Digitized Outcrop Geomodeling of Ramp Shoals and its Reservoirs： as an Example of Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation of Eastern Sichuan Basin

Numerous hydrocarbon accumulations are found in ramp crest shoals worldwide and therefore this depositional setting has a high potential of being the hydrocarbon reservoir. In this paper, we combined digital outcrop geology and traditional geological mapping to build an outcrop-based geocellular model of the ramp-crest shoal complex of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the Eastern Sichuan Basin. The outcrop model serves as an analogue for the subsurface reservoir of the Feixianguan Formation and illustrates the complexity of the lithofacies types, stratigraphic architecture, and reservoir heterogeneities at a scale below conventional subsurface data resolution. The studied ramp -crest shoal complex consists of thirteen types of lithofacies that can be grouped into three facies-groups corresponding to subtidal intraclastic shoal, sub- to inter-tidal oolitic shoal, and tidal flat depositional environments respectively. The stratigraphic architecture of the shoal complex shows mostly a strong progradation of the high energy facies associated with an overall decrease of accommodation space associated with relative sea level still stand. Two reservoir facies associations have been recognized. The first one consists of supratidai dolomudstone and upper intertidal partially dolomitized oolitic packstone with anhydrite or nodules. These facies were deposited above the high energy oolitic grainstones and occurs as thin-bedded and laterally continuous layers, characterized by high porosity and low permeability. The second reservoir facies association is composed of intertidal crystalline dolomite and subtidal intraclastic bindstone that occurs stratigraphically below the oolitic grainstones. These deposits consist of massive laterally discontinuously beds, and are characterized by high porosity and high permeability. Both types of reservoir facies tend to be stacked vertically and migrated laterally with the progradation of the shoal complex. The construction of the outcrop-based 3D geological model provide a description and quantification of the facies distribution within a robust stratigraphic framework and the style and amount of reservoir heterogeneities associated with a ramp-crest shoal complex reservoir such as the one found in Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation and Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in Sichuan Basin or other ramp-crest reservoir worldwide.

Generating geologically realistic 3D reservoir facies models using deep learning of sedimentary architecture with generative adversarial networks

This paper proposes a novel approach for generating 3-dimensional complex geological facies models based on deep generative models.It can reproduce a wide range of conceptual geological models while possessing the flexibility necessary to honor constraints such as well data.Compared with existing geostatistics-based modeling methods,our approach produces realistic subsurface facies architecture in 3D using a state-of-the-art deep learning method called generative adversarial networks(GANs).GANs couple a generator with a discriminator,and each uses a deep convolutional neural network.The networks are trained in an adversarial manner until the generator can create "fake" images that the discriminator cannot distinguish from "real" images.We extend the original GAN approach to 3D geological modeling at the reservoir scale.The GANs are trained using a library of 3D facies models.Once the GANs have been trained,they can generate a variety of geologically realistic facies models constrained by well data interpretations.This geomodelling approach using GANs has been tested on models of both complex fluvial depositional systems and carbonate reservoirs that exhibit progradational and aggradational trends.The results demonstrate that this deep learning-driven modeling approach can capture more realistic facies architectures and associations than existing geostatistical modeling methods,which often fail to reproduce heterogeneous nonstationary sedimentary facies with apparent depositional trend.

基于GeoModeller的新疆阿舍勒铜锌矿三维地质模型及地质空间信息解译

新疆阿尔泰阿舍勒大型铜锌矿主矿体的产状、形态复杂,用传统的方法很难准确、直观地了解矿体在三维空间的赋存状态。基于GeoModeller平台,利用阿舍勒铜锌矿多元信息构建了矿区三维地质动态模型,该模型能直观、快捷、形象地显示矿体的空间赋存状态,并结合地质体的空间信息认为:在今后的地质找矿工作中,不能放弃齐也组中较好物探重力异常的验证工作,同时在北部追索Ⅰ号主矿体时,部署的钻孔可考虑适当向已有钻孔的西侧倾斜。

