The Pathogenesis and Treatment Progress of Androgenic Alopecia

Androgenic alopecia, also known as seborrheic alopecia, is the most common hair loss disorder in dermatology clinics, mainly characterized by hair follicle miniaturization and progressive hair loss. The etiology and pathogenesis of androgenic alopecia are not clear, but may be related to heredity and androgen metabolism. Currently, minoxidil and finasteride are the only two drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for AGA treatment, other treatments include oral minoxidil, hair transplantation, low energy laser therapy (LLLT), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), Chinese medicine microneedles, and combination therapy. With the development of medicine and science, we have ushered in the era of biologics and targeted therapy. In recent years, a variety of signaling pathways for androgenic alopecia have been found, which may provide a basis for targeted therapy for androgenic alopecia.

Epidemiology, genetics and treatments for myopia

Myopia is a significant public health problem and its prevalence is increasing over time and genetic factors in disease development are important. The prevalence and incidence of myopia within sampled population often varies with age, country, sec race, ethnicity, occupation, environment, and other factors. Myopia growth is under a combination of genes and their products in time and space to complete the coordination role of the guidance. Myopia-related genes include about 70 genetic loci to which primary myopias have been mapped, although the number is constantly increasing and depends to some extent on definition. Of these, several are associated with additional abnormalities, mostly as part of developmental syndromes. These tend to result from mutations in genes encoding transcriptional activators, and most of these have been identified by sequencing candidate genes in patients with developmental anomalies. Currently, collagen alpha-1 chain of type I(COL1A1), collagen alpha-1 chain of type II(COL2A1), actin, alpha, cardiac muscle 1 (ACTC1), paired box gene 6 (PAX6) and NIPBL (nipped-B homolog), and so on have been mapped. Myopia is most commonly treated with spectacles or glasses. The most common surgical procedure performed to correct myopia is laser keratomileusis (LASIK). This review of the recent advances on epidemiology, genetic locations and treatments of myopia are summarized.

The Role of Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Environmental Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and Resistance Genes (ARG)

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of wastewater treatment processes on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance fecal coliform (FC) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of FC. In addition, the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in surface waters receiving wastewater was evaluated. Greater resistance against penicillin (P), colisitin (CT) and ampicillin (AMP) were observed for FC isolated from effluent disinfected by chlorine (71%), than that disinfected by UV (45%). The greatest resistance against six antibiotics was recorded for FC isolates from effluent disinfected by chlorine. The prevalence of tetB and blaSHV was lowest in isolates from chlorine-disinfected effluents. The occurrence of ARG blaSHV was highest in FC isolated from effluent disinfected by UV. A significant correlation was recorded between FC levels in surface waters and the level of bacterial resistance to ampicillin (P SHV in effluents and in surface waters. TetA and tetC were highly prevalent in surface water compared to tetB. The results of the study demonstrate the widespread prevalence of ARB and ARG in wastewater and receiving water bodies. The result indicates that the source of ARB and ARG in surface waters originate from wastewater. Released ARB and ARG may serve as the source of ARG to pathogenic bacteria in surface waters. Disinfection processes may influence the selection of antibiotic resistant patterns of bacteria.

Progress in the Study of Gene Mutations Associated with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

In recent years, there has been a global rise in cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the predominant form of thyroid cancer. Advances in molecular biology have intensified the focus on the genetic mutations associated with this malignancy. Researchers have conducted extensive investigations into these mutations to elucidate their roles in the initiation, progression, treatment, and prognosis of PTC. This review synthesizes studies on the genetic mutations implicated in PTC, examining specific mutated genes, mechanisms of mutation, correlations with clinicopathological features, and their influence on treatment outcomes and prognosis. The objective is to provide a theoretical framework for enhancing the diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic assessment of PTC in the future.

A Novel Treatment Optimization System and Top Gene Identification via Machine Learning with Application on Breast Cancer

Traditional treatment selection of cancers mainly relies on clinical observations and doctor’s judgment, but most outcomes can hardly be predicted. Through Genomics Topology, we use 272 breast cancer patients’ clinical and gene information as an example to propose a treatment optimization and top gene identification system. This study faces certain challenges such as collinearity and the Curse of Dimensionality within data, so by the idea of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is implemented to resolve this issue. Several genes, for example, SLC40A1 and ACADSB, are found to be both statistically significant and biological-studies supported;the model developed can precisely predict breast cancer mortality, recurrence time, and survival time, with an average MSE of 3.697, accuracy rate of 88.97%, and F1 score of 0.911. The result and methodology used in this study provide a channel for people to further look into the more precise prediction of other cancer outcomes through machine learning and assist in the discovery of targetable pathways for next-generation cancer treatment methods.

