Effects of Heterologously Overexpressing PIP5K-Family Genes in Arabidopsis on Inflorescence Development

Castor is one of the top 10 oil crops in the world and has extremely valuable uses.Castor inflorescences directly affect yield,so the study of inflorescence development is very important in increasing castor yield.Our previous studies have shown that the PIP5K gene family(PIP5Ks)is associated with inflorescence development.In this study,to determine the function of each PIP5K gene in castor,a female Lm-type castor line,aLmAB2,was used to determine the relative expression levels of the PIP5Ks in castor inflorescences.Six PIP5K genes were heterologously overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana,the relative expression of each gene and the effect on plants was determined in A.thaliana,and the relationships among the PIP5Ks in castor were inferred.The expression levels of the PIP5Ks in the female Lm-type castor line aLmAB2 were analyzed.The relative expression levels of the PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 genes were high(p<0.05)in isofemale inflorescences,and those of PIP5K1,PIP5K2,PIP5K6,and PIP5K8 were high(p<0.05)in female inflorescences but low(p<0.05)in bisexual inflorescences.The PIP5Ks were heterologously overexpressed in A.thaliana,and T3-generation plants with stable genetic resistance,i.e.,AT-PIP5K^(+)plants(AT-PIP5K1^(+),AT-PIP5K2^(+),AT-PIP5K6^(+),AT-PIP5K8^(+),AT-PIP5K9^(+),and ATPIP5K11^(+) plants),were obtained.Biological tests of the AT-PIP5K+plants showed that the growth of the main stem was significantly delayed in AT-PIP5K+plants compared with Columbia wild-type(WT)A.thaliana plants;the PIP5K1 and PIP5K2 genes promoted lateral stem growth and flower and silique development;and the PIP5K6,PIP5K8,PIP5K9 and PIP5K11 genes inhibited lateral stem growth and flower and silique development.The correlations among PIP5Ks in castor suggest that there may be a synergistic relationship among PIP5K1,PIP5K2,and PIP5K6 in castor inflorescences,and PIP5K8,PIP5K9,and PIP5K11 are complementary to the other three genes.

Association between 5-HTR1A gene C-1019G polymorphism and antidepressant response in patients with major depressive disorder:A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder(MDD)is a substantial global health concern,and its treatment is complicated by the variability in individual response to antide-pressants.AIM To consolidate research and clarify the impact of genetic variation on MDD treatment outcomes.METHODS Adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,a systematic search across PubMed,EMBASE,Web of Science,and the Cochrane Library was conducted without date restrictions,utilizing key terms related to MDD,serotonin 1A receptor polymorphism(5-HTR1A),C-1019G polymorphism,and antidepressant response.Studies meeting inclusion criteria were thoroughly screened,and quality assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.Statistical analyses,includingχ2 and I²values,were used to evaluate heterogeneity and fixed-effect or random-effect models were applied accordingly.RESULTS The initial search yielded 1216 articles,with 11 studies meeting criteria for inclusion.Analysis of various genetic models showed no significant association between the 5-HTR1A C-1019G polymorphism and antidepressant efficacy.The heterogeneity was low to moderate,and no publication bias was detected through funnel plot symmetry and Egger's and Begg's tests.CONCLUSION This meta-analysis does not support a significant association between the 5-HTR1A C-1019G polymorphism and the efficacy of antidepressant treatment in MDD.The findings call for further research with larger cohorts to substantiate these results and enhance the understanding of antidepressant pharmacogenetics.

The Influence of Aerial Exposure on Sea Anemones Aulactinia veratra Mucin Genes Expression Using the RNA Sequencing

Mucin genes are the main component of mucus. The sea anemone species, Aulactinia veratra (Phylum Cnidaria) contains different types of mucin genes. In the intertidal zone, A. veratra is found to be exposed to air during the low tide and produces large quantities of mucus as an external covering. The relation between low tide and mucus secretion is still unclear, and what is the role of mucin during arial exposure is not yet investigated. This study hypothesised that the mucin genes in A. veratra would have significantly high expression in response to aerial exposure. Therefore, the aim of current study was to examine and analyses the response of A. veratra mucins in response to an experiment involving three hours of aerial exposure. To achieve this, aim the RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to examine the expression profile of A. veratra mucin genes in response to aerial exposure. The generated results have shown that, Mucin4-like and mucin5B-like were up-regulated in response to the three hours of aerial exposure in A. veratra. This finding shows a significant role of mucin5B-like and mucin4-like genes in response to air stress at low tide. The data generated from this study could be used in conjunction with future mucin gene studies of sea anemones and other cnidarians to compare A. veratra mucin gene expression results across time, and to extend our understanding of mucin stress response in this phylum.

