total collectivism were significantly correlated with social support level in female adolescents with subthreshold depression.Limitations:This study is a cross-sectional study,and its effectiveness in explaining factors that influence levels of social support is limited.Conclusions:The gender difference between low social support among adolescents with subthreshold depression is related to cognitive style,self-perception,and collectivism–individualism.

A Study on Gender Differences in Speech Interaction Behaviors of Preschool Teachers-Based on the Improved Flanders Interactive Analysis System(iFIAS)

The issue of the extremely imbalanced gender ratio in preschool teachers has received widespread attention,and there are few studies on teacher-child verbal interaction behavior based on gender differences in preschool teachers.This article takes the“Little Light Bulb Is On”,a scientific exploration activity done by 5-6 years old kindergarten students as an example,and uses the improved Flanders Interaction Analysis System(iFIAS)as a tool to analyze the speech interaction behavior of male and female preschool teachers.The research results indicate that there are gender differences in teacher child language interaction between male and female teachers in terms of the atmosphere,the teaching structure,the teaching tendency,the way of raising questions,and the overall trend of interaction.

Gender difference in the neuroprotective effect of rat bone marrow mesenchymal cells against hypoxiainduced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can reduce retinal ganglion cell death and effectively prevent vision loss. Previously, we found that during differentiation, female rhesus monkey bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells acquire a higher neurogenic potential compared with male rhesus monkey bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. This suggests that female bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have a stronger neuroprotective effect than male bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Here, we first isolated and cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from female and male rats by density gradient centrifugation. Retinal tissue from newborn rats was prepared by enzymatic digestion to obtain primary retinal ganglion cells. Using the transwell system, retinal ganglion cells were co-cultured with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under hypoxia. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity assay. We found a marked increase in apoptotic rate and caspase-3 activity of retinal ganglion cells after 24 hours of hypoxia compared with normoxia. Moreover, apoptotic rate and caspase-3 activity of retinal ganglion cells significantly decreased with both female and male bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell co-culture under hypoxia compared with culture alone, with more significant effects from female bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Our results indicate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exert a neuroprotective effect against hypoxia-induced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells, and also that female cells have greater neuroprotective ability compared with male cells.

Gender inequalities in physical activity among adolescents from 64 Global South countries

Purpose:The aims of this study were to(a)describe gender inequalities in physical activity(PA)among adolescents from Global South countries,and(b)investigate the relationship between gender inequalities in PA and contextual factors,such as geographic region,human development index,gender inequality index,and unemployment rates.Methods:We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Global School-Based Student Health Survey conducted in Global South countries between 2010 and 2020 among 13-to 17-year-old adolescents.Country-context variables were retrieved from secondary data sources(World Health Organization,World Bank,and Human Development Reports).PA was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire querying the number of days in the past week in which participants were physically active for a total of at least 60 min.PA absolute gender inequalities were evaluated by the differences in the prevalence between boys and girls,95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)were estimated using the bootstrap method.Relative inequalities were obtained through Poisson regression.Meta-analyses with random effects were used to calculate pooled estimates of absolute and relative inequalities.Results:Based on 64 Global South countries/surveys,the prevalence of PA was 6.7 percentage points(p.p.)higher in boys than in girls,ranging from 0.5 p.p.in Afghanistan to 15.6 p.p.in Laos(I^(2)=85.1%).The pooled ratio for all countries showed that boys presented a PA prevalence 1.58 times higher than girls(95%CI:1.47-1.70)on average.The highest absolute and relative inequalities were observed in high income countries.Countries with higher Human Development Index rankings and lower Gender Inequality Index rankings also presented greater gender differences.Conclusion:Given that girls are overall less active than boys across the globe,the findings of this study reinforce that macro-and micro-level changes should be actively sought if we aim to increase population levels of PA in adolescents and promote equity in PA.

