The worldwide declines in amphibian populations have largely been caused by infectious fungi and bacteria. Given that vertebrate immunity against these extracellular pathogens is primarily functioned by the major hist...The worldwide declines in amphibian populations have largely been caused by infectious fungi and bacteria. Given that vertebrate immunity against these extracellular pathogens is primarily functioned by the major histocompatibility complex(MHC) class Ⅱ molecules, the characterization and the evolution of amphibian MHC class Ⅱ genes have attracted increasing attention. The polymorphism of MHC class Ⅱ genes was found to be correlated with susceptibility to fungal pathogens in many amphibian species, suggesting the importance of studies on MHC class Ⅱ genes for amphibians. However, such studies on MHC class Ⅱ gene evolution have rarely been conducted on amphibians in China. In this study, we chose Omei treefrog(Rhacophorus omeimontis), which lived moist environments easy for breeding bacteria, to study the polymorphism of its MHC class Ⅱ genes and the underlying evolutionary mechanisms. We amplified the entire MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequence in the R. omeimontis using newly designed primers. We detected 102 putative alleles in 146 individuals. The number of alleles per individual ranged from one to seven, indicating that there are at least four loci containing MHC class ⅡB genes in R. omeimontis. The allelic polymorphism estimated from the 102 alleles in R. omeimontis was not high compared to that estimated in other anuran species. No significant gene recombination was detected in the 102 MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequences. In contrast, both gene duplication and balancing selection greatly contributed to the variability in MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequences of R. omeimontis. This study lays the groundwork for the future researches to comprehensively analyze the evolution of amphibian MHC genes and to assess the role of MHC gene polymorphisms in resistance against extracellular pathogens for amphibians in China.展开更多
The major histocompatibility complex(MHC) genes play pivotal roles in the immune system of vertebrates against antigens.They are also significant indicators of genetic structure,and are vital to species-level populati...The major histocompatibility complex(MHC) genes play pivotal roles in the immune system of vertebrates against antigens.They are also significant indicators of genetic structure,and are vital to species-level population viability analyses and disease risk assessments.In this study,two DRA and two DQA sequences were isolated from Hainan Eld's deer(Cervus eldi hainanus) using rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE) and single-strand conformation polymorphism-heteroduplex(SSCP-HD) analysis.Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed large differences between the two DQA sequences,especially in their exon 2 regions,but only minimal differences between the variants of the DRA gene.Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences of the Ceel-MHC class Ⅱ A variants with those from six other species revealed that these molecules share high homology among ruminants.A phylogenetic tree of four class Ⅱ A sequences from Hainan Eld's deer and the other species placed the newly identified DQA and DRA genes on two distinct branches(100%-supportively),and further divided the two DQA sequences into 98%-supportive DQA1 and 99%-supportive DQA2 clusters,respectively.Therefore,this study identified monomorphic Ceel-DQA1 and Ceel-DQA2 genes,and one dimorphic Ceel-DRA gene from Hainan Eld's deer.展开更多
