Engineering of geometrical configurations in dual-atom catalysts for electrocatalytic applications

Geometrical configurations play a crucial role in dual-atom catalysts(DACs)for electrocatalytic applications.Significant progress has been made to design DACs electrocatalysts with various geometri-cal configurations,but in-depth understanding the relationship between geometrical configurations and metal-metal interaction mechanisms for designing targeted DACs is still required.In this review,the recent progress in engineering of geometrical configurations of DACs is systematically summarized.Based on the polarity of geometrical configuration,DACs can be classified into two different types that are homonuclear and heteronuclear DACs.Furthermore,with regard to the geometrical configurations of the active sites,homonuclear DACs are identified into adjacent and bridged configurations,and heteronuclear DACs can be classified into adjacent,bridged,and separated configurations.Subsequently,metal-metal interactions in DACs with different geometrical configurations are introduced.Additionally,the applications of DACs in different electrocatalytic reactions are discussed,including the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),oxygen evolution reaction(OER),hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),and other catalysis.Finally,the future challenges and perspectives for advancements in DACs are high-lighted.This review aims to provide inspiration for the design of highly effcient DACs towards energy relatedapplications.

Modeling Geometrically Nonlinear FG Plates: A Fast and Accurate Alternative to IGA Method Based on Deep Learning

Isogeometric analysis (IGA) is known to showadvanced features compared to traditional finite element approaches.Using IGA one may accurately obtain the geometrically nonlinear bending behavior of plates with functionalgrading (FG). However, the procedure is usually complex and often is time-consuming. We thus put forward adeep learning method to model the geometrically nonlinear bending behavior of FG plates, bypassing the complexIGA simulation process. A long bidirectional short-term memory (BLSTM) recurrent neural network is trainedusing the load and gradient index as inputs and the displacement responses as outputs. The nonlinear relationshipbetween the outputs and the inputs is constructed usingmachine learning so that the displacements can be directlyestimated by the deep learning network. To provide enough training data, we use S-FSDT Von-Karman IGA andobtain the displacement responses for different loads and gradient indexes. Results show that the recognition erroris low, and demonstrate the feasibility of deep learning technique as a fast and accurate alternative to IGA formodeling the geometrically nonlinear bending behavior of FG plates.

Iterative Subregion Correction Preconditioners with Adaptive Tolerance for Problems with Geometrically Localized Stiffness

We present a class of preconditioners for the linear systems resulting from a finite element or discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of advection-dominated problems.These preconditioners are designed to treat the case of geometrically localized stiffness,where the convergence rates of iterative methods are degraded in a localized subregion of the mesh.Slower convergence may be caused by a number of factors,including the mesh size,anisotropy,highly variable coefficients,and more challenging physics.The approach taken in this work is to correct well-known preconditioners such as the block Jacobi and the block incomplete LU(ILU)with an adaptive inner subregion iteration.The goal of these preconditioners is to reduce the number of costly global iterations by accelerating the convergence in the stiff region by iterating on the less expensive reduced problem.The tolerance for the inner iteration is adaptively chosen to minimize subregion-local work while guaranteeing global convergence rates.We present analysis showing that the convergence of these preconditioners,even when combined with an adaptively selected tolerance,is independent of discretization parameters(e.g.,the mesh size and diffusion coefficient)in the subregion.We demonstrate significant performance improvements over black-box preconditioners when applied to several model convection-diffusion problems.Finally,we present performance results of several variations of iterative subregion correction preconditioners applied to the Reynolds number 2.25×10^(6)fluid flow over the NACA 0012 airfoil,as well as massively separated flow at 30°angle of attack.