Epigenetics in psychiatry:Beyond DNA methylation

The global burden of psychopathologies appears to be underestimated,since the global psychiatric disorder burden is exceeding other medical burdens.To be able to address this problem more effectively,we need to better understand the etiology of psychiatric disorders.One of the hallmarks of psychiatric disorders appears to be epigenetic dysregulation.While some epigenetic modifications(such as DNA methylation)are well known and studied,the roles of others have been investigated much less.DNA hydroxymethylation is a rarely studied epigenetic modification,which as well as being an intermediate stage in the DNA demethylation cycle is also an independent steady cell state involved in neurodevelopment and plasticity.In contrast to DNA methylation,DNA hydroxymethylation appears to be related to an increase in gene expression and subsequent protein expression.Although no particular gene or genetic locus can be at this point linked to changes in DNA hydroxymethylation in psychiatric disorders,the epigenetic marks present good potential for biomarker identification because the epigenetic landscape is a result of the interplay between genes and environment,which both influence the development of psychiatric disorders,and because hydoxymethylation changes are particularly enriched in the brain and in synapse-related genes.

Analysis of functional hub genes indicates DLGAP5 is linked to lung adenocarcinoma prognosis

Introduction:The difficulty in treating lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)is caused by a shortage of knowledge about the biological mechanisms and a lack of treatment choices.Objectives:The aim of this study was to identify a valuable molecular target for the treatment of LUAD.Methods:Using multiple databases,we screened for hub genes in LUAD using Cytoscape and explored the expression and prognosis of DLG associated protein 5(DLGAP5)in LUAD.We investigated the genetic variation,functional enrichment,and epigenetic activity of DLGAP5.Furthermore,we evaluated the relationship between the tumor microenvironment(TME)and DLGAP5.Results:Our study identified 10 hub genes in LUAD:CDC45,KIAA0101,DLGAP5,CDT1,NCAPG,CCNB1,CDCA5,CDC20,KIF11,and AURKA.We discovered that DLGAP5 was overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in LUAD.DLGAP5 exhibited an overall genetic variation frequency of 2%,and its DNA promoter was hypomethylated in LUAD(p<0.05).The expression of DLGAP5 in LUAD showed a positive correlation with the majority of N6-methyladenosine(m6A)-methylation genes.Additionally,DLGAP5 was primarily associated with the cell cycle in LUAD.Notably,there was a significant favorable association between DLGAP5 and CD274,CTLA4,HAVCR2,and LAG3 in LUAD.Conclusion:DLGAP5 may be a therapeutic target for LUAD,as it affects cancer cells proliferation and development through the regulation of cell-cycle checkpoints and modulation of immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoints in the TME.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the F3′5′H Gene Family in Blueberry(Vaccinium corymbosum L.)Provides Insights into the Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis

The F3′5′H gene family plays an important role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis,abiotic stress,and hormone signaling.In this study,14 F3′5′H genes were identified from the blueberry genome.The chromosomal distribution,physicochemical properties,F3′5′H domain,conserved motifs,cis-acting elements,and intron/exon compositions were analyzed.The functional prediction analysis of these VcF3′5′Hs indicated that their biological functions included light response and other secondary metabolites.The results of qRT-PCR showed that VcF3′5′Hs(especially VcF3′5′H4)were highly expressed at the ripening stage.Subcellular localization revealed that VcF3′5′H4 may be located in the endoplasmic reticulum.Co-expression analysis showed that the VcF3′5′H gene family was related to anthocyanin.This research provides an overview of the blueberry F3′5′H family and helps verify the role of these genes in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis.