Gender differences in clinical outcomes of acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the KAMIR-NIH Registry

Background There are numerous but conflicting data regarding gender differences in outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). Furthermore, gender differences in clinical outcomes with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) following PCI in Asian population remain uncertain because of the under-representation of Asian in previous trials. Methods A total of 13,104 AMI patients from Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institute of Health(KAMIR-NIH) between November 2011 and December 2015 were classified into male(n = 8021, 75.9%) and female(n = 2547, 24.1%). We compared the demographic, clinical and angiographic characteristics, 30-days and 1-year major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events(MACCE) in women with those in men after AMI by using propensity score(PS) matching. Results Compared with men, women were older, had more comorbidities and more often presented with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI) and reduced left ventricular systolic function. Over the median follow-up of 363 days, gender differences in both 30-days and 1-year MACCE as well as thrombolysis in myocardial infarction minor bleeding risk were not observed in the PS matched population(30-days MACCE: 5.3% vs. 4.7%, log-rank P = 0.494, HR = 1.126, 95% CI: 0.800-1.585;1-year MACCE: 9.3% vs. 9.0%, log-rank P = 0.803, HR = 1.032, 95% CI: 0.802-1.328;TIMI minor bleeding: 4.9% vs. 3.9%, log-rank P = 0.215, HR = 1.255, 95% CI: 0.869-1.814). Conclusions Among Korean AMI population undergoing contemporary PCI, women, as compared with men, had different clinical and angiographic characteristics but showed similar 30-days and 1-year clinical outcomes. The risk of bleeding after PCI was comparable between men and women during one-year follow up.

Gender disparity in COVID-19: Role of sex steroid hormones

The emerging pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the novel pathogenic human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused significant morbidity and mortality across the globe,prompting the scientific world to search for preventive measures to interrupt the disease process.Demographic data indicates gender-based differences in COVID-19 morbidity with better outcome amongst females.Disparity in sex-dependent morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients may be attributed to difference in levels of sex steroid hormones-androgens and estrogens.Evidence suggests that apart from the regulation of viral host factors,immunomodulatory and cardioprotective roles exerted by estrogen and progesterone may provide protection to females against COVID-19.Exploring the underlying mechanisms and beneficial effects of these hormones as an adjuvant to existing therapy may be a step towards improving the outcomes.This article aims to review studies demonstrating the role of sex steroidal hormones in modulating SARS-CoV-2 host factors and summarize plausible biological reasons for sex-based differences seen in COVID-19 mortality.

Gender differences in adolescent dry eye disease:a health problem in girls

AIM： To evaluate the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease（DED） in adolescents. METHODS： This was a cross-sectional, case-control study and outpatients aged 10 to 19y were recruited from six eye clinics of various practices and locations in Japan, and 253 non-DED subjects and 70 DED patients were enrolled. Participants were examined for DED-related signs. Patients were also interviewed to ascertain the presence or absence of six common DED-related symptoms： dryness, irritation, pain, eye fatigue, blurring, and photophobia. Main outcome measures were differences in signs and symptoms of dry eye disease between boys and girls.RESULTS： Of the 323 adolescents recruited, 70（21.7%） were diagnosed with DED. Significant differences between the non-DED and DED groups were found for short tear break-up time（BUT; ≤5s; P=0.000） and superficial punctate keratopathy（SPK; staining score ≥3; P=0.000）. Late adolescent girls reported fewer symptoms than late adolescent boys, although their DED-related signs were worse compared to other groups. The prevalence and severity of DED were similar in the Tokyo area compared with suburban and local areas but myopic errors were worse. CONCLUSION： We find that adolescents reported symptoms of DED similar to those found in adults, and the majority have short BUT-type DED. The prevalence and severity of DED in late adolescent girls is comparable with adults. Adolescents with DED are underserved and we believe that DED is a hidden but potentially serious health problem for this age group.

Gender-based differences in cardiac diseases

It has been observed that the incidence of heart failure and Brugada syndrome are higher in men, while women are more likely to have QT interval prolongation and develop torsades de pointes （TdP）. Over the past decade, new studies have improved our understanding of the mechanisms of abnormal repolarization and the relationship between gender differences in cardiac repolarization and presentation of clinical syndromes. Nevertheless, the causes of gender-based differences in cardiac disease are still not completely clear. This review paper briefly summarized what is currently known about gender differences in heart failure, Brugada syndrome and long QT syndrome from molecular mechanisms to clinical presentations.

