German Überzeugt in China

In this exclusive interview,Michael Schumann,chairman of the Board of the German Federal Association for Economic Development and Foreign Trade,discusses Sino-German trade relations and the“out-of-proportion”debate on Xinjiang.

Management Practices:Shaping Employee Satisfaction and Commitment in Large German Companies

The rapid evolution of the political,economic,and social landscape has generated increased interest in understanding the contextual application of management styles and behaviours toward employees.In this context,organizations must comprehend and assess employee satisfaction to enhance productivity and realize their strategic and economic goals.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the prevailing and significant management behaviours toward employees in large German companies and their impact on employee satisfaction and job commitment.To achieve the research objective,the study will employ a qualitative method to explore management behaviours toward employees.Data were collected through interviews with randomly selected managers from different companies and departments.The study aims to uncover discrepancies or variations in employee expectations regarding management behaviour.The findings will provide a better understanding of the most prevalent and significant management behaviours toward employees in large German companies and their impact on employee satisfaction and job commitment.The results will be valuable to management in adopting suitable leadership styles and improving employee satisfaction,leading to increased productivity and organizational performance.The research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field of management and human resource management by providing insights into the impact of management behaviours on employees.It will also offer recommendations to management on how to enhance employee satisfaction and job commitment,leading to improved organizational performance.In conclusion,this study will investigate the prevailing management behaviours toward employees in large German companies and their impact on employee satisfaction and job commitment.

Wisdom and Geology, the North German Basin, and the Significance of Thrown Dices

For thousands of years, mankind is observing the surrounding nature. Often, they found no obvious clues for inexplicable and complex facts, leading to the belief that their wisdom was limited. This is in the majority of cases still true today, but based on hundreds of years of (geo-) scientific work some older thoughts can now be readjusted by combining newer geological, environmental, historical and philosophical clues. Facts about the development of the North German Basin are used to demonstrate the variability of geological systems and how these can be described by taking dice as a metaphor for ruling geological parameters. This includes all kinds of plate tectonically controlled basin forming processes, especially metamorphism of the lower crust due to a fixed mantle plume, basin filling processes with their galactic and lunar overprints, basin modifying tectonics due to internal (halokinesis, inversion) or external forces (one-sided loads at the surface due to mighty Delta sediments or glacial ice sheets) and geochemical reactions as a result of pressure and temperature changes in course of subsidence. Especially, the Rotliegend (Lower Permian) Gas Play is one of the possible illustrations of the entity of the North German Basin with its more than 70 - 90 independent parameters belonging to a global set of very complex hydrocarbon systems. Processes on Earth like the formation of systems of hydrocarbon fields as well as environmental systems (e.g. river systems, lakes, islands, sedimentary basins) are subordinated to the dices of nature and are steered invisibly by a selection of rules of the game that one understands as natural laws. The facts and remaining uncertainties as well as problems with subsurface-related processes (e.g. manmade tectonics, subsidence and uplift) guide the thoughts of engaged individuals on how to proceed wisely with limited predictability of challenges and dangers of a subsurface system. This work will be a trial to associate once more the natural sciences (geology) and the humanities (philosophy) for the benefit of both.

German Landscape Development and Characteristics Analysis and Study:A Case Study of 20^(th)Century German Garden Landscape Design

Germany has a significant influence on the globe,both economically and culturally,being the center of Europe.Although severely damaged by the Second World War,German landscape architecture gradual y recovered through garden exhibitions,landscape associations,and other means during a period of reflection and repair.Because of their artistry and utility,German gardens from the middle and end of the 20^(th)century had a favorable influence on landscape architecture around the globe.The shift in focus from“post-war restoration”to“enhancing the urban appearance”to“ecological restoration”not only reflects a shift in the design philosophy of the German people but also directly reflects the value orientation of design across all of Europe and even the West.

A Study on Cross-Cultural Communication and the Cultivation of Cross-Cultural Competence in German Language Teaching in Universities

In the concept of German,cross-cultural competence is regarded as an important skill,which can help learners to better understand the differences between two cultures and establish mutual cognition.This competence can effectively reduce unnecessary misunderstandings and improve communication efficiency.In college German classes,teachers should realize that cross-cultural communication skills are crucial to the development of students’communicative competence.Therefore,they should strive to improve their teaching methods and make the courses more interesting to help students to communicate better.