三维地质建模在矿床成矿规律研究和找矿靶区预测中的应用--以萨尔朔克矿区为例

通过三维地质建模开展了萨尔朔克矿区成矿规律研究,实现深部找矿靶区定位预测,并依托矿山勘查进行验证。研究采用Geomodeller三维建模软件创建矿区三维地质模型,在建模过程中逐步发现了前期对矿区地质认识中存在的诸多问题和错误,有利地促进了矿区成矿规律的研究。通过建模发现矿区存在上、下两个储矿空间(矿囊),宏观上呈串珠状分布,证实“成矿-储矿通道”的存在,验证了火山通道相成矿、赋矿的推论,从而预测了+800 m水平标高以下可能存在的隐伏矿化蚀变带的空间形态及大致位置,并通过生产勘探得到验证。因此,认为采用Geomodeller三维建模软件创建矿区三维地质模型可为矿区成矿规律研究和深、边部找矿靶区定位预测提供有利的技术支撑。

三维立体成矿预测中区域大比例尺建模技术研究与应用

基于二维平面开展的地质找矿工作已难以适应目前的要求,而三维地质建模技术在立体成矿预测中的应用愈加广泛,其中绝大多数三维建模技术都基于矿区的钻孔数据进行建模,然而矿区外围缺乏钻孔数据给三维建模带来了困难。总结了矿区外围缺少钻孔情况下的三维地质建模流程,基于地表地质测量数据,结合高精度地球物理数据三维反演等技术,直观地刻画出地下一定深度范围内的构造、岩体、地层等空间展布的三维“地质图”,为区域大比例尺开展立体成矿预测提供基础技术支撑。

3D geocellular modeling for reservoir characterization of lacustrine turbidite reservoirs:Submember 3 of the third member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation,Dongying depression,Eastern China

3D geocellular modeling is increasingly essential in the petroleum industry;it brings together all petroleum disciplines,and it is commonly used in simulation and production forecast.However,modeling slope and deep-water turbidite reservoirs using conventional modeling methods pose a significant challenge due to the structural complexity and thin-beds associated with these reservoirs.Through the innovative modeling technology of PaleoScan,the reservoirs in Sub member 3 of the third member of the Shahejie Formation are modeled to understand the structural framework.The resulting model is populated with petrophysical properties i.e.,porosity and permeability to predict their lateral and vertical distribution within these sandstone reservoirs.The study suggests that the reservoir in the highstand system tract(HST)is characterized by the clinoforms configuration framework.The reservoir is highly faulted mainly in the northern and southeastern parts of the depression.The sedimentary layers are deposited across the slope and downlapping,thinning,and terminating toward to the west.The two isochore surface maps reveal sediment thickness variation and depositional trends within each individual depositional layer.The zones or areas that corresponds to low values on the thickness maps suggest minor uplifts associated with intensive faulting in the Eocene period.These topographical highs played a fundamental role in distributing the sediments delivered to the basin from distant sources.The maps reveal that sediments that filled the basin appear to come from different source points,primarily delivered from the north,southeast,and northeast of the basin with varying depositional trends.The modeled porosity and permeability indicate that the delta fed turbidite reservoirs are characterized by medium to high porosity values of 10e20%and low to medium permeability values of 30-410mD,respectively.The porosity values increase to the southeast and toward the basinwards(west)while permeability varies within the individual sedimentary layers.The distribution of porosity and permeability is not uniform vertically.This suggests the presence of mixed none-reservoir layers with locally and periodically deposited sandstone reservoirs within the stratigraphic during rapid delta progradation.The HST is characterized by six different delta progradation cycles;each phase produced locally deposited lacustrine turbidite sandstones in the basin,which are essential reservoirs in this Formation.The innovative PaleoScan interpretation technology has successfully created a high-resolution 3D reservoir model of this complex geology-such innovative technology is vital to similar complex geology globally.