Intelligent Transformation: General Intelligence Theory

This paper aims to formalize a general definition of intelligence beyond human intelligence. We accomplish this by re-imagining the concept of equality as a fundamental abstraction for relation. We discover that the concept of equality = limits the sensitivity of our mathematics to abstract relationships. We propose a new relation principle that does not rely on the concept of equality but is consistent with existing mathematical abstractions. In essence, this paper proposes a conceptual framework for general interaction and argues that this framework is also an abstraction that satisfies the definition of Intelligence. Hence, we define intelligence as a formalization of generality, represented by the abstraction ∆∞Ο, where each symbol represents the concepts infinitesimal, infinite, and finite respectively. In essence, this paper proposes a General Language Model (GLM), where the abstraction ∆∞Ο represents the foundational relationship of the model. This relation is colloquially termed “The theory of everything”.

On the Vacuum Hydrodynamics of Moving Bodies—The Theory of General Singularity

The Theory of General Singularity is presented, unifying quantum field theory, general relativity, and the standard model. This theory posits phonons as fundamental excitations in a quantum vacuum, modeled as a Bose-Einstein condensate. Through key equations, the role of phonons as intermediaries between matter, energy, and spacetime geometry is demonstrated. The theory expands Einsteins field equations to differentiate between visible and dark matter, and revises the standard model by incorporating phonons. It addresses dark matter, dark energy, gravity, and phase transitions, while making testable predictions. The theory proposes that singularities, the essence of particles and black holes, are quantum entities ubiquitous in nature, constituting the very essence of elementary particles, seen as micro black holes or quantum fractal structures of spacetime. As the theory is refined with increasing mathematical rigor, it builds upon the foundation of initial physical intuition, connecting the spacetime continuum of general relativity with the hydrodynamics of the quantum vacuum. Inspired by the insights of Tesla and Majorana, who believed that physical intuition justifies the infringement of mathematical rigor in the early stages of theory development, this work aims to advance the understanding of the fundamental laws of the universe and the perception of reality.

Generalization Rough Set Theory

In order to avoid the discretization in the classical rough set theory, a generlization rough set theory is proposed. At first, the degree of general importance of an attribute and attribute subsets are presented. Then, depending on the degree of general importance of attribute, the space distance can be measured with weighted method. At last, a generalization rough set theory based on the general near neighborhood relation is proposed. The proposed theory partitions the universe into the tolerant modules, and forms lower approximation and upper approximation of the set under general near neighborhood relationship, which avoids the discretization in Pawlak's rough set theory.

The Quantum Chromodynamics Gas Density Drop and the General Theory of Relativity Ether

β decay is one of the most fundamental and thoroughly studied nuclear decay. Surprisingly, the β decay rates were found to have a periodic time variability [1]. However, others argued that there is no evidence for such cyclic deviation from the exponential first order kinetics decay law [2]. Here we propose that the β decay is a pseudo-first order exchange reaction triggered by uddũexotic mesons and propose a QCD gas theory. In analogy to the atmospheric gas density, the proposed QCD gas density drops with elevation from the sun. Accordingly, we propose that the β decay rate periodic variability is due to the pseudo-first order exchange reaction kinetics and the QCD gas atmospheric density drop. The proposed QCD gas may be a possible candidate for Einstein’s general theory of relativity ether [3]. Our main results are the derived formulas for calculating the effective mass of the QCD gas and the cosmology perfect fluid equation of state dimensionless parameter, based on the measured ratio of the β decay rates at the earth trajectory aphelion and perihelion dates. .

A Comparison of New General System Theory Philosophy With Einstein and Bohr

The New General System theory was developed to be a theory of everything for complex systems within the world we can observe.This theory was constructed by supplementing a new mind-ether ontology into Bertalanffy’s general system theory framework.This theory is basically a generalization of classical mechanics rather than a revolution to it taken both by Einstein and Bohr in developing their relativity theory and quantum mechanics.The purpose of this paper is to reveal the reasons why Einstein and many others fail to unify relativity theory with quantum mechanics through comparing the main differences in philosophical opinions among NGST,Einstein,and Bohr.It is the hope of the authors that this clarification could speed up the unification process.