Vocational Education from a Cross-national Perspective:Comparative Analysis of China,Germany,and the United States,with a Case Study of Zhaixing

This study delves into the current state and challenges of vocational education through a comparative study of cross-national vocational education and an analysis of the Zhaixing Academy case.The research reveals that vocational education reform can draw on the experiences of the German dual system,American community colleges,and Chinese vocational education reforms,with a focus on informal education pathways,practice-oriented teaching,and flexible training methods.The Zhaixing Academy case demonstrates the application of practice-oriented teaching approaches in the field of vocational education,emphasizing individual student development needs and the advantages of education outside formal institutions,offering new insights and references for the current Chinese education system.The study proposes that governments and education departments should increase investment in vocational education,encourage collaboration between enterprises and vocational education institutions,and support innovative practice-oriented education.In the future,Zhaixing Academy can continue to focus on education reform,expand the realm of practice-oriented education,promote its educational philosophy and methods,and contribute to the diversification and sustainable development of education.

德国综合安全观:理论缘起、历史演进与实践评估

德国首份《国家安全战略》以“综合安全”为要义,具有理论逻辑和历史脉络可循。德国综合安全观兴起于冷战后,其内在逻辑是对欧洲主义安全观的继承性发展,聚焦两极秩序瓦解后的经济与社会秩序稳定以及应对域外冲突,注重非传统安全,安全参与者包含国家与非国家行为体。克里米亚危机后,传统军事威胁回归欧陆,德国综合安全观“防御性”与“韧性”融合并重。俄乌冲突冲击欧洲安全秩序,德国综合安全观愈发重视国家与联盟防御,并通过“多元化”与“联盟政治”等手段推进“去风险”策略,增强经济与社会韧性,同时也呈现出泛安全化、价值观化与权力政治的特质,其影响力辐射至“印太”地区与对华政策上。然而,德国综合安全政策实践仍面临诸多挑战。防御上,德国提升国防的政治承诺与其军事资源尚不匹配。韧性上,德国“去风险”策略受国际权力对比变化、中国市场红利、德国政界与商界意见的异质性以及德国国内经济成本的制约。为此,中国应客观看待德国安全政策转型的影响。

S-烯虫乙酯对德国小蠊的现场控制效果研究

目的探索S-烯虫乙酯对德国小蠊的现场控制效果。方法选择2个农贸市场作为研究对象,实验组使用S-烯虫乙酯药片贴进行德国小蠊控制,对照组使用商家自行购药控制德国小蠊密度。通过比较2个市场的德国小蠊密度变化和发育繁殖情况,评估S-烯虫乙酯对德国小蠊的控制效果。结果实验组在投药30 d后德国小蠊总密度下降明显,密度下降率达到67.11%,若虫密度下降率为79.79%。对照组前60 d总密度变化不大,第90天开始密度上升。统计分析结果表明,实验组与对照组在第90和120天的德国小蠊密度存在显著差异。施药现场带回的德国小蠊若虫中,外形畸形组死亡较早。施药现场带回的10个卵鞘中有3个未孵化,7个卵鞘产生的122只若虫成功羽化40只成虫,其中3个成虫翅膀出现畸形。结论S-烯虫乙酯通过致畸和不育作用,能够减小德国小蠊种群密度,降低其繁殖能力。

《德意志意识形态》中的唯物史观叙事结构及其科学内涵

唯物史观的叙事结构鲜明地赋存了意识形态批判“由破而立”的逻辑线索。马克思、恩格斯在《德意志意识形态》中立足于实现人的自由解放的求索导向,以确立唯物史观的叙事话语破除了以往传统旧思想体系的意识形态桎梏,充分彰显了意识形态批判的否定性逻辑、建构性逻辑和超越性逻辑的科学内涵,并以此为思想视域,进一步指导无产阶级革命理论的创新发展。立足于《德意志意识形态批判》的原初语境,挖掘唯物史观在叙事层级和逻辑结构上所内蕴的意识形态批判的科学内涵,无论是对于充实当今马克思主义文本诠释和原著探究的发展来说,还是对于深刻认识马克思主义的科学张力和真理伟力来说,都具有重大的现实意义。

生产方式的展开与人的自由解放——重新理解唯物史观的历史性生成与意义

马克思恩格斯对人类创造历史的考察,是聚焦于社会生产方式展开的。在《德意志意识形态》中,马克思恩格斯深入揭示了人类社会发展的四重关系——生产物质生活资料的关系、满足人类物质生活的需要以及满足这种需要引发的新的需要的关系、生命的生产即繁殖关系和生产力与生产关系之间的辩证关系。唯物史观的历史性生成即是建立在以上四重关系的基础之上的。唯物史观还深刻阐释了人类历史发展的三个共同体阶段——自然形成的共同体、虚幻共同体和真正的共同体阶段。马克思恩格斯认为,只有到真正的共同体阶段——共产主义社会,人类才会最终消灭私有制和劳动分工,实现人的自由解放。