Fate and Behavior of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Activated Carbon Adsorption

The accessibility of tetracycline resistance gene (tetG) into the pores of activated carbon (AC), as well as the impact of the pore size distribution (PSD) of AC on the uptake capacity of tetG, were investigated using eight types of AC (four coal-based and four wood-based). AC showed the capability to admit tetG and the average reduction of tetG for coal-based and wood-based ACs at the AC dose of 1 g·L-1 was 3.12 log and 3.65 log, respectively. The uptake kinetic analysis showed that the uptake of the gene followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics reaction, and the uptake rate constant for the coal-based and wood-based ACs was in the range of 5.97 × 10-12 - 4.64 × 10-9 and 7.02 × 10-11 - 1.59 × 10-8 copies·mg-1·min-1, respectively. The uptake capacity analysis by fitting the obtained experiment data with the Freundlich isotherm model indicated that the uptake constant (KF) values were 1.71 × 103 - 8.00 × 109 (copies·g-1)1-1/n for coal-based ACs and 7.00 × 108 - 3.00 × 1010 (copies·g-1)1-1/n for wood-based ones. In addition, the correlation analysis between KF values and pore volume as well as pore surface at different pore size regions of ACs showed that relatively higher positive correlation was found for pores of 50 - 100 Å, suggesting ACs with more pores in this size region can uptake more tetG. The findings of this study are valuable as reference for optimizing the adsorption process regarding antibiotic resistance-related concerns in drinking water treatment.

工程化外泌体靶向递送药物的抗肿瘤效应

背景:当前治疗肿瘤的药物主要以化学药为主,但存在着耐药和不良反应等问题。外泌体药物递送系统不仅避免了人工合成纳米颗粒药物的毒性,而且增加了药物的生物利用度和生物相容性。通过生物、物理和化学方法对外泌体进行修饰进而打造成一种新型的纳米载药平台。目的:对外泌体药物递送系统的构建策略和在肿瘤疾病中的应用现状以及当前所面临的各种挑战进行了综述。方法:以“Exosomal,tumor,microvesicle,extracellular vesicles,engineered,therapeutics,characterization,isolation,drug delivery,targeting,modification strategies,physics,chemistry,biology”为英文检索词和“外泌体,药物递送,肿瘤”为中文检索词检索PubMed及中国知网数据库,最终纳入了132篇文献进行深入地归纳和探讨。结果与结论:①外泌体提取的技术手段,包括超速离心法、过滤法和试剂盒提取等,这些方法虽然能够高效地分离出外泌体,但是过程繁琐并且耗时较长,无法实现外泌体的大规模提取。②工程化外泌体主要分为4类:基因编辑工程化,通过基因改造提升功能;内源性工程化,利用炎症因子等预处理增强药物递送;外源性工程化,直接在外泌体中封装药物;混合型工程化,结合外泌体与脂质纳米颗粒形成新颗粒。目前部分工程化外泌体已进入癌症治疗的临床试验阶段,但多处于早期阶段。相比较而言,基因工程化外泌体因高靶向性和定制化潜力,被视为未来药物递送的重要方向。③实现工程化外泌体的临床转化还有诸多限制,在技术方面,大规模生产、纯化及载药效率等技术难题亟待解决;在生产方面,高昂成本及批次稳定性问题影响普及;在安全性方面,免疫原性及潜在毒性需全面评估;此外,监管政策的不完善及审批流程的复杂性也构成其临床转化的障碍。④未来需通过技术创新、成本控制、安全性提升及政策完善等多方面努力,推动工程化外泌体的临床转化进程。

Community analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge of eight wastewater treatment systems

We investigated the communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） in activated sludge collected from eight wastewater treatment systems using polymerase chain reaction （PCR） followed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism （T-RFLP）, cloning, and sequencing of the α-subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase gene （amoA）. The T-RFLP fingerprint analyses showed that different wastewater treatment systems harbored distinct AOB communities. However, there was no remarkable difference among the AOB T- RFLP profiles from different parts of the same system. The T-RFLP fingerprints showed that a full-scale wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） contained a larger number of dominant AOB species than a pilot-scale reactor. The source of influent affected the AOB community, and the WWTPs treating domestic wastewater contained a higher AOB diversity than those receiving mixed domestic and industrial wastewater. However, the AOB community structure was little affected by the treatment process in this study. Phylogenetic analysis of the cloned amoA genes clearly indicated that all the dominant AOB in the systems was closely related to Nitrosomonas spp. not to Nitrosospira spp. Members of the Nitrosomonas oligotropha and Nitrosomonas communis clusters were found in all samples, while members of Nitrosomonas europaea cluster occurred in some systems.