A Socio-pragmatic Analysis of Gender Differences in Gossip Girl

The paper employs the method of discourse analysis to analyze males' and females' differences in cross-gender conversations in Gossip Girl from the perspective of Searle's Indirect Speech Act Theory, Grice's Cooperative Principle, and Leech's Politeness Principle. The study found that females tend to abide by Cooperative Principle, while males are more likely to fl out the CP, and that female characters are used to making requests or suggestions by raising question in a euphemistic way; while males concern less about courtesy, women always attach a great deal of importance to saving others' face in daily conversation. The paper contributed to reducing misunderstanding in cross-gender communication.

Doing Gender Well and Differently in Management

The purpose of this paper is to revisit theoretical positions on gender and the implications for gender in management by building upon current research on doing gender well and re-doing or undoing gender and argue that gender can be done well and differently through simultaneous,multiple enactments of femininity and masculinity.

Gender differences in challenging behaviors,management and outcomes in elderly patients with delirium

BACKGROUND： Gender differences have been reported in some common mental disorders. However, few studies have monitored gender differences in individuals with delirium. OBJECTIVE： To explore gender differences in challenging behaviors, management and outcomes in age-matched elderly patients with delirium.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A retrospective cohort study was performed in the Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, Sydney, Australia, from October 2008 to April 2009. METHODS： Patients, aged 65-90 years, diagnosed with delirium according to the International Classification of Diseases （ICD）-10 in the Psychogeriatric Unit of Bankstown Lidcombe Hospital from January 2002 to October 2008 were reviewed. All the patients were measured according to the Confusion Assessment Method upon admission. Those who developed delirium during hospitalization were excluded.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Cause of delirium, wandering, aggression, duration of delirium, physical restraint, use of antipsychotic medicine, recovery from delirium, discharge back home, length of stay, one-to-one nursing care, falls and absconding rate.RESULTS： The 131 age-matched delirious patients comprised 54 males and 77 females. The behavioral disorders of wandering [odds ration （OR） = 2.612, 95% confidence interval （CI） = 1.26 -5.413, P = 0.009] and aggression （OR = 2.243, 95% CI = 1.028 - 4.891, P= 0.04） were more frequent in males than in females. More males received one-to-one nursing care （OR = 4.114, 95% CI = 1.355 - 12.491, P = 0.008）, were more likely to receive antipsychotic medications （OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.095-4.583, P = 0.021） and more likely to be physically restrained （OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.02-1.02, P = 0.043） compared with female patients. All absconding patients （3/131, 2.3%） were male. In addition, male patients displayed a greater falling rate compared with females （OR = 4.57, 95% CI= 1.519-13.722, P = 0.004）.CONCLUSION： There are gender differences in challenging behaviors, management and outcomes in elderly delirious patients. Males with delirium display more challenging behaviors that require physical restraint and pharmacological management including wandering and aggression; males also abscond and have a higher rate of falls compared with female patients.

Drug-abusing Offenders with Co-morbid Mental Disorders:Gender Differences in Problem Severity,Treatment Participation,and Recidivism

Objective This study examined the gender differences in drug‐related problems and predictors of recidivism among a sample of 1444 offenders with co‐morbid drug abuse and mental disorders participating in California＇s Proposition 36 Program.Methods Background characteristics and problem severity in multiple key life areas were assessed at intake by using Addiction Severity Index,and drug treatment participation,mental health diagnoses and arrests were based on official records.Results Women demonstrated greater problem severity than men in family relationships,health,psychological health,and sexual and physical abuse history.Men on the other hand had greater criminal history,high rates of attention disorder,and psychotic disorder.More men than women were rearrested during the year after treatment admission.Logistic regression analyses showed that for the combined sample,male,young age,cocaine use（relative to methamphetamine）,drug abuse severity,methadone treatment,arrest history and fewer prior treatment history were associated with higher recidivism at 12‐month follow‐up;lower education,cocaine use,and arrest history were related to women＇s recidivism,while young age,outpatient treatment,and arrest history were predictors of men＇s recidivism.Conclusion Although the specific type of mental disorder did not seem to be predictive of recidivism,the high rates of mental health disorder and arrest of this population is problematic.Intervention strategies taking into consideration gender‐specific problems and needs can improve outcomes for both.

