The Quantum Chromodynamics Gas Density Drop and the General Theory of Relativity Ether

β decay is one of the most fundamental and thoroughly studied nuclear decay. Surprisingly, the β decay rates were found to have a periodic time variability [1]. However, others argued that there is no evidence for such cyclic deviation from the exponential first order kinetics decay law [2]. Here we propose that the β decay is a pseudo-first order exchange reaction triggered by uddũexotic mesons and propose a QCD gas theory. In analogy to the atmospheric gas density, the proposed QCD gas density drops with elevation from the sun. Accordingly, we propose that the β decay rate periodic variability is due to the pseudo-first order exchange reaction kinetics and the QCD gas atmospheric density drop. The proposed QCD gas may be a possible candidate for Einstein’s general theory of relativity ether [3]. Our main results are the derived formulas for calculating the effective mass of the QCD gas and the cosmology perfect fluid equation of state dimensionless parameter, based on the measured ratio of the β decay rates at the earth trajectory aphelion and perihelion dates. .

A Theory of Evolving Natural Constants Based on the Unification of General Theory of Relativity and Dirac’s Large Number Hypothesis

Talcing Dirac's large number hypothesis as true, we have shown [Commun.Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 42 (2004) 703] the inconsistency of applying Einstein's theory ofgeneral relativity with fixed gravitation constant G to cosmology, and a modified theory for varyingG is found, which reduces to Einstein's theory outside the gravitating body for phenomena of shortduration in small distances, thereby agrees with all the crucial tests formerly supportingEinstein's theory. The modified theory, when applied to the usual homogeneous cosmological model,gives rise to a variable cosmological tensor term determined by the derivatives of G, in place ofthe cosmological constant term usually introduced ad hoc. Without any free parameter thetheoretical Hubble's relation obtained from the modified theory seems not in contradiction toobservations, as Dr. Wang's preliminary analysis of the recent data indicates [Commun. Theor. Phys.(Beijing, China) 42 (2004) 703]. As a complement to Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 42 (2004)703 we shall study in this paper the modification of electromagnetism due to Dirac's large numberhypothesis in more detail to show that the approximation of geometric optics still leads to nullgeodesies for the path of light, and that the general relation between the luminosity distance andthe proper geometric distance is still valid in our theory as in Einstein's theory, and give theequations for homogeneous cosmological model involving matter plus electromagnetic radiation.Finally we consider the impact of the modification to quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics,and arrive at a systematic theory of evolving natural constants including Planck's h as well asBoltzmann's k_B by finding out their cosmologically combined counterparts with factors ofappropriate powers of G that may remain truly constant to cosmologically long time.

Geometric Phase in General Relativity

We study the transport of a small wave packet in the embedding of the Stueckelberg-Horwitz-Piron relativistic quantum theory into the manifold of general relativity around the Schwarzschild solution using a semiclassical approximation. We find that the parallel transport of the momentum leads to a geometrical (Berry type) phase.

The Extremal Universe Exact Solution from Einstein’s Field Equation Gives the Cosmological Constant Directly

Einstein’s field equation is a highly general equation consisting of sixteen equations. However, the equation itself provides limited information about the universe unless it is solved with different boundary conditions. Multiple solutions have been utilized to predict cosmic scales, and among them, the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker solution that is the back-bone of the development into today standard model of modern cosmology: The Λ-CDM model. However, this is naturally not the only solution to Einstein’s field equation. We will investigate the extremal solutions of the Reissner-Nordström, Kerr, and Kerr-Newman metrics. Interestingly, in their extremal cases, these solutions yield identical predictions for horizons and escape velocity. These solutions can be employed to formulate a new cosmological model that resembles the Friedmann equation. However, a significant distinction arises in the extremal universe solution, which does not necessitate the ad hoc insertion of the cosmological constant;instead, it emerges naturally from the derivation itself. To the best of our knowledge, all other solutions relying on the cosmological constant do so by initially ad hoc inserting it into Einstein’s field equation. This clarification unveils the true nature of the cosmological constant, suggesting that it serves as a correction factor for strong gravitational fields, accurately predicting real-world cosmological phenomena only within the extremal solutions of the discussed metrics, all derived strictly from Einstein’s field equation.

Refinement of Newton Gravitation Law

According to the theory of general relativity and experiments with atomic clocks in gravitation field, presence of the field shall cause time dilation of clock at rest in the field. This means that the gravitation constant G is not a true physical constant, but rather a function of the location of the setup in the field when measuring the parameter. This is because the definition of G includes a unit of time, and duration of that time unit is influenced by clock’s location in the field. However, the theory assumes a prior that G shall remain constant in gravitation field, even though this may not be the case. On the other hand, relativistic gravitation phenomena can be derived without contradiction from a refined version of Newton’s law of gravitation that complies with Einstein’s law of mass-energy equivalence.

The Correct Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman Metrics

In a very recent article of mine I have corrected the traditional derivation of the Schwarzschild metric thus arriving to formulate a correct Schwarzschild metric different from the traditional Schwarzschild metric. In this article, starting from this correct Schwarzschild metric, I also propose corrections to the other traditional Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics on the basis of the fact that these metrics should be equal to the correct Schwarzschild metric in the borderline case in which they reduce to the case described by this metric. In this way, we see that, like the correct Schwarzschild metric, also the correct Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics do not present any event horizon (and therefore do not present any black hole) unlike the traditional Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics.