The Extremal Universe Exact Solution from Einstein’s Field Equation Gives the Cosmological Constant Directly

Einstein’s field equation is a highly general equation consisting of sixteen equations. However, the equation itself provides limited information about the universe unless it is solved with different boundary conditions. Multiple solutions have been utilized to predict cosmic scales, and among them, the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker solution that is the back-bone of the development into today standard model of modern cosmology: The Λ-CDM model. However, this is naturally not the only solution to Einstein’s field equation. We will investigate the extremal solutions of the Reissner-Nordström, Kerr, and Kerr-Newman metrics. Interestingly, in their extremal cases, these solutions yield identical predictions for horizons and escape velocity. These solutions can be employed to formulate a new cosmological model that resembles the Friedmann equation. However, a significant distinction arises in the extremal universe solution, which does not necessitate the ad hoc insertion of the cosmological constant;instead, it emerges naturally from the derivation itself. To the best of our knowledge, all other solutions relying on the cosmological constant do so by initially ad hoc inserting it into Einstein’s field equation. This clarification unveils the true nature of the cosmological constant, suggesting that it serves as a correction factor for strong gravitational fields, accurately predicting real-world cosmological phenomena only within the extremal solutions of the discussed metrics, all derived strictly from Einstein’s field equation.

On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Conversion and Transformation of Sound into Light

In the study of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) and Sonoluminescence, we observe parallels with larger cosmic events. Specifically, sonoluminescence involves the rapid collapse of bubbles, which closely resembles gravitational collapse in space. This observation suggests the potential formation of low-density quantum black holes. These entities, which might be related to dark matter, are thought to experience a kind of transient evaporation similar to Hawking radiation seen in cosmic black holes. Consequently, sonoluminescence could be a valuable tool for investigating phenomena typically linked to cosmic scale events. Furthermore, the role of the Higgs boson is considered in this context, possibly connecting it to both TGFs and sonoluminescence. This research could enhance our understanding of the quantum mechanics of black holes and their relation to dark matter on Earth.

The Correct Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman Metrics

In a very recent article of mine I have corrected the traditional derivation of the Schwarzschild metric thus arriving to formulate a correct Schwarzschild metric different from the traditional Schwarzschild metric. In this article, starting from this correct Schwarzschild metric, I also propose corrections to the other traditional Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics on the basis of the fact that these metrics should be equal to the correct Schwarzschild metric in the borderline case in which they reduce to the case described by this metric. In this way, we see that, like the correct Schwarzschild metric, also the correct Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics do not present any event horizon (and therefore do not present any black hole) unlike the traditional Reissner-Nordstrøm, Kerr and Kerr-Newman metrics.

The Solution of the Einstein’s Equations in the Vacuum Region Surrounding a Spherically Symmetric Mass Distribution

In this article, we address the solution of the Einstein’s equations in the vacuum region surrounding a spherically symmetric mass distribution. There are two different types of mathematical solutions, depending on the value of a constant of integration. These two types of solutions are analysed from a physical point of view. The comparison with the linear theory limit is also considered. This leads to a new solution, different from the well known one. If one considers the observational data in the weak field limit this new solution is in agreement with the available data. While the traditional Schwarzschild solution is characterized by a horizon at r=2GM/c2, no horizon exists in this new solution.

Refinement of Newton Gravitation Law

According to the theory of general relativity and experiments with atomic clocks in gravitation field, presence of the field shall cause time dilation of clock at rest in the field. This means that the gravitation constant G is not a true physical constant, but rather a function of the location of the setup in the field when measuring the parameter. This is because the definition of G includes a unit of time, and duration of that time unit is influenced by clock’s location in the field. However, the theory assumes a prior that G shall remain constant in gravitation field, even though this may not be the case. On the other hand, relativistic gravitation phenomena can be derived without contradiction from a refined version of Newton’s law of gravitation that complies with Einstein’s law of mass-energy equivalence.

On the Philosophical Ontology for a General System Theory

System is a very general concept and theoretically speaking, every problem encountered can be modeled as a system. Thus, the general system theory (GST) proposed by Bertalanffy (1968) and developed by many others e.g. Bunge (1977;1979;1983a;1983b) and Maturana and Varela (1980;1987) could be treated as a theory of everything (TOE). However, it is well-known that the present version of GST has not reached the level of TOE because it lacks a clear ontology. Currently, quantum mechanics (QM), Newtonian mechanics (NM) and general relativity (GR), suitable for microscopic, macroscopic and cosmic phenomena respectively are based on very different ontologies. In this paper, a unified ontology for the general system theory which could be applied to any scale from micro to cosmic is proposed. It is expected that this could lay a foundation to generalize GST to TOE.