Quantification of grain boundary effects on the geometrically necessary dislocation density evolution and strain hardening of polycrystalline Mg-4Al using in situ tensile testing in scanning electron microscope and HR-EBSD

In situ tensile testing in a scanning electron microscope(SEM)in conjunction with high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction(HR-EBSD)under load was used to characterize the evolution of geometrically necessary dislocation(GND)densities at individual grain boundaries as a function of applied strain in a polycrystalline Mg-4Al alloy.The increase in GND density was investigated at plastic strains of 0%,0.6%,2.2%,3.3% from the area including 76 grains and correlated with(i)geometric compatibility between slip systems across grain boundaries,and(ii)plastic incompatibility.We develop expressions for the grain boundary GND density evolution as a function of plastic strain and plastic incompatibility,from which uniaxial tensile stress-strain response of polycrystalline Mg-4Al are computed and compared with experimental measurement.The findings in this study contribute to understanding the mechanisms governing the strain hardening response of single-phase polycrystalline alloys and more reliable prediction of mechanical behaviors in diverse microstructures.

Influence of manufacturing process-induced geometrical defects on the energy absorption capacity of polymer lattice structures

Modern additive manufacturing processes enable fabricating architected cellular materials of complex shape,which can be used for different purposes.Among them,lattice structures are increasingly used in applications requiring a compromise among lightness and suited mechanical properties,like improved energy absorption capacity and specific stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios.A dedicated modeling strategy to assess the energy absorption capacity of lattice structures under uni-axial compression loading is presented in this work.The numerical model is developed in a non-linear framework accounting for the strain rate effect on the mechanical responses of the lattice structure.Four geometries,i.e.,cubic body centered cell,octet cell,rhombic-dodecahedron and truncated cuboctahedron 2+,are investigated.Specifically,the influence of the relative density of the representative volume element of each geometry,the strain-rate dependency of the bulk material and of the presence of the manufacturing process-induced geometrical imperfections on the energy absorption capacity of the lattice structure is investigated.The main outcome of this study points out the importance of correctly integrating geometrical imperfections into the modeling strategy when shock absorption applications are aimed for.

Nonlinear dynamics of a circular curved cantilevered pipe conveying pulsating fluid based on the geometrically exact model

Due to the novel applications of flexible pipes conveying fluid in the field of soft robotics and biomedicine,the investigations on the mechanical responses of the pipes have attracted considerable attention.The fluid-structure interaction(FSI)between the pipe with a curved shape and the time-varying internal fluid flow brings a great challenge to the revelation of the dynamical behaviors of flexible pipes,especially when the pipe is highly flexible and usually undergoes large deformations.In this work,the geometrically exact model(GEM)for a curved cantilevered pipe conveying pulsating fluid is developed based on the extended Hamilton's principle.The stability of the curved pipe with three different subtended angles is examined with the consideration of steady fluid flow.Specific attention is concentrated on the large-deformation resonance of circular pipes conveying pulsating fluid,which is often encountered in practical engineering.By constructing bifurcation diagrams,oscillating shapes,phase portraits,time traces,and Poincarémaps,the dynamic responses of the curved pipe under various system parameters are revealed.The mean flow velocity of the pulsating fluid is chosen to be either subcritical or supercritical.The numerical results show that the curved pipe conveying pulsating fluid can exhibit rich dynamical behaviors,including periodic and quasi-periodic motions.It is also found that the preferred instability type of a cantilevered curved pipe conveying steady fluid is mainly in the flutter of the second mode.For a moderate value of the mass ratio,however,a third-mode flutter may occur,which is quite different from that of a straight pipe system.

Geometrically Nonlinear Flutter Analysis Based on CFD/CSD Methods and Wind Tunnel Experimental Verification

This study presents a high-speed geometrically nonlinear flutter analysis calculation method based on the highprecision computational fluid dynamics/computational structural dynamics methods.In the proposed method,the aerodynamic simulation was conducted based on computational fluid dynamics,and the structural model was established using the nonlinear finite element model and tangential stiffness matrix.First,the equilibrium position was obtained using the nonlinear static aeroelastic iteration.Second,the structural modal under a steady aerodynamic load was extracted.Finally,the generalized displacement time curve was obtained by coupling the unsteady aerodynamics and linearized structure motion equations.Moreover,if the flutter is not at a critical state,the incoming flow dynamic pressure needs to be changed,and the above steps must be repeated until the vibration amplitude are equal.Furthermore,the high-speed geometrically nonlinear flutter of the wing-body assemblymodel with a high-aspect ratio was investigated,and the correctness of the method was verified using high-speed wind tunnel experiments.The results showed that the geometric nonlinearity of the large deformation of the wing caused in-plane bending to become a key factor in flutter characteristics and significantly decreased the dynamic pressure and frequency of the nonlinear flutter compared to those of the linear flutter.

