A true triaxial strength criterion for rocks by gene expression programming

Rock strength is a crucial factor to consider when designing and constructing underground projects.This study utilizes a gene expression programming(GEP)algorithm-based model to predict the true triaxial strength of rocks,taking into account the influence of rock genesis on their mechanical behavior during the model building process.A true triaxial strength criterion based on the GEP model for igneous,metamorphic and magmatic rocks was obtained by training the model using collected data.Compared to the modified Weibols-Cook criterion,the modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion,and the modified Lade criterion,the strength criterion based on the GEP model exhibits superior prediction accuracy performance.The strength criterion based on the GEP model has better performance in R2,RMSE and MAPE for the data set used in this study.Furthermore,the strength criterion based on the GEP model shows greater stability in predicting the true triaxial strength of rocks across different types.Compared to the existing strength criterion based on the genetic programming(GP)model,the proposed criterion based on GEP model achieves more accurate predictions of the variation of true triaxial strength(s1)with intermediate principal stress(s2).Finally,based on the Sobol sensitivity analysis technique,the effects of the parameters of the three obtained strength criteria on the true triaxial strength of the rock are analysed.In general,the proposed strength criterion exhibits superior performance in terms of both accuracy and stability of prediction results.

Rules Mining-Based Gene Expression Programming for the Multi-Skill Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem

Themulti-skill resource-constrained project scheduling problem(MS-RCPSP)is a significantmanagement science problem that extends from the resource-constrained project scheduling problem(RCPSP)and is integrated with a real project and production environment.To solve MS-RCPSP,it is an efficient method to use dispatching rules combined with a parallel scheduling mechanism to generate a scheduling scheme.This paper proposes an improved gene expression programming(IGEP)approach to explore newly dispatching rules that can broadly solve MS-RCPSP.A new backward traversal decoding mechanism,and several neighborhood operators are applied in IGEP.The backward traversal decoding mechanism dramatically reduces the space complexity in the decoding process,and improves the algorithm’s performance.Several neighborhood operators improve the exploration of the potential search space.The experiment takes the intelligent multi-objective project scheduling environment(iMOPSE)benchmark dataset as the training set and testing set of IGEP.Ten newly dispatching rules are discovered and extracted by IGEP,and eight out of ten are superior to other typical dispatching rules.

Rapid Prototype Development Approach for Genetic Programming

Genetic Programming (GP) is an important approach to deal with complex problem analysis and modeling, and has been applied in a wide range of areas. The development of GP involves various aspects, including design of genetic operators, evolutionary controls and implementations of heuristic strategy, evaluations and other mechanisms. When designing genetic operators, it is necessary to consider the possible limitations of encoding methods of individuals. And when selecting evolutionary control strategies, it is also necessary to balance search efficiency and diversity based on representation characteristics as well as the problem itself. More importantly, all of these matters, among others, have to be implemented through tedious coding work. Therefore, GP development is both complex and time-consuming. To overcome some of these difficulties that hinder the enhancement of GP development efficiency, we explore the feasibility of mutual assistance among GP variants, and then propose a rapid GP prototyping development method based on πGrammatical Evolution (πGE). It is demonstrated through regression analysis experiments that not only is this method beneficial for the GP developers to get rid of some tedious implementations, but also enables them to concentrate on the essence of the referred problem, such as individual representation, decoding means and evaluation. Additionally, it provides new insights into the roles of individual delineations in phenotypes and semantic research of individuals.

A worldwide SPT-based soil liquefaction triggering analysis utilizing gene expression programming and Bayesian probabilistic method

In this context,two different approaches of soil liquefaction evaluation using a soft computing technique based on the worldwide standard penetration test(SPT) databases have been studied.Gene expression programming(GEP) as a gray-box modeling approach is used to develop different deterministic models in order to evaluate the occurrence of soil liquefaction in terms of liquefaction field performance indicator(LI) and factor of safety(FS) in logistic regression and classification concepts.The comparative plots illustrate that the classification concept-based models show a better performance than those based on logistic regression.In the probabilistic approach,a calibrated mapping function is developed in the context of Bayes’ theorem in order to capture the failure probabilities(PL) in the absence of the knowledge of parameter uncertainty.Consistent results obtained from the proposed probabilistic models,compared to the most well-known models,indicate the robustness of the methodology used in this study.The probability models provide a simple,but also efficient decision-making tool in engineering design to quantitatively assess the liquefaction triggering thresholds.