Reference gene selection for quantitative PCR studies in bovine neutrophils

Reference genes are essential for studying mRNA expression with quantitative PCR (qPCR). We investigated 11 candidate whole-blood neutrophil reference genes (ACTB, B2M, G6PD, GAPDH, GYPC, HPRT, PGK1, RPL19, SDHA, TFRC, and YWHAZ) for beef calves, both males and females, with or without selenium supplementation. Initial screening was based on gene expression level (<28 Cq cycles), variability (SD < 1.5 Cq cycles), excluded GYPC and TFRC from further analysis. Expression stability of the remaining genes was evaluated using four software programs: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and the comparative delta Cq method. The neutrophil reference genes, YWHAZ, PGK1, and RPL19, consistently ranked among the top four most stable genes under these experimental conditions. The commonly used reference genes, ACTB and HPRT, were not reliable, underscoring the need to validate neutrophil reference genes under different experimental conditions. Multiple reference genes rather than a single gene may provide more robust and reliable results. The best pair of reference genes in whole-blood neutrophils from beef calves overall was PGK1|YWHAZ.

Evaluation of Expression Stability of Candidate References Genes among Green and Yellow Pea Cultivars (<i>Pisum sativum</i>L.) Subjected to Abiotic and Biotic Stress

Dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) is grown as human and animal feed throughout the world. Large yield losses in pea due to biotic and abiotic stresses compel an improved understanding of mechanisms of stress tolerance and genetic determinants conditioning these tolerances. The availability of stably expressed reference genes is a prerequisite for examining differential gene expression. The objective of this study was to examine the expression profile of several candidate reference genes across a broad range of commercial pea cultivars. Expression profiles of five candidate reference genes;18s rRNA, actin, TIF, β tubulin-2 and β tubulin-3 were examined. Relative quantifications of candidate reference genes were estimated from control plants, plants after 48 h of cold treatment, and plants 24 and 48 h after inoculation with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white mold disease of pea. RT-qPCR was performed on cDNA synthesized from three food grade spring peas, Ariel, Aragorn, and Sterling, and two spring yellow peas, Delta and Universal, which are used as animal feed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of CT values demonstrated significant variation between varieties and treatments under cold and disease conditions. The most abundant transcripts among tested reference genes were for 18s rRNA. Stability analysis indicated that TIF and β tubulin-3 genes were the most stably expressed candidate genes under both cold and disease stress and could serve as reference genes across a wide range of pea cultivars.

Genetic features of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer patients

The authors try to decide a problem of ovarian cancer resistance to platinum drugs by the way of correlation finding between platinum-resistance of tumor and presence of gene mutations in the patient.It was shown a variety of options for BRCA gene mutations in patients with ovarian cancer:BRCA 1(185delAG)-64.2%,BRCA 1(5382 insC)-55.7%,and BRCA 2(6174delT)-53.8%.Authors discovered a significant positive correlation between carriage of mutations in the BRCA genes 1/2 and the sensitivity of malignant ovarian tumors to chemotherapy with platinum.Mutations in these genes occurred significantly more often in patients with platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer.

SET::NUP214融合基因阳性急性白血病患者3例并文献复习

目的:提高对SET::NUP214融合基因阳性急性白血病的认识。方法:回顾性分析2018年7月至2019年11月广西医科大学第一附属医院收治的3例SET::NUP214融合基因阳性急性白血病患者的临床资料,并结合相关文献进行复习。结果:3例SET::NUP214融合基因阳性急性白血病患者中1例诊断为急性T淋巴细胞白血病(T-ALL),1例为急性髓系白血病(AML),1例为急性淋巴细胞白血病L2(ALL-L2),2例患者诊断时在我院行BCR::ABL荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术检测阳性,按照急性淋巴细胞白血病常规治疗效果欠佳;2例ALL患者均在1年内复发,1例AML患者化疗完全缓解,随后进行异基因移植,移植后10个月复发。结论:SET::NUP214融合基因阳性急性白血病少见,主要见于T-ALL中,染色体可正常,行BCR::ABLFISH有助于早期诊断,确诊需行融合基因检测。含激素化疗方案效果不佳,生存期短,预后差,异基因移植或可改善此类患者的预后。