Gender Difference in Circulatory Associated Multi-Morbidity among the Elderly in Rural Southwest China

Aim: This study examined the prevalence of four chronic circulatory system diseases (hypertension, CHD, hyperlipemia, Stroke) and associated multi-morbidity in order to identify the risk factors among the elderly in Yunnan province. Methods: A cross-sectional survey including 2299 consenting adults aged ≥ 60 years from rural places was conducted in 2018. Data of demographic parameters and clinical characteristics were acquired from questionnaire and health examination. Categorical variables were presented as counts and percentages. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between individual SES and lifestyle variables and multimorbidity of the four chronic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. All analyses were conducted with SPSS 17.0 software. Results: Our study suggested that the prevalence of hypertension, CHD, hyperlipemia, Stroke was 57.1%, 4.2%, 5.9% and 5.3%, respectively and the prevalence of multimorbidity was 10.3%. Females had a higher prevalence of family history of chronic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, obesity, central obesity and illiteracy than males (P < 0.01), whereas males had a markedly higher prevalence of drinking, smoking and good sleeping quality than females (P < 0.01). The family genetic history, obesity, smoking, education, and diabetes were positively and drinking was negatively correlated with the prevalence of circulatory associated multimorbidity in elderly. Interestingly, some of the above associations were only observed in male/female but not the other sex. Conclusions: The prevalence of circulatory disease associated multimorbidity is relatively high among elderly population in rural places of Yunan province and the risk factors are different between females and males.

Gender Difference of Cadmium- induced Renal Tubular Dysfunction for Inhabitants in Toyama,Japan

Objective The aim of the present study mas to compare the gender difference for cadmium-induced renal tubular dysfunction between the male and female inhabitants. Methods Urinary β2-microglobulin was measured in 299 male (94%) and 342 female (92%) inhabitants aged 54-72 years,and the development of renal tubular dysfunction for 11 years was studied in the 62 married couples from them. Results A significantly higher cumulative incidence was found in both men and women in cadmium-polluted area,showing 68. 4% in men and 64. 8% in women compared to 15. 3% in men and 5. 9% in women in the reference areas. Relative risk of renal tubular dysfunction in females (11. 0) was higher than males (4. 5). The ratios of urinary β2-microglobulin and glucose were higher in women than those in men in both the cadmium-polluted areas and the reference areas. Conclusion Although almost identical incidences were detected between men and women, the changes in excretion of β2-microglobulin and glucose was greater in women than those in men. These findings suggest that renal tubular dysfunction might be more progressive in women than that in men.

Gender Differences in Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Perceived Relevance on Outcomes <br/>—A Single Center 22-Year Observational Study in India (1996-2018)