Scheduling Rules Based on Gene Expression Programming for Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem

In order to minimize the project duration of resourceconstrained project scheduling problem( RCPSP), a gene expression programming-based scheduling rule( GEP-SR) method is proposed to automatically discover and select the effective scheduling rules( SRs) which are constructed using the project status and attributes of the activities. SRs are represented by the chromosomes of GEP, and an improved parallel schedule generation scheme( IPSGS) is used to transform the SRs into explicit schedules. The framework of GEP-SR for RCPSP is designed,and the effectiveness of the GEP-SR approach is demonstrated by comparing with other methods on the same instances.

An expert system for predicting shear stress distribution in circular open channels using gene expression programming

The shear stress distribution in circular channels was modeled in this study using gene expression programming(GEP). 173 sets of reliable data were collected under four flow conditions for use in the training and testing stages. The effect of input variables on GEP modeling was studied and 15 different GEP models with individual, binary, ternary, and quaternary input combinations were investigated. The sensitivity analysis results demonstrate that dimensionless parameter y/P, where y is the transverse coordinate, and P is the wetted perimeter, is the most influential parameter with regard to the shear stress distribution in circular channels. GEP model 10, with the parameter y/P and Reynolds number(Re) as inputs, outperformed the other GEP models, with a coefficient of determination of 0.7814 for the testing data set. An equation was derived from the best GEP model and its results were compared with an artificial neural network(ANN) model and an equation based on the Shannon entropy proposed by other researchers. The GEP model, with an average RMSE of 0.0301, exhibits superior performance over the Shannon entropy-based equation, with an average RMSE of 0.1049, and the ANN model, with an average RMSE of 0.2815 for all flow depths.

Determining the Scour Dimensions Around Submerged Vanes in a 180°Bend with the Gene Expression Programming Technique

Submerged vanes are installed on rivers and channel beds to protect the outer bank bends from scouring.Also,local scouring occurs around the submerged vanes over time,and identifying the effective factors on the scouring phenomena around these submerged vanes is one of the important issues in river engineering.The most important aimof this study is investigation of scour pattern around submerged vanes located in 180°bend experimentally and numerically.Firstly,the effects of various parameters such as the Froude number(Fr),angle of submerged vanes to the flow(α),angle of submerged vane location in the bend(θ),distance between submerged vanes(d),height(H),and length(L)of the vanes on the dimensionless volume of the scour hole were experimentally studied.The submerged vanes were installed on a 180°bend whose central radius and channel width were 2.8 and 0.6 m,respectively.By reducing the Froude number,the scour hole volume decreased.For all Froude numbers,the biggest scour hole formed atθ=15°.In all models,by increasing the Froude number,the scour hole volume significantly increases.In addition,by increasing the submerged vanes’length and height,the scour hole dimensions also grow.Secondly,using gene expression programming(GEP),a relationship for determining the scour hole volume around the submerged vanes was provided.For this model,the determination coefficients(R2)for the training and test modes were computed as 0.91 and 0.9,respectively.In addition,this study performed partial derivative sensitivity analysis(PDSA).According to the results,the PDSA was calculated as positive for all input variables.

Prediction of mode I fracture toughness of rock using linear multiple regression and gene expression programming

Prediction of mode I fracture toughness(KIC) of rock is of significant importance in rock engineering analyses. In this study, linear multiple regression(LMR) and gene expression programming(GEP)methods were used to provide a reliable relationship to determine mode I fracture toughness of rock. The presented model was developed based on 60 datasets taken from the previous literature. To predict fracture parameters, three mechanical parameters of rock mass including uniaxial compressive strength(UCS), Brazilian tensile strength(BTS), and elastic modulus(E) have been selected as the input parameters. A cluster of data was collected and divided into two random groups of training and testing datasets.Then, different statistical linear and artificial intelligence based nonlinear analyses were conducted on the training data to provide a reliable prediction model of KIC. These two predictive methods were then evaluated based on the testing data. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed models for predicting the mode I fracture toughness of rock, various statistical indices including coefficient of determination(R2),root mean square error(RMSE), and mean absolute error(MAE) were utilized herein. In the case of testing datasets, the values of R2, RMSE, and MAE for the GEP model were 0.87, 0.188, and 0.156,respectively, while they were 0.74, 0.473, and 0.223, respectively, for the LMR model. The results indicated that the selected GEP model delivered superior performance with a higher R2value and lower errors.