Since the publication of the DRiP(defective ribosomal product) hypothesis in 1996, numerous studies have addressed the contribution of DRiPs to generating viral antigenic peptides for CD8^+T cell immunosurveillance. H...Since the publication of the DRiP(defective ribosomal product) hypothesis in 1996, numerous studies have addressed the contribution of DRiPs to generating viral antigenic peptides for CD8^+T cell immunosurveillance. Here, we review studies characterizing the generation of antigenic peptides from influenza A virus encoded DRiPs, discuss the many remaining mysteries regarding the nature of their co-translational generation, and speculate on where the future might lead.展开更多
Newcastle disease( ND) is one of the most serious infectious diseases that infect the poultry industry.There is only one serotype of Newcastle disease virus( NDV),but NDVs can be divided into two distinct classes( cla...Newcastle disease( ND) is one of the most serious infectious diseases that infect the poultry industry.There is only one serotype of Newcastle disease virus( NDV),but NDVs can be divided into two distinct classes( class Ⅰ,and class Ⅱ) according to their genetic relationship.To develop a method for rapid quantitative detection of class Ⅰ NDV,a pair of primers and a TaqM an probe were designed and synthesized according to the conservative sequence of NP gene of class Ⅰ NDV.The positive recombinant plasmid harboring NP gene of JS-18-05 isolate was used as a positive template to establish the standard curve.A real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR method was established for rapid detection of class Ⅰ NDV with strong specificity,high sensitivity and good repeatability.The established method exhibited a good linear relationship within the concentration of 102 to 108 copies of NDV,by which 1 μl of 10 copy of NDV nucleic acid could be detected in the initial template.Compared with conventional virus isolation methods,the established method had similar sensitivity and led to the same results in detecting33 class Ⅰ,class Ⅱ NDV isolates.The study provided the basis for rapid quantitative detection of class Ⅰ NDVs and further clarification of their pathogenicity and pathogenic mechanism in poultry.展开更多
目的探讨哺乳动物内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)滞留信号肽(retrieval signal sequence)能否促进外源CTL表位肽进入抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC)内MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递途径。方法应用多肽固相合成技术将哺乳动物内质网...目的探讨哺乳动物内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)滞留信号肽(retrieval signal sequence)能否促进外源CTL表位肽进入抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC)内MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递途径。方法应用多肽固相合成技术将哺乳动物内质网滞留信号——赖氨酸-天冬氨酸-谷氨酸-亮氨酸(Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu,KDEL)基序融合在H-2Kb限制性CTL表位OVA257-264的羧基端,同时合成该表位和氨基端自然延伸四个氨基酸(TEWT)的对照肽OVA257-268。选择巨噬细胞系Ana-1作为本研究的APC,采用流式细胞仪(FACS)分析技术,检测各抗原肽在Ana-1内的MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递动力学。结果羧基端KDEL基序可明显增强与之偶联的CTL表位在APC内的MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递效率,并且显著延长APC表面MHC/肽复合物的呈递时间。结论羧基端KDEL基序修饰是将外源肽有效导入APC内MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递途径的一个简单有效的新策略,可为肿瘤治疗性肽疫苗的分子设计与研究提供新思路和实验依据。展开更多
目的构建人类MHC-Ⅰ类链相关基因A(MICA)的真核表达载体,转染人舌鳞癌脑高转移Tca8113-Tb细胞,建立稳定过表达MICA基因的口腔鳞癌细胞系。方法采用PCR技术扩增pCMV-SPORT6-MICA中编码MICA基因的cDNA序列,重组至有绿色荧光蛋白标记的真...目的构建人类MHC-Ⅰ类链相关基因A(MICA)的真核表达载体,转染人舌鳞癌脑高转移Tca8113-Tb细胞,建立稳定过表达MICA基因的口腔鳞癌细胞系。方法采用PCR技术扩增pCMV-SPORT6-MICA中编码MICA基因的cDNA序列,重组至有绿色荧光蛋白标记的真核表达载体pEGFP-N1,构建最终的表达载体pEGFP-N1-MICA,脂质体法转染Tca8113-Tb细胞,G418筛选,荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达,有限稀释法建立稳定过表达MICA基因的Tca8113-Tb细胞系,RT-PCR、real time PCR和免疫细胞化学检测MICA在该细胞中的表达。结果通过PCR技术获取了MICA基因并成功克隆入载体,测序鉴定该序列与GenBank中的序列相同。转染的细胞可见绿色荧光蛋白表达,RT-PCR、real time PCR及免疫细胞化学检测到目的基因MICA在转染细胞中为过表达。结论 pEGFP-N1-MICA真核表达载体的成功构建与稳定转染Tca8113-Tb细胞系的建立,为进一步研究该基因的功能奠定了良好的实验基础。展开更多