Can we have a general theory of financial innovation processes? A conceptual review

Introduction:Since the financial crisis of 2008,the theory of financial innovation has been a focus at a time of re-evaluation and re-conceptualization.However,little has been done to evaluate the current state of research considering the increasing complexity of financial innovation.This paper examines the hypothesis of a general theory that encompasses increasing complexities in the financial innovation process.Methods:The paper begins with an overview of the definitions,the features,and the classification schemes of financial innovation.Additionally,the paper reviews the existing literature on the main objects of study in financial innovation and groups the findings under four main concepts.A conceptual analysis is presented that evaluates current approaches to the study of the financial innovation process and the difficulties inherent in constructing a single general theory.The paper proposes a framework based on a meta-theory of financial innovation as a better approach to understanding the inherent complexities and diversities affecting financial innovations.Discussion:(1)Financial innovations present diversities and complexities that make it infeasible to build a unifying general theory to explain their development.(2)The current state of research on financial innovation theories is limited and requires additional input.(3)A meta-theory that identifies,classifies,and connects theories of development for financial innovations is better suited to explaining the complexity of financial innovation processes.

Re-examination of the Two-Body Problem Using Our New General System Theory

It is well-known that philosophical conflicts exist among classical mechanics,quantum mechanics and relativistic mechanics.In order to use the framework of general system theory to unify these three mechanics subjects,a new general system theory is developed based on a new ontology of ether and minds as the fundamental existences in the world.The two-body problem is the simplest model in mechanics and in this paper,it is re-examined by using our new general system theory.It is found that the current description of the classical full two-body problem is inappropriate since the observer and the measurement apparatus have not been explicitly considered.After considering these,it is actually a three-body problem while only the special case of the Kepler problem is the two-body problem.By introducing the concepts of psychic force and psychic field,all the possible movement states in the two-body problem can be explained within the framework of classical mechanics.There is no need to change the meanings of many fundamental concepts,such as time,space,matter,mass,and energy as done in quantum mechanics and relativity theory.This points out a new direction for the unification of different theories.

A Theory of Evolving Natural Constants Based on the Unification of General Theory of Relativity and Dirac’s Large Number Hypothesis

Talcing Dirac's large number hypothesis as true, we have shown [Commun.Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 42 (2004) 703] the inconsistency of applying Einstein's theory ofgeneral relativity with fixed gravitation constant G to cosmology, and a modified theory for varyingG is found, which reduces to Einstein's theory outside the gravitating body for phenomena of shortduration in small distances, thereby agrees with all the crucial tests formerly supportingEinstein's theory. The modified theory, when applied to the usual homogeneous cosmological model,gives rise to a variable cosmological tensor term determined by the derivatives of G, in place ofthe cosmological constant term usually introduced ad hoc. Without any free parameter thetheoretical Hubble's relation obtained from the modified theory seems not in contradiction toobservations, as Dr. Wang's preliminary analysis of the recent data indicates [Commun. Theor. Phys.(Beijing, China) 42 (2004) 703]. As a complement to Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 42 (2004)703 we shall study in this paper the modification of electromagnetism due to Dirac's large numberhypothesis in more detail to show that the approximation of geometric optics still leads to nullgeodesies for the path of light, and that the general relation between the luminosity distance andthe proper geometric distance is still valid in our theory as in Einstein's theory, and give theequations for homogeneous cosmological model involving matter plus electromagnetic radiation.Finally we consider the impact of the modification to quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics,and arrive at a systematic theory of evolving natural constants including Planck's h as well asBoltzmann's k_B by finding out their cosmologically combined counterparts with factors ofappropriate powers of G that may remain truly constant to cosmologically long time.

Some Views on the Contribution of Design Theory to Engineering Education

This paper aims at presenting the organisation,the findings and the lessons learnt of a design casestudy workshop organized in the context of UB1-HIT joint master programme.After presenting the content and the evolution of this workshop over the years,findings and lessons learnt are discussed and final conclusions and perspectives are being proposed at the end of the paper.

The General Theory of Law and Its Development in China

Study of the general theory of law,as an independent branch of legal research,originated in Germany in the mid to late 19th century,and thereafter became a widely propagated and well-developed subject in countries such as the UK and the US.Scholars from the Soviet Union combined the general theory of law with Marxist philosophy and adapted it from an analytical legal theory to a social legal theory.The inheritance and development of the general theory of law in China went through three stages.Specifically,from the 1950s to the early 1960s,the jurisprudence community fully adopted the legal theories promoted by the Soviet Union;from the early 1980s to the late 1990s,the studies reflected upon past theories and sought advancement;and from the late 1990s to present,research has adopted a more open and innovative approach.In addition,the philosophy of law and other interdisciplinary subjects have gradually become dominant research paradigms.A review and compilation based on the evolution of theories of legal relations showed that the study of the general theory of law in China is closely associated to the historical rate of progress of the practice of rule of law and jurisprudence in China.The overall framework of the research is deeply influenced by the model of“theories of the Soviet+civil-law prototypes”.In addition,the research methods have evolved from investigations utilizing a single approach to processes combining various approaches.The general theory of law is far from a“relic of history,”and corresponding in-depth research is recommended for future jurisprudence study in China.