Modeling viscosity of methane,nitrogen,and hydrocarbon gas mixtures at ultra-high pressures and temperatures using group method of data handling and gene expression programming techniques

Accurate gas viscosity determination is an important issue in the oil and gas industries.Experimental approaches for gas viscosity measurement are timeconsuming,expensive and hardly possible at high pressures and high temperatures(HPHT).In this study,a number of correlations were developed to estimate gas viscosity by the use of group method of data handling(GMDH)type neural network and gene expression programming(GEP)techniques using a large data set containing more than 3000 experimental data points for methane,nitrogen,and hydrocarbon gas mixtures.It is worth mentioning that unlike many of viscosity correlations,the proposed ones in this study could compute gas viscosity at pressures ranging between 34 and 172 MPa and temperatures between 310 and 1300 K.Also,a comparison was performed between the results of these established models and the results of ten wellknown models reported in the literature.Average absolute relative errors of GMDH models were obtained 4.23%,0.64%,and 0.61%for hydrocarbon gas mixtures,methane,and nitrogen,respectively.In addition,graphical analyses indicate that the GMDH can predict gas viscosity with higher accuracy than GEP at HPHT conditions.Also,using leverage technique,valid,suspected and outlier data points were determined.Finally,trends of gas viscosity models at different conditions were evaluated.

Estimating uniaxial compressive strength of rocks using genetic expression programming

The aim of this paper is to estimate the uniaxial compressive strength（UCS） of rocks with different characteristics by using genetic expression programming（GEP）.For this purpose,five different types of rocks including basalt and ignimbrite（black,yellow,gray,brown） were prepared.Values of unit weight,water absorption by weight,effective porosity and UCS of rocks were determined experimentally.By using these experimental data,five different GEP models were developed for estimating the values of UCS for different rock types.Good agreement between experimental data and predicted results is obtained.

Security Risk Assessment of Cyber Physical Power System Based on Rough Set and Gene Expression Programming

Risk assessment is essential for the safe and reliable operation of cyber physical power system. Traditional security risk assessment methods do not take integration of cyber system and physical system of power grid into account. In order to solve this problem, security risk assessment algorithm of cyber physical power system based on rough set and gene expression programming is proposed. Firstly, fast attribution reduction based on binary search algorithm is presented. Secondly, security risk assessment function for cyber physical power system is mined based on gene expression programming. Lastly, security risk levels of cyber physical power system are predicted and analyzed by the above function model. Experimental results show that security risk assessment function model based on the proposed algorithm has high efficiency of function mining, accuracy of security risk level prediction and strong practicality. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Hybrid Gene Expression Programming-Based Sensor Data Correlation Mining

This paper deals with the reflectance estimation model issue to improve the estimation accuracy. We propose a model containing two core procedures: dimensionality reduction and model mining. First, the dimensionality reduction algorithm of hyperspectral data based on dependence degree(DRNDDD) is proposed to reduce the redundant hyperspectral band. DRND-DD solves the selection of suitable hyperspectral band via rough set theory. Furthermore, to improve the computation speed and accuracy of the model, based on DRND-DD, this paper proposes reflectance estimation model mining of leaf nitrogen concentration(LNC) for hyperspectral data by using hybrid gene expression programming(REMLNC-HGEP). Experimental results on three datasets demonstrate that the DRND-DD algorithm can obtain good results with a very short running time compared with principal component analysis(PCA), singular value decomposition(SVD), a dimensionality reduction algorithm based on the positive region(AR-PR) and a dimensionality reduction algorithm based on a discernable matrix(ARDM), and REMLNC-HGEP has low average time-consumption, high model mining success ratio and estimation accuracy. It was concluded that the REMLNC-HGEP performs better than the regression methods.

