Analysis of persistent geotropic and apogeotropic positional nystagmus of the lateral canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Objective:This study aims to analyze the clinical characteristics of persistent geotropic and apogeotropic positional nystagmus of LC-BPPV in view of light and heavy cupula discussion.Material and method:The study group includes 184 patients with LC BPPV(98 apogeotropic,86 geotropic type)who have been examined between 2009 and 2020.Ninety-nine females and 85 males,aged between 16 and 92 years were included(Ageotropic 49.32±14.12,geotropic 44.49±13.90 years).Average slow phase velocity(SPV)of positional nystagmus was documented and those with persistent directionchanging positional nystagmus lasting more than a minute were grouped separately.Age,gender difference,side of involvement,and recurrence pattern were particularly reviewed.Chi-square and One way ANOVA tests were used to compare the difference between groups.Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.Results:Thirty-seven patients with apogeotropic nystagmus(30.7%;37/98)and 18 patients with geotropic nystagmus(20.9%;18/86)had persistent nystagmus(p?0.05).Comparison of slow phase velocity(SPV)of persistent and non-persistent geotropic and apogeotropic positional nystagmus of the affected side was significant(p?0.05).Comparison of average age,male to female ratio,side of involvement,and the recurrence rate in patients with persistent and non-persistent geotropic and apogeotropic type positional nystagmus groups were not significant(p=0.177,p=0.521,p=0.891,p=0.702).Conclusion:Persistent geotropic and apogeotropic positional nystagmus is mostly correlated with the size,amount,and position of otoconial debris.It is difficult to justify the light cupula as a new geotropic variant of cupular pathology.Patients with persistent positional nystagmus present similar therapeutic outcomes and recurrence rates.

Effect of micropyle orientation on germination of Millettia ferruginea and Delonix regia

Introduction:In order to solve the problems related to deforestation and meet the ever increasing demands of the growing population,conserving and wise utilization of the remaining forests and supporting it with additional tree planting are crucial.Proper understanding of efficient management technique including seed sowing methods for target species is vital.Research reports and other information on proper positioning of micropyles in field conditions are lacking for Millettia ferruginea(Hochst.)Baker and Delonix regia(Bojer ex Hook.).This study was initiated to assess variations in germination characteristics of seeds sown at different orientations with respect to the micropyle position and to identify the sowing position that gives the best seed germination outcomes for those tree species when measured by selected parameters.Results:Sowing position where the micropyle of the seed was directed downward has shown the best result with regard to speed of germination,mean germination time,mean daily germination,peak value,germination value,and germination percents for both tree species and was significant for D.regia.Conclusions:It is essential to consider the effects of different sowing positions in achieving production targets with good quality seedlings.The seeds of D.regia should be sown in nurseries carefully by positioning its micropyle downward.Moreover,seeds sown with the micropyle positioned upward showed the least results in terms of germination for both tree species(significant in D.regia).