《德意志意识形态》手稿是“马克思口述、恩格斯笔录”的产物——驳黑泷正昭对大村假说的批评

黑泷正昭曾撰文批评大村假说,认为《德意志意识形态》手稿不是“马克思口述、恩格斯笔录”的产物,本文尝试对此批评展开反批评。黑泷指出,他仔细检讨了笔者对假说的证明过程,发现笔者并未能成功证明此假说。但是黑泷对其中两大关键性证据的批评无法令人信服。第一大证据在于,手稿中出现了许多即时异文,这在恩格斯单独执笔的手稿中较少发现,而在马克思单独执笔的手稿中却屡见不鲜。事实上,该手稿中即时异文的出现频率是《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的两倍。为什么会发生这样的情况,黑泷对此并未加以考察。第二大证据在于,手稿中出现了许多德文同音异义词的混淆错误,笔者给出了6处例证。黑泷认为其中4处不应视为对同音异义词的替换更正,黑泷的这一看法要么以假定一份原本并不存在的手稿存在为前提,要么以否认恩格斯替换更正同音异义词这一事实为前提。因而笔者无法承认黑泷的批评是基于学术检讨做出的。

“观念的异化”及其消除——唯物主义的意识理论

在《德意志意识形态》中,同为扬弃“观念的异化”,马克思采取了与青年黑格尔派完全不同的方式。在他看来,观念的东西无论是采取客观化了的思想形式,还是采取人的头脑中的观念形式,只要不从物质世界和物质生活本身出发予以扬弃,就无法避免思想观念对现实的统治。因此,要想从根本上推翻“思想的统治”,就必须颠倒存在与意识之间的关系,从存在出发去说明意识。由此出发,他建立起了一个唯物主义的意识理论:确立起从存在出发去说明意识的两条原则;区分出两种不同的观念,以脑体分工来解释普遍观念的诞生;将意识和对象的关系视为意识的本质,并给出意识产生的动力机制。

论自身关系--关于德国古典哲学遗产的思考

以往从马克思主义哲学角度看,德国古典哲学遗产主要是指黑格尔的辩证法,但也有一条贯穿于德国古典哲学的思想线索,即自身关系思想。这一思想既是反映事物本质内涵的思想内容,又是一种认识事物本质的思维方法。它是理解黑格尔辩证法理论及其应用的内在机理,应作为遗产加以挖掘。自身关系作为问题是在康德哲学中提出来的,其实质是如何解决物自体的不可知问题。费希特通过自我设定行动,在自我与非我之间建立了意识的自身关系,才实现了自我本质认识。谢林则以绝对自我的能动性建立了纯粹意识的自身关系,进而达到对绝对本质的直观。黑格尔在前人的基础上,通过把意识的自身关系改造为概念或实体的自身关系;于是概念或实体便在自身关系的框架中以自身分化和自身扬弃、自身规定和自身否定、自身联系和自身转化等方式建立了庞大的逻辑学体系,以达到绝对理念的认识。

试论丰特努瓦之战

丰特努瓦之战是9世纪中叶加洛林王朝内战期间一次具有重要意义的大规模会战。从制度传统和先皇虔诚者路易生前的权力安排以及其后嗣诸位君王基本诉求等角度进行研究,可以明晰对此役爆发深层缘由的认知,进一步揭橥其本质属性,从而更深入地理解这一战役的基本态势和特征。关于此役的后果和历史意义,9世纪史家和18世纪前后的学者有诸种评说,但皆失之武断、片面。因而对其作战样态、交战过程和伤亡人数以及直接、间接后果等问题逐一加以重新审视,不仅有助于更为真实地展现此役的状貌,也有助于从战争这一特定维度来认识当时加洛林帝国政治、社会变革的基本走势。

德国企业参与现代学徒制的运行机制及思考

德国职业教育的成功离不开当地企业的积极参与。在德国,促进企业参与现代学徒制的激励机制是由完善的法律体系、企业平衡收入、多元协同治理模式、企业合作办学和良好的社会文化环境等方面构成的。当前,我国在发展双元制的同时,可适当借鉴德国职业教育的成功经验,通过分析2023年德国职业教育报告及搜集资料得出,我国可通过建立健全法律体系、充分发挥行会协会作用、灵活运用经济与非经济手段、转变社会就业观念等方式促进我国职业教育发展。