目的:探讨MHC-Ⅰ类相关链基因A(MHC class-Ⅰchain related gene A,MICA)与湖南地区白血病之间的相关性。方法:应用荧光聚合酶链反应-基因扫描技术和聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物技术分析,对62例白血病患者和112名正常人群进行MICA基因...目的:探讨MHC-Ⅰ类相关链基因A(MHC class-Ⅰchain related gene A,MICA)与湖南地区白血病之间的相关性。方法:应用荧光聚合酶链反应-基因扫描技术和聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物技术分析,对62例白血病患者和112名正常人群进行MICA基因第5外显子微卫星等位基因分型及MICA基因缺失检测。结果:慢性粒细胞白血病组(n=35)的MICA*A5基因频率显著低于正常对照组(RR=0.635,P=0.0380);急性淋巴细胞性白血病组(n=13)的MICA*A4基因频率显著低于正常对照组(RR=0.120,P=0.0297);而在急性非淋巴细胞性白血病组(n=14),MICA*A5基因频率显著高于正常对照组(RR=2.229,P=0.0218)。结论:本文数据显示,MICA-STR多态性与湖南地区白血病之间存在相关性;不同病理类型的白血病相关格局有所不同。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31201713,No.31270425 and No.31470442)
文摘The worldwide declines in amphibian populations have largely been caused by infectious fungi and bacteria. Given that vertebrate immunity against these extracellular pathogens is primarily functioned by the major histocompatibility complex(MHC) class Ⅱ molecules, the characterization and the evolution of amphibian MHC class Ⅱ genes have attracted increasing attention. The polymorphism of MHC class Ⅱ genes was found to be correlated with susceptibility to fungal pathogens in many amphibian species, suggesting the importance of studies on MHC class Ⅱ genes for amphibians. However, such studies on MHC class Ⅱ gene evolution have rarely been conducted on amphibians in China. In this study, we chose Omei treefrog(Rhacophorus omeimontis), which lived moist environments easy for breeding bacteria, to study the polymorphism of its MHC class Ⅱ genes and the underlying evolutionary mechanisms. We amplified the entire MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequence in the R. omeimontis using newly designed primers. We detected 102 putative alleles in 146 individuals. The number of alleles per individual ranged from one to seven, indicating that there are at least four loci containing MHC class ⅡB genes in R. omeimontis. The allelic polymorphism estimated from the 102 alleles in R. omeimontis was not high compared to that estimated in other anuran species. No significant gene recombination was detected in the 102 MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequences. In contrast, both gene duplication and balancing selection greatly contributed to the variability in MHC class ⅡB exon 2 sequences of R. omeimontis. This study lays the groundwork for the future researches to comprehensively analyze the evolution of amphibian MHC genes and to assess the role of MHC gene polymorphisms in resistance against extracellular pathogens for amphibians in China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30970426)a special grant from the State Forestry Administration of Chinathe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘The major histocompatibility complex(MHC) genes play pivotal roles in the immune system of vertebrates against antigens.They are also significant indicators of genetic structure,and are vital to species-level population viability analyses and disease risk assessments.In this study,two DRA and two DQA sequences were isolated from Hainan Eld's deer(Cervus eldi hainanus) using rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE) and single-strand conformation polymorphism-heteroduplex(SSCP-HD) analysis.Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed large differences between the two DQA sequences,especially in their exon 2 regions,but only minimal differences between the variants of the DRA gene.Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences of the Ceel-MHC class Ⅱ A variants with those from six other species revealed that these molecules share high homology among ruminants.A phylogenetic tree of four class Ⅱ A sequences from Hainan Eld's deer and the other species placed the newly identified DQA and DRA genes on two distinct branches(100%-supportively),and further divided the two DQA sequences into 98%-supportive DQA1 and 99%-supportive DQA2 clusters,respectively.Therefore,this study identified monomorphic Ceel-DQA1 and Ceel-DQA2 genes,and one dimorphic Ceel-DRA gene from Hainan Eld's deer.