In-plane and out-of-plane quasi-static compression performance enhancement of 3D printed re-entrant diamond auxetic metamaterial with geometrical tuning and fiber reinforcement

Auxetic materials are cellular materials with a unique property of negative Poisson’s ratio.The auxeticity and performance of these metamaterials utterly depend on the geometrical parameters and loading direction.For the first time,the quasi-static uniaxial compression performance of fused filament fabricated re-entrant diamond auxetic metamaterial is evaluated in the x-direction(in-plane)and z-direction(out-of-plane).The most commonly used thermoplastic feedstock,Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene,is considered a material of choice.The effect of influential geometrical parameters of the re-entrant diamond structure and printing parameter is systematically studied using Taguchi’s design of experiments.Grey-based multi-objective optimisation technique has been adopted to arrive at the optimal structure.Efforts are made to improve the stiffness and strength of the structure with fibre reinforcements.Micro glass fibre reinforcements have enhanced specific strength and stiffness in both in-plane and out-ofplane directions.A sevenfold and thirteen times increase in specific strength and energy absorption is evident for glass fibre-reinforced structures in out-of-plane directions compared to in-plane ones.Proper tuning of geometrical parameters of the re-entrant diamond structure can result in a Poisson’s ratio of up to-3.49 when tested in the x-direction.The parametric study has illustrated the tailorability of the structure according to the application requirements.The statistical study has signified each considered parameter’s contribution to the compression performance characteristics of the 3D printed re-entrant diamond auxetic metamaterial.

The Perturbed Riemann Problem for a Geometrical Optics System

The perturbed Riemann problem for a hyperbolic system of conservation laws arising in geometrical optics with three constant initial states is solved.By studying the interactions among of the delta-shock,vacuum,and contact discontinuity,fourteen kinds of structures of Riemann solutions are obtained.The compound wave solutions consisting of delta-shocks,vacuums,and contact discontinuities are found.The single and double closed vacuum cavitations develop in solutions.Furthermore,it is shown that the solutions of the Riemann problem for the geometrical optics system are stable under certain perturbation of the initial data.Finally,the numerical results completely coinciding with theoretical analysis are presented.

超磁致伸缩致动器非线性动力学的分数阶时滞反馈控制

设计了一种分数阶时滞反馈控制器,用于控制单自由度的超磁致伸缩致动器(GMA)的非线性动态响应。考虑到预压碟形弹簧机构引入的几何非线性因素影响,建立了GMA系统的非线性数学模型。利用平均法求解系统在含分数阶时滞反馈控制策略下主共振的幅频响应方程,根据Routh-Hurwitz准则得到系统的稳定性条件。通过数值模拟研究GMA系统中关键结构参数对幅频响应特性的影响,以及主共振峰值和系统稳定性随每个时滞反馈参数变化的特性规律;通过分岔图和Lyapunov指数图得到外激励幅值对系统混沌运动的影响;最后调节时滞反馈增益和分数阶次抑制系统的混沌运动。结果表明,时滞反馈增益和分数阶次能够有效抑制系统的主共振峰值和不稳定区域,可以将系统响应从混沌运动调整为稳定的周期运动,提高系统的稳定性。

标准核燃料组件几何轮廓校准装置的研制

针对标准核燃料组件竖直状态下几何参数溯源需求,研制了一种标准核燃料组件几何轮廓校准装置。该装置以空间坐标测量为理念,利用多路接触式传感器作为轮廓测量采集单元,结合测量工作台高度位置获得轮廓坐标。通过直线度及扭转度测量与误差补偿,进一步提高了几何轮廓测量精度;并使用集成运动控制和专用测量软件,实现了标准核燃料组件几何轮廓参数(直线度、扭转度、垂直度、平行度)的自动检测。通过分析及实验验证,几何轮廓参数中直线度和平行度测量标准不确定度为0.01 mm,扭转度测量标准不确定度为0.007 mm,垂直度测量标准不确定度为0.017 mm,说明该装置能够满足标准核燃料组件的溯源需求。