德国应用技术大学跨专业组织发展:形式、特征与经验启示

德国应用技术大学作为德国高教体系的重要组成部分,强调以问题和实践为导向,注重人才培养和科学研究、社会服务等功能的全面发展。伴随德国应用技术大学的历史发展与功能拓展,德国应用技术大学跨专业组织应运而生。当前,德国应用技术大学跨专业组织表现为依附于国家研究中心、自建独立研究所或研究组及创新中心或协同创新平台等形式,呈现出在政策扶持、制度保障、教师聘任及课程设置等方面的共性特征。借鉴德国应用技术大学跨专业组织的成功经验,我国高职院校跨专业组织发展应增加政策扶持,建立配套制度保障体系;完善机构设置,构建科学的组织保障机制;谋划人事变革,建立教师参与的激励机制;加快课程改革,形成教研双向互促机制。

从启蒙到解放:马克思早期思想话语的嬗变——以《德法年鉴》文本为中心的考察

马克思早期深受启蒙思想的影响,并经历了一个从启蒙到解放的话语嬗变阶段。马克思在《德法年鉴》上发表的两篇著作《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》与《论犹太人问题》中,揭示了启蒙在主体性、客体性、方法论三重视域下的困境。从主体性困境来看,启蒙并未真正确立人的主体性,相反却使资本成为了社会主体。从客体性困境来看,启蒙国家并未真正实现人的平等与自由,人的权利不得不让位于现实政治。从方法论困境来看,启蒙后立足于个人主义的个体难以构建真正的社会共同体。结合当时的德国启蒙现实,马克思主张通过无产阶级的革命运动来实现人的解放,这不仅为洞穿启蒙困境提供了现实的原则方法,也为我们当下反思自由、民主、平等等现代性问题提供了思想的启迪。

歌德与大学

耶拿大学是18世纪末德国著名的学术中心,是德国古典主义、浪漫主义和古典哲学的源头之一,其代表人物的大学观成为现代大学理念的滥觞。而令人鲜为人知的是这一切和当时担任魏玛公国首席国务大臣和枢密顾问的歌德分不开,他对耶拿大学大力支持,致力于耶拿大学的建设和复兴,促成了耶拿大学的快速崛起。耶拿大学一时名家荟萃,学派林立,研究之风盛行,成为19世纪以柏林大学为代表的现代大学的先声。歌德对大学的贡献更多是在实践上而不是在理论上,他重视大学对国家文化发展的作用,相信教师是大学的核心,为耶拿大学招募了大批优秀人才。其教育理念的核心是“普通教化”,认为单一的知识教育时代已经过去了。但被誉为“文坛泰斗”的歌德,在世界文学史上具有的崇高地位,使人们忽略了他对现代大学发展的贡献。

马克思关于人的解放理论的政治哲学深蕴——以《德意志意识形态》中“现实的个人”分析为例

在《德意志意识形态》中,马克思以对德国思辨唯心主义哲学抽象化叙事的批判为逻辑前提,主张把对“人”的理解从观念领域回归现实世界,将“现实的个人”置于具体社会历史进程给予分析,将现实个体及其阶级视为政治活动的主体,强调从“粗糙”的物质生产及其承载的社会关系层面把握“人”的本质属性。“现实的个人”是从事实际生产活动的感性力量,“人”在实践过程中将自身的本质力量外化、对象化为历史的发展。马克思指明,在资本主义政治国家和市民社会各自分裂的情形下,“人”被异化为二重化存在的现实,市民社会中的“人”是“现实的个人”,但也是非真实的;政治国家中的个人是真实的,但也是非现实的。资本主义社会关系下的“人”是异化的理性“工具人”,要实现人的个性解放与自由全面发展,必须摆脱唯心主义和非批判的经验主义意识形态的束缚,投入颠覆资本主义私有制的现实斗争之中,将“人”从市民社会的人提升至社会化的人类,进而真正实现每个人的自由而全面发展。

百年印象:20世纪德国与俄国的形象互识

20世纪是历史上即形成特殊关系的俄罗斯与德意志两大民族互识互通的重要历史时期。两次世界大战、冷战以及冷战后变化中的国际局势与欧洲形势对俄罗斯与德意志两个民族和国家的关系产生了重大影响。两者彼此间的形象既具有复杂性和矛盾性特点,同时也体现了其在欧洲大陆共同存在和相互利益的特点。