Transcriptional regulatory network during axonal regeneration of dorsal root ganglion neurons:laser-capture microdissection and deep sequencing

The key regulators and regeneration-associated genes involved in axonal regeneration of neurons after injury have not been clarified.In high-throughput sequencing,various factors influence the final sequencing results,including the number and size of cells,the depth of sequencing,and the method of cell separation.There is still a lack of research on the detailed molecular expression profile during the regeneration of dorsal root ganglion neuron axon.In this study,we performed lase r-capture microdissection coupled with RNA sequencing on dorsal root ganglion neurons at 0,3,6,and 12 hours and 1,3,and 7 days after sciatic nerve crush in rats.We identified three stages after dorsal root ganglion injury:early(3-12 hours),pre-regeneration(1 day),and regeneration(3-7 days).Gene expression patterns and related function enrichment res ults showed that one module of genes was highly related to axonal regeneration.We verified the up-regulation of activating transcription factor 3(Atf3),Kruppel like factor 6(Klf6),AT-rich inte raction domain 5A(Arid5α),CAMP responsive element modulator(Crem),and FOS like 1,AP-1 transcription factor Subunit(Fosl1) in dorsal root ganglion neurons after injury.Suppressing these transcription factors(Crem,Arid5o,Fosl1 and Klf6) reduced axonal regrowth in vitro.As the hub transcription factor,Atf3 showed higher expression and activity at the preregeneration and regeneration stages.G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1(Gper1),inte rleukin 12a(Il12α),estrogen receptor 1(ESR1),and interleukin 6(IL6) may be upstream factors that trigger the activation of Atf3 during the repair of axon injury in the early stage.Our study presents the detailed molecular expression profile during axonal regeneration of dorsal root ganglion neurons after peripheral nerve injury.These findings may provide reference for the clinical screening of molecular targets for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.

Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 and anti-Ro52 antibody-dual positive dermatomyositis accompanied by rapidly lung disease:Three case reports

BACKGROUND Clinically amyopathic deramatomyositis was manifested as the various cutaneous dermatomyositis(DM)manifestations without muscle weakness.Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5(anti-MDA5)and anti-Ro52 antibody-dual positive clinically amyopathic DM patients are at a high risk of developing rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease,and they exhibit an immensely high half-year mortality.CASE SUMMARY We presented three patients with anti-MDA5 and anti-Ro52 antibody-dual positive DM patients and we reviewed the previous studies on the link between anti-MDA5 and anti-Ro52 antibody-dual positive DM.Although we aggressively treated these patients similarly,but they all exhibited different prognoses.We reviewed the importance of clinical cutaneous rashes as well as the pathogenesis and treatment in the dual positive anti-MDA5 and anti-Ro52 associated DM.CONCLUSION Patients with anti-MDA5 anti-Ro52 antibody-dual positive DM should be accurately diagnosed at an early stage and should be treated aggressively,thus,the patient’s prognosis can be significantly modified.

Treatment of refractory anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 anbibody-positive dermatomyositis complicated by rapidly progressing interstitial pulmonary disease:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody-positive(anti-MDA5 Ab+)dermatomyositis complicated with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease(anti-MDA5 Ab+DM-RP-ILD)has an unclear underlying mechanism with no recommended unified treatment plan.Herein,one of the cases that we report(Case 2)was successfully treated with tocilizumab despite having lung infection.CASE SUMMARY Case 1 was a 30-year-old woman who was admitted due to recurrent rash for 5 mo,fever and cough for 1 mo,and chest tightness for 3 d.She was diagnosed with non-myopathic dermatomyositis(anti-MDA5 Ab+)and interstitial pneumonia,and was treated with the combination of hormone therapy and cyclophosphamide followed by oral tacrolimus.Case 2 was a 31-year-old man admitted due to systemic rash accompanied by muscle weakness of limbs for more than 1 mo,and chest tightness and dry cough for 4 d.He was diagnosed with dermatomyositis(anti-MDA5 Ab+)and acute interstitial pneumonia with Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus infections and was treated with hormone therapy(without cyclophosphamide)and the combination of tocilizumab and tacrolimus.The condition of both patients eventually improved and they were discharged and showed clinically stable condition at the latest follow-up.CONCLUSION Tocilizumab could be a salvage treatment for patients with anti-MDA5 Ab+DMRP-ILD who are refractory to intensive immunosuppression.