On the Trajectory Prediction of a Throwing Object Using New General System Theory

Trajectory prediction for the movement of a given object is one of the main tasks for the classical mechanics but in orthodox quantum mechanics,this task was announced to be an impossibility for the(sub-)atomic particles by famous Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.Of course,such an epistemology is against the philosophical beliefs of many scientists and currently another version of trajectory quantum mechanics known as Bohmian mechanics also exists.In order to unify the conflicts among classical mechanics,quantum mechanics,and relativity theory,a new general system theory(NGST)was proposed by the present author and his colleagues.The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that it is not the scale that matters but the living nature whether the object is lifeless or living.By using the psychic force concept introduced in NGST,Newton’s second law is applied to analyze five different types of objects.They are a stone,a coin,a cat,a person,and an electron.It is found that the classical mechanics has provided adequate room to explain the various newly observed phenomena for orthodox quantum mechanics and relativity theory and for human beings various parapsychological phenomena can also be explained by classical mechanics.Therefore,it is concluded that generalization of classical mechanics is adequate and no need to develop revolutionary quantum mechanics and relativity theory.

Complexity Decision Making and General Systems Theory： An Educational Perspective

The aim of this paper is to look at some important educational aspects of complexity decision making m a mummsc^pnnary manner from the perspective of General Systems Theory （GST）. First, the major issues involved in complexity management and decision making are summarized as they are viewed in literature, and a review of GST and Systems Thinking is given. The discussion in the paper is developed within the context of GST in general, but concentrated on decision making in the three trends of GST： Operations Research, Cybernetics, and Managerial Cybernetics. Here, the role of Cybernetics in complexity decision making is particularly emphasized. The discussion is then extended to the latest developments in complexity decision making in Science of Complexity and Soft Systems Thinking. The study also includes a framework which is expected to guide instructors who are planning to offer contemporary courses on decision making. The framework provides some clues for assessing the level of complexity for a given situation and selecting the appropriate methodology for solution development.

On wave dispersion of rotating viscoelastic nanobeam based on general nonlocal elasticity in thermal environment

The present research focuses on the analysis of wave propagation on a rotating viscoelastic nanobeam supported on the viscoelastic foundation which is subject to thermal gradient effects.A comprehensive and accurate model of a viscoelastic nanobeam is constructed by using a novel nonclassical mechanical model.Based on the general nonlocal theory(GNT),Kelvin-Voigt model,and Timoshenko beam theory,the motion equations for the nanobeam are obtained.Through the GNT,material hardening and softening behaviors are simultaneously taken into account during wave propagation.An analytical solution is utilized to generate the results for torsional(TO),longitudinal(LA),and transverse(TA)types of wave dispersion.Moreover,the effects of nonlocal parameters,Kelvin-Voigt damping,foundation damping,Winkler-Pasternak coefficients,rotating speed,and thermal gradient are illustrated and discussed in detail.

Quantum Gravitational Energy Simplifies Gravitational Physics and Gives a New Einstein Inspired Quantum Field Equation without G

We show the simplest form with which one can express the gravity force, and that still gives all the same predictions of observable phenomena as does standard Newton gravity and general relativity theory. In addition, we show a new field equation that gives all the same predictions as general relativity theory, but that it is simpler as the only constant needed is the speed of light and that also gives quantum gravity. This new form to express gravity, through quantum gravitational energy, requires less constants to predict gravity phenomena than standard gravity theory. This alone should make the physics community interested in investigating this approach. It shows that gravitational energy, and other types of energy are a collision-length in their most complete and deepest form and that quantization of gravity is related to the reduced Compton frequency of the gravitational mass per Planck time. While general relativity theory needs two constants to predict gravity phenomena, that is G and c, our new theory, based on gravity energy, only needs one constant, cg, that is easily found from gravitational observations with no prior knowledge of any constants. Further, we will show that, at the deepest quantum level, quantum gravity needs two constants, cg and the Planck length, while the standard formulation here needs c, h and lp. Thus our theory gives a reduction in constants and simpler formulas than does standard gravity theory. Most important we by this seems to have a fully consistent framework for quantum gravity.