药物超敏反应综合征发病及预后的相关进展

药物超敏反应综合征(DIHS)又称为伴嗜酸粒细胞增多和系统症状的药疹,是一种特殊类型的重症药疹。临床表现以皮损、发热、淋巴结增大、血液学异常及多脏器受损为主,同时可伴有人疱疹病毒6(HHV-6)的重新激活。目前认为DIHS的发病机制是疱疹病毒和机体免疫反应之间复杂相互作用的结果,并与个体基因易感性等因素有关,趋化因子在发病过程中也起到重要作用。兹对DIHS发病机制及临床治疗、预后的相关进展进行综述。

Screening and Verification of Genes Specifically Responding to Continuous Cropping Obstacle in Rehmannia glutinosa L.

Rehmannia glutinosa L.is one of the important medicinal crops in China.Continuous cropping obstacle severely restricts the yield and quality of R.glutinosa,but its molecular mechanism is still unclear.In this study,with widely-planted "Wen 85-5" as an experiment material,based on the digital gene expression profiling (DGE) data of previous five stress treatments (continuous cropping,phenolic acid,salt,drought and waterlogging) and the first cropping and continuous cropping treatments of R.glutinosa in five different periods (seedling period,elongation period,early expanding period,middle expanding period and later expanding period),80 candidate genes (|log 2 ratio|≥1,FDR <0.001) specifically responding to continuous cropping obstacle in R.glutinosa were screened.Functional analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were involved in the secretion and endocytosis of root cells,which may suggest that the recognition and absorption of allelopathic autotoxins by the roots of R.glutinosa is an important factor that restricts the development of roots in continuous cropping of R.glutinosa.In order to accurately lock genes specifically responding to continuous cropping obstacle in R.glutinosa,continuous cropping soil extract and ferulic acid and p-hydroxybenzonic acid were used to treat aseptic plantlets of R.glutinosa,respectively,and it was confirmed through qRT-PCR that the expression levels of some genes under phenolic acid treatment changed more severely than that under the continuous cropping soil extract treatment,and four key genes involved in the response of R.glutinosa to continuous cropping were finally locked.This study lays a foundation for further exploration of the molecular mechanism of continuous cropping obstacle.

血清IL-2、sST2表达与特发性膜性肾病免疫抑制剂治疗反应性的相关性

目的探讨特发性膜性肾病患者血清白介素-2(IL-2)、可溶性生长刺激表达基因2蛋白(sST2)表达水平与免疫抑制剂治疗反应性的相关性。方法选取2020年1月至2022年10月于医院接受免疫抑制剂治疗的135例特发性膜性肾病患者,于入院时检测患者血清IL-2、sST2,并于治疗完成后测定24 h尿蛋白定量,依据患者治疗反应性分为缓解组与未缓解组。对比两组患者一般资料及入院时血清IL-2、sST2水平,采用点二列相关性分析血清IL-2、sST2水平与特发性膜性肾病免疫抑制剂治疗反应性的关系,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估血清IL-2、sST2水平预测特发性膜性肾病免疫抑制剂治疗反应性的价值。结果135例特发性膜性肾病患者中共有132例完成规律治疗,经免疫抑制剂治疗6个月后,101例患者疾病缓解,纳入缓解组,其余31例患者纳入未缓解组。未缓解组年龄、入院时肾功能分级、疾病分期、血清IL-2、sST2水平均高于缓解组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);点二列相关性分析显示,血清IL-2、sST2水平与特发性膜性肾病免疫抑制剂治疗反应性不良风险呈正相关(r 1=0.428,P 1<0.001;r 2=0.344,P 2<0.001);绘制ROC曲线,结果显示,血清IL-2、sST2预测特发性膜性肾病免疫抑制剂治疗反应性不良的曲线下面积均>0.7,具有一定预测价值,且联合预测价值更高。结论血清IL-2、sST2表达水平与特发性膜性肾病患者免疫抑制剂治疗反应性密切相关,二者表达水平越高,治疗反应性越差,且联合检测可作为预测特发性膜性肾病患者免疫抑制剂治疗反应性的敏感指标。