Rapid Constructing a Genetic Linkage Map by AFLP Technique and Mapping a New Gene tms5

In this study, we reported the repaid construction of a molecular marker linkage map of rice (Oryza sativa L.). An F-2 population from the cross between Annong S-1 and Nanjing 11 was used to construct a genetic linkage map of rice. Total of 142 newly screened AFLP markers and 30 anchor markers (25 SSR markers and 5 RFLP markers) were mapped on the 12 chromosomes covering 1537.4 cM of rice genome. The average interval between these markers was 9.0 cM. The total work which usually was finished in more than one year was finished within only 3 months by one person. This is the first plant AFLP map developed in China. A new thermosensitive genic male sterile gene in rice, tms5, was Egged and mapped onto chromosome 2 during the development of the linkage map.

Genetic Variation of the ORF5 Gene of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in East China during 2008-2010

[Objective] A total of 260 swine samples of dead or sick pigs collected from 7 provinces （municipalities） Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai, Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi of China during 2008-2010 were detected for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus （PRRSV）. And the ORF5 genes of some isolates were amplified and sequenced for understanding the molecule epidemiology and the genetic evolution of PRRSV in East China. [Method] Using RT-PCR method, PRRSV was detected by RT-PCR from samples. The complete ORF5 genes of 36 PRRSV positive samples was amplified, sequenced and analyzed with other 15 strains available on GenBank. [Result] PRRSV was detected in 118/260 of the clinical samples, with a positive rate was 45.4%. Sequence analysis showed that the 36 isolates of this study belonged to the North American-type PRRSV strains and were closely related to the highly pathogenic PRRSV （HP-PRRSV） with 94.6%-100% amino acid sequence identities. The sequence analysis combined with the phylogenetic analysis indicated that all these North American-type PRRSV strains in East China were further divided into five subgenotypes, subgenotype Ⅲ showed closer identity with HPPRRSV; almost all subgenotypes were found to be variable in the primary neutralizing epitope; subgenotypes Ⅲ and IV had more glycosylation sites than others. Although these 36 isolates were collected from different provinces in East China, there were no obvious relations between the distribution of PRRSV and the region. [Conclusion] The PRRSV infection was widespread and HP-PRRSV was the popular strain in East China during 2008-2010. However some different genetic characteristics appeared in the genomes, the genetic evolution was relatively stable. There exists a cross-cutting phenomenon on the genetic relationship of PRRSV isolates obtained from different provinces. Subgenotypes IV and V only appeared in some provinces, but the distribution of PRRSV did not show apparent geographical characteristics.

Origin and evolution of alginate-c5-mannuronan-epimerase gene based on transcriptomic analysis of brown algae

The coding product of alginate-c5-mannuronan-epimerase gene （algG gene） can catalyze the conversion of mannuronate to guluronate and determine the M/G ratio of alginate. Most of the current knowledge about genes involved in the alginate biosynthesis comes from bacterial systems. In this article, based on some algal and bacterial algG genes registered on GenBank and EMBL databases, we predicted 94 algG genes open reading frame （ORF） sequences of brown algae from the 1 000 Plant Transcriptome Sequencing Project （OneKP）. By method of transcriptomic sequence analysis, gene structure and gene localization analysis, multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction, we studied the algal algG gene family characteristics, the structure modeling and conserved motifs of AlgG protein, the origin of alginate biosyn-thesis and the variation incidents that might have happened during evolution in algae. Although there are different members in the algal algG gene family, almost all of them harbor the conserved epimerase region. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of algG genes, we proposed that brown algae acquired the alginate bio-synthesis pathway from an ancient bacterium by horizontal gene transfer （HGT）. Afterwards, followed by duplications, chromosome disorder, mutation or recombination during evolution, brown algal algG genes were divided into different types.