基金supported by the Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH
文摘Since the publication of the DRiP(defective ribosomal product) hypothesis in 1996, numerous studies have addressed the contribution of DRiPs to generating viral antigenic peptides for CD8^+T cell immunosurveillance. Here, we review studies characterizing the generation of antigenic peptides from influenza A virus encoded DRiPs, discuss the many remaining mysteries regarding the nature of their co-translational generation, and speculate on where the future might lead.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30630048)National Science and Technology Support Program(2006BAD06A03)
文摘Newcastle disease( ND) is one of the most serious infectious diseases that infect the poultry industry.There is only one serotype of Newcastle disease virus( NDV),but NDVs can be divided into two distinct classes( class Ⅰ,and class Ⅱ) according to their genetic relationship.To develop a method for rapid quantitative detection of class Ⅰ NDV,a pair of primers and a TaqM an probe were designed and synthesized according to the conservative sequence of NP gene of class Ⅰ NDV.The positive recombinant plasmid harboring NP gene of JS-18-05 isolate was used as a positive template to establish the standard curve.A real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR method was established for rapid detection of class Ⅰ NDV with strong specificity,high sensitivity and good repeatability.The established method exhibited a good linear relationship within the concentration of 102 to 108 copies of NDV,by which 1 μl of 10 copy of NDV nucleic acid could be detected in the initial template.Compared with conventional virus isolation methods,the established method had similar sensitivity and led to the same results in detecting33 class Ⅰ,class Ⅱ NDV isolates.The study provided the basis for rapid quantitative detection of class Ⅰ NDVs and further clarification of their pathogenicity and pathogenic mechanism in poultry.
文摘目的探讨哺乳动物内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)滞留信号肽(retrieval signal sequence)能否促进外源CTL表位肽进入抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC)内MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递途径。方法应用多肽固相合成技术将哺乳动物内质网滞留信号——赖氨酸-天冬氨酸-谷氨酸-亮氨酸(Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu,KDEL)基序融合在H-2Kb限制性CTL表位OVA257-264的羧基端,同时合成该表位和氨基端自然延伸四个氨基酸(TEWT)的对照肽OVA257-268。选择巨噬细胞系Ana-1作为本研究的APC,采用流式细胞仪(FACS)分析技术,检测各抗原肽在Ana-1内的MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递动力学。结果羧基端KDEL基序可明显增强与之偶联的CTL表位在APC内的MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递效率,并且显著延长APC表面MHC/肽复合物的呈递时间。结论羧基端KDEL基序修饰是将外源肽有效导入APC内MHC-Ⅰ类抗原呈递途径的一个简单有效的新策略,可为肿瘤治疗性肽疫苗的分子设计与研究提供新思路和实验依据。
文摘目的构建人类MHC-Ⅰ类链相关基因A(MICA)的真核表达载体,转染人舌鳞癌脑高转移Tca8113-Tb细胞,建立稳定过表达MICA基因的口腔鳞癌细胞系。方法采用PCR技术扩增pCMV-SPORT6-MICA中编码MICA基因的cDNA序列,重组至有绿色荧光蛋白标记的真核表达载体pEGFP-N1,构建最终的表达载体pEGFP-N1-MICA,脂质体法转染Tca8113-Tb细胞,G418筛选,荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达,有限稀释法建立稳定过表达MICA基因的Tca8113-Tb细胞系,RT-PCR、real time PCR和免疫细胞化学检测MICA在该细胞中的表达。结果通过PCR技术获取了MICA基因并成功克隆入载体,测序鉴定该序列与GenBank中的序列相同。转染的细胞可见绿色荧光蛋白表达,RT-PCR、real time PCR及免疫细胞化学检测到目的基因MICA在转染细胞中为过表达。结论 pEGFP-N1-MICA真核表达载体的成功构建与稳定转染Tca8113-Tb细胞系的建立,为进一步研究该基因的功能奠定了良好的实验基础。
文摘目的:探讨MHC-Ⅰ类相关链基因A(MHC class-Ⅰchain related gene A,MICA)与湖南地区白血病之间的相关性。方法:应用荧光聚合酶链反应-基因扫描技术和聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物技术分析,对62例白血病患者和112名正常人群进行MICA基因第5外显子微卫星等位基因分型及MICA基因缺失检测。结果:慢性粒细胞白血病组(n=35)的MICA*A5基因频率显著低于正常对照组(RR=0.635,P=0.0380);急性淋巴细胞性白血病组(n=13)的MICA*A4基因频率显著低于正常对照组(RR=0.120,P=0.0297);而在急性非淋巴细胞性白血病组(n=14),MICA*A5基因频率显著高于正常对照组(RR=2.229,P=0.0218)。结论:本文数据显示,MICA-STR多态性与湖南地区白血病之间存在相关性;不同病理类型的白血病相关格局有所不同。