海水曝气对海洋微生物群落和抗生素抗性基因的影响

占地球表面71%的海洋蕴含丰富且独特的微生物资源。为维持海产品的鲜活,人们常采用循环暂养技术,通过曝气装置增加水体含氧量。本研究运用宏基因组技术,分析氧含量变化对海洋微生物群落结构、功能组成及抗生素抗性基因的影响。研究发现,高氧海水中的以α-变形菌纲为主的微生物群落多样性较高,而微生物群落功能多样性则随着氧浓度升高而降低。海洋微生物中多种抗生素抗性基因与毒力因子基因丰度下降。这表明海水中氧含量的上升可以减少微生物的抗药性和致病潜能,从而降低其对人类健康的潜在风险。

幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎关键基因的筛选及潜在治疗中药预测

基于生物信息学筛选幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)相关性胃炎的关键基因、分析通路机制、预测潜在治疗中药。首先从GEO数据库获取GSE60427与GSE60662数据集,借助R软件筛选出差异表达基因并进行富集分析,通过STRING数据库和Cytoscape软件进一步筛选出关键基因,利用UALCAN数据库、GEPIA数据库对关键基因进行表达验证,在Coremine Medical数据库预测筛选潜在中药。最后筛选出344个差异表达基因,与白细胞粘附、T细胞活化、免疫反应、趋化因子受体结合等生物功能有关,通过Th17细胞分化、Th1和Th2细胞分化等信号通路。得到的10个关键基因是PTPRC、TNF、ITGB2、FCGR3A、CD19、LCK、LCP2、CD48、CTLA4、IL7R。结合中医“毒邪”理论,将预测的潜在中药分为健脾解毒、化湿解毒、活血解毒、清热解毒四大类,可为治疗Hp相关性胃炎,抑制“炎-癌”转化,防治胃癌提供思路。

普通丝瓜PYL基因家族鉴定及其在果实发育中的表达分析

【目的】探究普通丝瓜PYL基因在ABA处理下的表达模式,以期为深入研究其基因功能提供参考依据,也为分子抗性育种以及提高普通丝瓜品质和产量提供新思路。【方法】用生物信息学方法,对普通丝瓜PYL基因家族进行全基因组鉴定,染色体定位,以及基因结构、基因共线性、选择压力、进化亲缘关系和顺式作用元件分析,并通过qRT-PCR验证在不同浓度ABA下基因特征表达。【结果】在普通丝瓜全基因组中鉴定到11个LcPYL基因,CDS长度576~966 bp,编码蛋白均具有典型PYR_PYL_RCAR_like结构;共线性分析发现7对片段复制基因对,普通丝瓜PYL基因启动子含多个与植物激素相关的顺式作用元件,其成员的表达具有一定的组织特异性;普通丝瓜果实在不同浓度外源ABA处理下:2 mg/mL ABA处理LcPYLs表达无显著变化,4 mg/mL ABA处理LcPYL5、LcPYL7、LcPYL11显著上调表达,8 mg/mL ABA处理LcPYL1、LcPYL7开花当天显著表达。【结论】对普通丝瓜PYL家族成员进行了系统的鉴定与分析,明确其分子结构特征和表达模式,其中LcPYL1、LcPYL5、LcPYL7和LcPYL11可能是与内源ABA生物合成密切相关的关键基因。

芬兰型先天性肾病综合征1例并文献复习

报道1例芬兰型先天性肾病综合征患儿的临床资料,并进行文献复习。

左氧氟沙星在水环境中的赋存、风险及降解技术研究进展

水环境中的抗生素不仅诱导微生物产生抗性基因(ARGs)及耐药细菌,而且危害生物安全,对人类生命健康产生严重威胁。氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs)及其引发的ARGs问题已引起国内外学者广泛关注。左氧氟沙星(LVFX)是使用最广泛的FQs之一,因生物体代谢率低且化学结构稳定,在环境中被广泛检出。因此亟需掌握LVFX在水环境中的赋存特征,厘清其对生态环境的危害,并比较分析现有技术对其去除效果。在现有研究基础上综述了LVFX在水环境中的赋存特征,从诱导微生物产生ARGs和耐药细菌及威胁水生态安全两个方面阐述了LVFX的生态风险,系统阐述了物理法、化学法和生物法去除LVFX的效果及研究进展,分析了这些技术的优缺点,以期为高效低耗降解LVFX并抑制ARGs的传播提供一定的参考。