Establishment of the Agrobacterium-mediated Genetic Transformation System of Ginkgo biloba and the Construction of the Expression Vector of Gb-DXR

[Objective] The research aimed to provide reference for increasing the genetic transformation efficiency of Ginkgo biloba mediated by Agrobacterium.[Method] Taking the mature embryos of Ginkgo biloba seeds as explants,after 48 hours＇ pre-cultivation on MS medium in the absence of phytohormone,GUS gene was transmitted into embryos of Ginkgo biloba mediated by three kinds of Agrobacterium.Transient expression of GUS gene activity was observed through histochemical staining,and the influencing factors of the expression of GUS gene were analyzed.And the expression vector of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase in the biosynthesis approach of biobalide precursor of Ginkgo biloba was constructed.[Result] A more suitable genetic transformation scheme was obtained as follows：taking embryos of Ginkgo biloba as explants,using EHA105 Agrobacterium with pCAMBIA1304＋ for infection,co-culture for 3 days and GUS staining.The results showed that transient expression rate of GUS after transformation was higher.[Conclusion] The research provide a more effective method for further study on the transgene of Ginkgo biloba.

Cloning and Expression of a Profilin Gene from Rapeseed

Profilin has recently been identified as an actin-binding protein in higher plants. A cDNA clone (designated Repro) encoding profilin gene was isolated from rapeseed ( Brassica napus L. cv. canadian Tween) using RT-PCR technique. Sequence analysis showed 82% similarity to Zea mays L. ZmPro3, 85% to Arabidopsis AthPRF1, 82% to Nicotiana tabacum L. NTPRO, 81% to Oryza sativa L. profilin A. A new full-length cDNA was obtained by 5'-RACE and 3'-RACE techniques. Sequence analysis showed that the size of full-length cDNA is 672 bp which contains a major open reading frame of 134 amino, acids, 5' and 3' untranslated regions and a long Poly (A) tail. Northern blot analysis showed that the profilin gene is a pollen and anther specific gene.

Analysis on Heredity and Variation of the ORF_5 Gene of Prevalence Strains Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

[ Objective] The aim was to analyze the reason and epidemic trend of PRRSV, and provide theoretical basis for preventing and controlling PRRS. [Methed]According to the sequence of ATCC VR-2332 strain porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus published by the GenBank, the primers were designed and synthesized. ORF5 gene sequences of seven prevalence strains were amplified by RT-PCR. The sequences of ORF5 genes were analyzed by DNAStar and compared with those of ATCC VR-2332, CH-1 a, B J-4, LV-M96262 and MLV vaccine strains, phylogenetic tree among isolates was analyzed. [Result] Analysis of nucleotide sequence showed that the homology was 88.1% - 98.8%, 89.9% -95.2%, 85.6% -98.7% between ORF5 genes of seven prevalence strains and VR-2332, CH-1a, BJ-4, and the homology was 54.7% -56.9% between ORF5 genes and LV. Analysis of amino acid sequence showed that the homology was 88.1% -96.8%, 88.1% - 94.5%, 86.1% -96.5% between ORF5 genes of seven prevalence strains and VR-2332, CH-1a, bBJ-4, the homology was 54.7% -56.2% between the ORF5 genes and LV.[ Conclusion] The variation of prevalence strains was great in the ORF5 gene region, the homology of ORF5 gene sequence was higher and genetic relationship was nearer during prevalence strains in the same region, or was far in different regions.

Eucaryotic DNA Methylation and Gene Mutation

5-methylcytosine (m5C) as a rare base exists in eucaryotic genomes, it is a normal constituent of many eucaryotic DNA, whose existence is a character of eucaryotic DNA. In the regular physiological conditions, cytosine residue of eucaryotic DNA is methylated to be popular. Up to the present, many people consider that the m5C may be mutation hotspots by the m5C deamination leading to gene mutation. Our theoretical investigations indicated that the spontaneous mutation caused by the transition of G - C-A - T, in eukaryotic DNA, may be a result caused by the tautomer changing base pairs and may also be caused by other factor actions, however it could not be caused by the deamination of m5C.