换热翅片几何量数字化测量技术研究及在智能制造中的应用

为解决换热翅片开窗角度的数字化测量问题,研究了面向换热器智能制造产线的翅片几何量参数测量装置。该装置采用激光轮廓传感器进行非接触测量,对获取的多组原始轮廓数据进行数据剔除和取均值预处理,将处理后的数据逐点求导以识别兴趣测量区域,在各兴趣测量区域采用定长逐点步进的方式进行最小二乘拟合运算,选取最优拟合线段进行夹角计算,可自动实现对翅片8个开窗角度及3个长度参数的测量,设计了基于JSON的数据交互格式实现与制造执行系统的数据对接。实验结果表明:装置角度测量最大允许误差(MPE)为±0.5°,具备数字化测量及数据交互能力,测量精度满足企业质控需求。

作物组织结构与力学性能研究

传统的宏观力学性能试验方法无法解析作物的力学性能与形态结构、微观结构和化合物成分存在的内在联系。显微图像获取与处理技术和有限元分析的深度发展使多尺度方法成为了作物力学研究的新途径。作物组织结构与力学性能研究是作物多尺度力学的重要部分。本文从作物组织的形态结构及几何模型构建方法、力学模型构建与求解方法和力学性能试验方法等3个方面对作物组织多尺度结构力学的研究现状进行了综述,分析了现有的组织几何模型与力学模型构建方法和力学性能试验方法等方面存在的局限性,并对多尺度结构力学研究进行了展望。

注塑件机器视觉缺陷检测的几何矫正方法研究

针对多面体注塑零件在机器视觉缺陷检测中的零件图像几何形变问题,提出了基于几何光学原理的矫正算法。在拍摄定位误差不大于1 mm的条件下,所述方法矫正误差理论上<0.1 mm,可满足注塑零件机器视觉缺陷检测的需要。首先对采集的图像进行预处理获取图像边缘;接着将轮廓线交点确定为零件顶点;根据顶点位置分割零件的不同表面并将其映射在二维平面;然后根据几何光学计算图像中每一个像素点的偏移量;最后使用基于几何光学的方法对图像中的像素点进行逐点矫正。利用一组六面体零件模拟实际工况,在不同的拍摄定位误差状态下进行实验,使用Matlab对矫正算法进行验证。实验结果表明,所述方法误差在0.1 mm以内,与理论分析相吻合,满足注塑零件在机器视觉缺陷检测中零件图像几何矫正精度的需要。

基于组合圆锥构型的水下声学定位系统布站优化

在水下目标定位中,布站构型的共面约束会导致目标单点定位的几何精度因子(GDOP)理论最小值不能达到。为改善水下布站的观测矩阵,将单圆锥扩展为组合圆锥构型布站模式。然而,传统的优化算法易陷入局部最优且存在收敛效率低等问题。针对以上问题,提出了一种改进的自适应粒子群算法。首先提出了一种有共面约束的水下声学定位系统组合圆锥构型,并证明了所提出的组合圆锥构型具有可叠加性、可旋转性以及GDOP旋转不变性;其次,针对布站优化指标单一的问题,构建了一种基于水下目标全局GDOP的布站优化准则;在此基础上提出了一种基于自适应粒子群的优化算法,并应用于组合圆锥构型下的水下声学定位系统布站优化。所提出的自适应粒子群算法能增强布站的全局最优性,提高算法收敛效率和水下目标的定位精度。

可再生能源投资的政企随机演化博弈研究——基于动态碳价视角

针对传统确定性演化博弈模型的不足,引入几何布朗运动模型模拟动态的碳价参数,构建了具有随机支付矩阵的演化博弈模型,以全国碳市场背景下的发电企业为例,研究了政企双方的演化过程和策略选择,探究了不同因素对演化均衡和政企决策的影响.结果显示:碳价是影响政企决策的重要因素,碳价较低时,政企的最优决策分别是选择作为策略即采取奖惩措施和不投资可再生能源,碳价较高时最优决策转变为不作为和投资.火力发电的成本、收益和碳排放系数以及可再生能源发电的成本、收益和建设成本是影响政府和发电企业策略选择的关键因素.发电企业投资意愿与政府的奖惩力度正相关,政府作为意愿与奖惩力度负相关,短期内提高政府的奖惩力度可激励发电企业的投资行为,但会缩短政府作为时长.