Introduction: Gender differences are still quite prevalent in the present time. Although there is literature regarding gender differences in healthcare expenditure in India, there is no data regarding gender differences in hospital stay, hospital seeking behaviors and mortality. Aim: To evaluate the Gender differences in a hospital seeking behavior, mortality and hospital stay. Methods: We prospectively analyzed, from a retrospective database, all patients who underwent surgical gastrointestinal, hepato-biliary, pancreatic and splenic surgeries from 1996 to 2018 in our unit. Patients were divided into groups based on gender, admission time period and priority of admission i.e., elective or emergency. Both the gender groups were compared with respect to total procedures done, hospital stay and mortality. Organ specific mortality was calculated as proportions, was analyzed and compared between the groups. Time trends of the same were observed and compared. Results: Of 12,411 patients, 7979 (64.3%) were males and 4432 (35.7%) were females. 9191 (74.1%) patients underwent elective procedures whereas 3220 (25.9%) had emergency procedures (p ≤ 0.001). Overall mortality was higher in males (n = 473, 5.92%) in comparison to females (n = 185, 4.17%) (p ≤ 0.001). Majority of surgeries in males were of small intestine (22.5%) in which small bowel resection was most commonly done (5.4%), whereas, gallbladder and biliary surgeries (27.4%) were the most common in females in which laparoscopic cholecystectomy was most commonly done (5.8%). Median hospital stay was higher in males (10 days vs 9 days), (p ≤ 0.001). Mortality was higher in females in all organ categories except in liver (6.34% vs 2.7%), pancreas (37.3% Vs 18.3%) and spleen (3.38% Vs 1.62%) where mortality was higher for male gender. Highest mortality for females was in small intestinal surgery (34%) and for males, it was pancreatic surgery (37.3%). Highest mortality in males was emergency open pancreatic necrosectomy (21.6%) and that in females was emergency small intestinal surgery (11.9%). Although the number of surgeries in females increased over time (380 in 1996-1999 Vs 951 in 2016-2018), the proportion remained constant (36.3% Vs 38.3% in 1996-1999 and 2016-2018 respectively). Conclusion: We conclude that mortality is found to be higher in males after gastrointestinal surgery, which may be explained by the fact that hospital seeking behavior is more in males though it is fairly increasing in females in the recent years.

Impact of Gender Difference on Characteristics and Outcome of Chronic Hepatitis C

Gender difference in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is not previously well studied. We aimed to analyze the effect of gender difference on the risk factors of CHC, disease progression, and outcome after oral direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. The study was conducted at Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Sohag University, Egypt, in the period between 2018 and 2020. 775 patients were evaluated for hepatitis C virus (HCV) risk factors. Laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasound and liver Shear wave elastography (SWE) were done. The patients were given antiviral therapy and followed up to assess the response and side effects of DAA therapy. 434 (56%) of study patients were males and 341 (44%) were females. Catching infection from blood transfusion and intravenous (IV) injection of tarter emetic was significantly higher in males, while catching infection from surgical operation was significantly higher in females. Hepatic fibrosis was significantly more extensive in males. Side effects were reported more in females. Sustained virological response (SVR) 12 was reported in 98.6%. Females had a slightly better SVR12 than males (99.4% versus 97.9%). In conclusion males were different from females in exposure to HCV risk factors. After introduction of blood screening and stoppage of parenteral anti-bilharzial therapy the risk of HCV infection could be greatly prevented in males, while the exposure of females to obstetric procedure is increasing nowadays which hides a risk of ongoing infection in females. So, HCV surveillance programs in females retain their importance in early detection and management of CHC. Although hepatic fibrosis progression was more in males, females were more liable to adverse events of DAA therapy. So, researchers should consider the gender of their patients in drug design and administration.

Computer Use among Different Gender Medical Students in Inner Mongolia Medical University in China

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of computer use and the negative effects for different gender in the Medical University of Inner Mongolia. Methods: A cross-sectional census was conducted on medical students on campus in 2013. Descriptive results were expressed as percentage, prevalence and means ± S.D. Gender differences of using computer time and using computer purpose for male and female students were analyzed by chi-square test. Results: Students using computer more than three hours per day had higher headache prevalence and poor academic performance prevalence than that less than three hours per day. The prevalence of male students using computer more than three hours per day was significantly higher than female students (x2 = 72.92, p p < 0.001). Conclusion: Using computer for long time brings more students headache and poor academic performance. These results suggest that using computer time reasonably and learning efficiently among university students are necessary, especially for male.

On Gender Difference of Language in Emma

Many findings suggest that gender has a great influence on the using of language. The thesis attempts to discuss the gender difference of language in Emma by analyzing certain selected sections of the novel from the perspective of, lexicon, syntax,and discourse with the knowledge of linguistics and pragmatics, so as to draw a general conclusion on the gender difference in lexicon, syntax, and in the application of conversational principles. Through the analysis of gender difference of language in Emma,the thesis expects to help the readers acknowledge the difference in women's speech and men's speech, so as to reduce the barriers of cross-gender communication, and promote the harmonious communication between men and women.