The Solution of the Einstein’s Equations in the Vacuum Region Surrounding a Spherically Symmetric Mass Distribution

In this article, we address the solution of the Einstein’s equations in the vacuum region surrounding a spherically symmetric mass distribution. There are two different types of mathematical solutions, depending on the value of a constant of integration. These two types of solutions are analysed from a physical point of view. The comparison with the linear theory limit is also considered. This leads to a new solution, different from the well known one. If one considers the observational data in the weak field limit this new solution is in agreement with the available data. While the traditional Schwarzschild solution is characterized by a horizon at r=2GM/c2, no horizon exists in this new solution.

Quantum Gravitational Energy Simplifies Gravitational Physics and Gives a New Einstein Inspired Quantum Field Equation without G

We show the simplest form with which one can express the gravity force, and that still gives all the same predictions of observable phenomena as does standard Newton gravity and general relativity theory. In addition, we show a new field equation that gives all the same predictions as general relativity theory, but that it is simpler as the only constant needed is the speed of light and that also gives quantum gravity. This new form to express gravity, through quantum gravitational energy, requires less constants to predict gravity phenomena than standard gravity theory. This alone should make the physics community interested in investigating this approach. It shows that gravitational energy, and other types of energy are a collision-length in their most complete and deepest form and that quantization of gravity is related to the reduced Compton frequency of the gravitational mass per Planck time. While general relativity theory needs two constants to predict gravity phenomena, that is G and c, our new theory, based on gravity energy, only needs one constant, cg, that is easily found from gravitational observations with no prior knowledge of any constants. Further, we will show that, at the deepest quantum level, quantum gravity needs two constants, cg and the Planck length, while the standard formulation here needs c, h and lp. Thus our theory gives a reduction in constants and simpler formulas than does standard gravity theory. Most important we by this seems to have a fully consistent framework for quantum gravity.

Deviation of light path in Born-Infeld type gravitational field

The discovery of ＂twin quasi-stellar objects＂ arose interests among astronomers and astrophysicists to study gravitational leasing problem. Deviation of light from straight path is caused by the presence of massive objects, i.e., the presence of gravitational field according to the general theory of relativity. It is shown that the low energy effective field theory on D-branes is of the Born-Infeld type. In this work a Born-Infeld type gravitational field is pasttflated. An explicit representation of the angular deviation of light path is derived based on the space time metric in the Born-Infeld theory.

Net Force F = γ3ma at High Velocity

Newton’s theory of gravitation has been outdated by relativity theory explaining specific phenomena like perihelion precession of Mercury, light deflection and very recently the detection of gravitational waves. But the disappearance of the obvious gravitational force and the variation of time are arguable concepts difficult to directly prove. Present methodology is based on hypotheses as expressed in a previous article: a universal time and an inertial mass variable according to the Lorentz factor (which could not be envisioned at Newton’s age). Because this methodology is mainly stood on Newtonian mechanics, it will be called neo-Newtonian mechanics. This theory is in coherence with the time of the Quantum Mechanics. In Newtonian mechanics, all forces, including gravitational force, are deducted from the linear momentum. Introducing the variable inertial mass, the result of the demonstration is an updated expression of the net force at high velocity: F = γ3mga. If such a factor in γ3 can look a bit strange at first sight for a force, let us remind that the lost energy in a synchrotron is already measured in γ4. Next article will be on the perihelion precession of Mercury within neo-Newtonian mechanics.

Comments on ＂Unification of Gravity and Electromagnetism by Mohammed A. EI-Lakany＂ ＆ Einstein＇s Unification

The unification of gravity and electromagnetism is a conjecture of Einstein although he failed to show it because Einstein did not realize that this unification requires a new charge-mass interaction. Moreover, the existence of such an interaction has been verified by experiments. Apparently M. A. E1-Lakany also fails to see the need of such a new interaction. Moreover, he also has no experiment predictions that can be used to support his theory. It will be shown that Einstein＇s conjecture is valid.

Remarks to Gravitation Theories

Gravitation is one of the most significant phenomena which attract the attention of humankind for ages. There are twomost influential theories of the Gravitation at the current time being (summer 2019), namely, the Isaac Newton’s Theory ofGravitation and Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, which includes an explanation of the gravitation. However, both ofthem are incommensurate — so far — with plenty of quantum theories of the World. In this contribution, there is outlined a strategyfor unifying the current approaches to the Gravitation. Namely, that the gravitation/gravity should be considered as a consequence ofinteraction — a “pinning effect” — of the Spacetime with the non-integral spin of the Fermions, to saturate/add/ the missing part ofthem. It might induce a deformation/curvature of the Spacetime and known effects on moving material objects, as well aselectromagnetic radiation, including light, and other types of radiation, and properties/parameters of transformations of fields,described in the General Theory of Relativity and another. It is Gravitation which modifies/creates Spacetime curvature and itsfeatures and not vice versa.

Unification of Gravity and Electromagnetism

Gravity and electromagnetism are two sides of the same coin, which is the clue of this unification. Gravity and electromagnetism are represented by two mathematical structures, symmetric and antisymmetric respectively. Einstein gravitational field equation is the symmetric mathematical structure. Electrodynamics Lagrangian is three parts, for electromagnetic field, Dirac field and interaction term. The definition of canonical energy momentum tensor was used for each term in Electrodynamics Lagrangian to construct the antisymmetric mathematical structure; symmetric and antisymmetric gravitational field equations are two sides of the same Lagrangian.

<i>D’addio</i>to Blackness

It is assumed here that the energy of a strong gravitational field creates non-linear effects over enclosed masses. This idea and the rigorous rules of the General Theory of Relativity output a metric that covers strong and weak gravitational fields. The proposed metric could be correct because it included the Schwarzschild’s metric as a particular case and has no singularities. Additionally, it appears here that the massive condition of the gravitational fields has properties like the so-called Dark Matter.