电大山区地物环境中电波传播的电磁计算

在无人驾驶与无人机等新兴行业中,信号覆盖范围的要求较高,不仅仅在城市,在人迹罕至的山地、沙漠、森林中也需要无线信号的覆盖才能真正完成远程操控,这些地区更多需要考虑的是地势变化对电磁传播所带来的影响。计算电磁学中的一致性几何绕射理论方法是分析电大环境电磁问题的有效方法,使用计算电磁学的方法研究电磁波在山区地物环境中的传播规律。给出了一种建立不规则地形模型的新方法,可以通过数字高程的网格数据生成电磁算法可用的三次多项式曲面,使用多个立方曲面对不规则地形进行拼接,使用平均均方根误差验证模型数据的准确性。基于所得的地形数据,完成了并行的几何光学算法,并对区域电磁场的分布进行了仿真计算。选取了实际山区地物环境进行了实地测量,测量结果与仿真结果对比趋势一致,验证了该方法在非规则地形中电磁波传播分析中的有效性。考虑环境电磁计算的规模,建立了相应的并行策略,100核测试的并行效率可以保持在80%以上。

集料几何学特性对PRMC抗压强度和损伤过程的影响

集料几何学特性是影响颗粒复合材料力学性能的重要因素,也是实现复合材料性能精确设计的理论基础。以颗粒增强树脂基复合材料(particle-reinforced resin matrix composite,PRMC)为研究对象,采用PFC和3D MAX联合创建了精细的数字集料,分析集料综合几何学特性对PRMC动态损伤特性的影响,进一步细化并分离出集料单一几何学特征,通过分级替换不同粒径的圆形集料研究集料单一几何学特性对PRMC力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:集料几何学特性影响原始微损伤的分布,引导裂纹的扩展并最终决定PRMC的压缩破坏模式,并且压缩破坏过程存在典型的随机损伤特性;集料的形状、棱角和纹理通过降低集料间的流动性提高PRMC的抗压强度,而集料骨架系统需要在分形维数、级配级数、最大粒径和最大最小粒径比之间寻求最佳参数组合来提高PRMC的抗压强度。

基于PSD的分离式长导轨直线度测量方法研究

利用分段拼接测量方法能够将PSD激光准直测量系统测量范围扩大,相较于传统长导轨直线度测量方法,该方法可同时适用于连续型导轨和分离式超长导轨的直线度测量。首先,在(-5~+5) mm测量范围内,通过激光干涉仪分别测得激光准直测量系统的接收靶在水平和竖直方向上的位移,误差均优于±(1μm+1%H)。然后,在40 m范围内与激光准直测量系统的直线度测量精度进行对比,二者水平方向直线度误差相差0.06 mm,竖直方向直线度误差相差0.13 mm。最后,在70 m分离式超长导轨上,测得水平方向直线度为0.50 mm,竖直方向直线度为0.53 mm。该方法可迅速定位和调整直线度误差极值点位置,能够较为有效地解决分离式超长导轨的直线度装配调试问题。

基于相似度加速的自适应聚类联邦学习

为了解决联邦学习过程中数据异质性导致模型性能下降的问题,考虑对联邦模型个性化,提出了一种新的基于相似度加速的自适应聚类联邦学习(ACFL)算法,基于客户端本地更新的几何特性和客户端联邦时的正向反馈实现自适应加速聚类,将客户端划分到不同任务簇,同簇中数据分布相似的客户端协同实现聚类联邦学习(CFL),从而提升模型性能。该算法不需要先验确定类簇数量和迭代划分客户端,在避免现有基于聚类的联邦算法计算成本过高、收敛速度慢等问题的同时保证了模型性能。在常用数据集上使用深度卷积神经网络验证了ACFL的有效性。结果表明,所提算法性能与聚类联邦学习算法相当,优于传统的迭代联邦聚类算法(IFCA),且具有更快的收敛速度。