Selection of Reference Genes in Transcription Analysis of Gene Expression of the Mandarin Fish, Siniperca chuasti

At present, transcription analysis of gene expression commonly uses housekeeping genes as control for normalization. In this study, the expression levels of three housekeeping genes including GAPDH, β-actin, and 18S rRNA in six tissues and five developmental stages of the Mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi were assayed with quantitative real-time PCR （qPCR）. Differences in expression levels were analyzed using geNorm program. The results demonstrate that β-actin is the most stable gene at developmental stages and GAPDH is the most stable in different tissues. While 18S rRNA expression during development is differentially regulated, which indicates it is suitable as an internal control for gene expression normalization at the developmental level. Overall, the data suggest that the two most stable housekeeping genes are enough to accurately calibrate gene expression in S. chuatsi. The significance of this study provided convincing references and methodology for housekeeping gene selection and normalization in gene expression analysis with regular PCR or qPCR.

基于AGEP-DNN的水下聚能装药比冲量预测模型

聚能装药比冲量是表征水下爆炸中冲击波对目标破坏作用的重要参数。为实现水下聚能装药比冲量智能预测,提出一种自适应基因表达式编程(adaptive gene expression programming, AGEP)优化深度神经网络(deep neural network, DNN)的聚能装药比冲量预测模型(AGEP-DNN)。考虑装药结构与比冲量数值之间的复杂非线性关系,通过AUTODYN软件建立有限元模型,对水下爆炸过程进行仿真,采用经验公式验证仿真数据的有效性;基于仿真实验数据,设计AGEP算法优化DNN超参数,构建AGEP-DNN模型,对比冲量进行智能预测。实验结果显示,AGEP-DNN聚能装药比冲量预测模型在9种对比智能预测模型中具有最优的预测精度。

基于VE-GEP算法的PM_(2.5)浓度预测

准确预测PM_(2.5)浓度对于公众健康和环境保护具有重要意义,但其非线性、多变性以及复杂性的特点导致难以准确预测.基于此,本文针对传统GEP存在的不足,提出了一种基于病毒进化的基因表达式编程算法(VE-GEP)来预测PM_(2.5)浓度.该算法在GEP的基础上引入了复活机制与诱变重启机制.复活机制能去除种群中的劣质个体,改善种群中个体的质量;诱变重启机制通过引入优质基因和新的个体,提高种群的多样性,增强算法的寻优能力.实验结果表明, VE-GEP算法相较于GEP、DSCE-GEP和CNN-LSTM在春季、夏季和秋季中的预测模型均有不同程度的提高,拟合度分别提高1.28%/0.1%/0.13%、1.86%/1.29%/0.42%、0.57%/0.24%/0.29%,为PM_(2.5)浓度预测研究提供了新的思路和方法.

Single-cell network analysis reveals gene expression programs for Arabidopsis root development and metabolism

Single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets of Arabidopsis roots have been generated,but related comprehensive gene co-expression network analyses are lacking.We conducted a single-cell gene co-expression network analysis with publicly available scRNA-seq datasets of Arabidopsis roots using a SingleCellGGM algorithm.The analysis identified 149 gene co-expression modules,which we considered to be gene expression programs(GEPs).By examining their spatiotemporal expression,we identified GEPs specifically expressed in major root cell types along their developmental trajectories.These GEPs define gene programs regulating root cell development at different stages and are enriched with relevant developmental regulators.As examples,a GEP specific for the quiescent center(QC)contains 20 genes regulating QC and stem cell niche homeostasis,and four GEPs are expressed in sieve elements(SEs)from early to late developmental stages,with the early-stage GEP containing 17 known SE developmental regulators.We also identified GEPs for metabolic pathways with cell-type-specific expression,suggesting the existence of cell-type-specific metabolism in roots.Using the GEPs,we discovered and verified a columellaspecific gene,NRL27,as a regulator of the auxin-related root gravitropism response.Our analysis thus systematically reveals GEPs that regulate Arabidopsis root development and metabolism and provides ample resources for root biology studies.