Regulatory Analysis of IPP Isomerase Gene in Haematococcus pluvialis

The unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvia/is uniquely accumulates carotenoids in the cytoplasm and in late developmental stages turns deep-red in color because of accumulation of astaxanthin in the cytosol. The enzyme, isopentenyl pyrophosphate （IPP） isomerase, plays a key role in astaxanthin biosynthesis of H. pluvialis. In this paper, two separate 5＇-flanking regions （1.8 kb and 2.5 kb） of IPP isomerase gene was cloned through walking upstream firstly. Results of sequence analysis =showed that two separate 5＇-flanking regions of IPP isomerase gene might have similar putative cis-acting elements such as ABA （abscisic acid）-responsive element （ABRE）, drought-responsive element （DRE/C-repeat）, light-responsive element （G-box, GAG-motif, I-box and ATC-motif）, heat-shock element （HSE）, wound-responsive element （WUN-motif）, SA （salicylic acid）-responsive element （TCA-element）, auxin-responsive element （TGA-element）, MeJA （methyl jasmonate）-responsive element （TGACG-element）, enhancer-like element involved in anoxic specific inducibility （GC-motif） and MYB binding sites （MBS and MRE）, except for typical TATA box or CCAAT box, which exhibit diversiform transcriptional patterns of IPP isomerase gene in astaxanthin biosynthesis of Haematococcus pluvialis.

Characterizations and identification of the candidate gene of rice thermo-sensitive genic male sterile gene tms5 by mapping

Previous study indicated that the thermo-sensitive genic malesterile(TGMS) gene in rice was regulated by temperature.TGMS rice plays an important role in hybrid rice production,because the application of the TGMS system in two-line breeding is laborsaving,timesaving,simple,inexpensive,efficient,and eliminating the limitations of the cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS) system.'AnnongS' is the first discovered and deeply studied TGMS rice lines in China.'AnnongS-1' and 'Y58S',two derivatives of TGMS line AnnongS,were both controlled by a single recessive gene named tms5,which was genetically mapped on chromosome 2.In this study,three populations('AnnongS-1' × 'Nanjing11','Y58S' × 'Q611',and 'Y58S' × 'Guanghui122') were developed and used for the molecular fine mapping of the tms5 gene.By analyzing recombination events in the sterile individuals using a total of 125 probes covering the tms5 region,the tms5 gene was physically mapped to a 19-kb DNA fragment between two markers 4039-1 and 4039-2,which were located on the BAC clone AP004039.After the construction of the physical map between two markers 4039-1 and 4039-2,a member(ONAC023) of the NAC(NAM-ATAF-CUC-related) gene family was identified as the candidate gene of the tms5 gene.

Overexpression of the neuroglobin gene delivered by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction protects SH-SY5Y cells against cobalt chloride induced hypoxia

In this study, we examined the effects of neuroglobin gene （Ngb） transfection into SH-SY5Y cells, using ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction （UTMD）, on cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia. With an ultrasound intensity of 0.8 W/cm2, a 60-second exposure duration, 50% duty cycle, and 20% microbubble concentration, pAcGFP1-C1-Ngb-transfected cells exhibited the highest cell viability and transfection efficiency. The efficiency of plasmid delivery was significantly higher with UTMD than transfection with plasmid alone, transfection with plasmid using microbubbles, or transfection of plasmid by ultrasound. In addition, during cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia, caspase-3 activity in pAcGFP1-C1-Ngb-transfected cells was significantly lower than in untransfected cells. Ngb protein and mRNA expression were significantly higher in cells transfected by UTMD than in cells transfected with the other methods. These results demonstrate that UTMD can very efficiently mediate exogenous gene delivery, and that Ngb overexpression protects cells against cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia.

Identification and Characterization of a LEA-like Gene, CaMF5,Specifically Expressed in the Anthers of Male-fertile Capsicum annuum

To improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms of anther and/or pollen development in Chili pepper, in the present study, fulllength cDNA and DNA sequences of the pollen development-related gene CaMF5 were obtained from the anthers of a Capsicum annuum nuclear male-fertile line. Sequence analysis indicated that the full length of CaMF5 was 747 bp, containing a maximum opening reading frame of 447 bp.Amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CaMF5 shared approximately 37%–77% homology with a series of uncharacterized or hypothetical proteins and late embryogenesis abundant(LEA) proteins from other plants. However, no LEA structural domain was detected in CaMF5, which indicated that it might be a new type of LEA gene. CaMF5 was only expressed in flower buds at stages 7 and 8 and in open flowers of the male-fertile line, whereas it exhibited no expression in any examined organs of the male-sterile line. In addition, CaMF5 showed the highest transcript abundance in the anthers of the male-fertile line, with no expression being detected in any other examined organs, such as the sepals, petals, pistils, roots, stems, or leaves. Taken together, our results suggest that CaMF5 is an anther-specific gene that might encode a new type of LEA protein related to anther and/or pollen development in C. annuum.