基于LS-GEP的堆石体填充泥浆特性智能预测

为了准确预测采用堆石体法填筑公路路基的填充泥浆强度和流动性,通过在传统GEP算法中引入最小二乘拟合,建立LS-GEP高效函数挖掘模型。通过分析大粒径填料填充泥浆的关键特性和影响因素,提出了灰土比、水土比和塑固比三个关键参数。通过30组不同配合比的泥浆性能试验,获取了学习样本,并利用LS-GEP高效函数挖掘模型,提出填充泥浆强度和流动性的预测公式。研究结果表明:这两个预测公式均是准确可靠的,可为填充泥浆配合比设计提供有效指导。在延庆至崇礼高速公路河北段的实际工程中,应用了泥浆特性智能预测公式,快速确定了泥浆配合比。在施工过程中,泥浆的各项性能指标均达到了预期效果,施工后采用堆石体法的大粒径填料填筑的台背路基性能良好。台背路基过渡段没有产生明显沉降,有效解决了桥头跳车问题。

Modelling reference evapotranspiration using gene expression programming and artificial neural network at Pantnagar,India

Evapotranspiration is an essential component of the hydrological cycle that is of particular interest for water resource planning.Its quantification is helpful in irrigation scheduling,water balance studies,water allocation,etc.Modelling of reference evapotranspiration(ET0)using both gene expression programming(GEP)and artificial neural network(ANN)techniques was done using the daily meteorological data of the Pantnagar region,India,from 2010 to 2019.A total of 15 combinations of inputs were used in developing the ET0 models.The model with the least number of inputs consisted of maximum and minimum air temperatures,whereas the model with the highest number of inputs consisted of maximum air temperature,minimum air temperature,mean relative humidity,number of sunshine hours,wind speed at 2mheight and extra-terrestrial radiation as inputs and with ET0 as the output for all the models.All the GEP models were developed for a single functional set and pre-defined genetic operator values,while the best structure in each ANN model was found based on the performance during the testing phase.It was found that ANN models were superior to GEP models for the estimation purpose.It was evident from the reduction in RMSE values ranging from 2%to 56%during training and testing phases in all the ANN models compared with GEP models.The ANN models showed an increase of about 0.96%to 9.72%of R2 value compared to the respective GEP models.The comparative study of these models with multiple linear regression(MLR)depicted that the ANN and GEP models were superior to MLR models.

基于GEP-DES的柔性流水车间机器与AGV集成实时调度方法

智能制造背景下,考虑机器与AGV集成实时调度对整个生产系统效率提高具有重要的意义。针对工件动态到达、加工时间存在波动的情况,提出一种将基因表达式编程算法与离散事件仿真(GEP-DES)相结合的实时调度方法以解决基于最小化最大完工时间为目标的机器与AGV集成调度模型。该方法在离线阶段设计三段式编码的GEP算法以描述机器与AGV集成运作过程,借助DES过程获取目标函数值以对GEP指标性能进行评估,最终挖掘出高质量的调度规则。挖掘出的调度规则与在线阶段车间实时工况信息交互以实现机器与AGV集成的实时调度。最后,将所提方法与传统调度规则方法进行对比,实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性与优越性。研究成果为快速响应柔性流水车间生产中的机器与AGV集成实时调度提供了方法支持。

Fetal and neonatal programming of postnatal growth and feed efficiency in swine

Maternal undernutrition or overnutrition during pregnancy alters organ structure, impairs prenatal and neonatal growth and development, and reduces feed efficiency for lean tissue gains in pigs. These adverse effects may be carried over to the next generation or beyond. This phenomenon of the transgenerational impacts is known as fetal programming, which is mediated by stable and heritable alterations of gene expression through covalent modifications of DNA and histones without changes in DNA sequences(namely, epigenetics). The mechanisms responsible for the epigenetic regulation of protein expression and functions include chromatin remodeling; DNA methylation(occurring at the 5′-position of cytosine residues within CpG dinucleotides); and histone modifications(acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination). Like maternal malnutrition, undernutrition during the neonatal period also reduces growth performance and feed efficiency(weight gain:feed intake; also known as weightgain efficiency) in postweaning pigs by 5–10%, thereby increasing the days necessary to reach the market bodyweight. Supplementing functional amino acids(e.g., arginine and glutamine) and vitamins(e.g., folate) play a key role in activating the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and regulating the provision of methyl donors for DNA and protein methylation. Therefore, these nutrients are beneficial for the dietary treatment of metabolic disorders in offspring with intrauterine growth restriction or neonatal malnutrition. The mechanism-based strategies hold great promise for the improvement of the efficiency of pork production and the sustainability of the global swine industry.