Motivation to Study a Second Foreign Language: A Case of Chinese University Learners of German

Not much research has been done on motivation to study a second,third or even fourth foreign language though learners of such languages have been increasing.To contribute to this,the present study examined German learning motivation of Chinese university students at different proficiency levels.A total of 297 German learners at three different proficiency levels at a university in Beijing filled in the questionnaires,of whom 191 answered the open-ended question and 50 were informally interviewed.Analyses of the data revealed the following major findings;(1)most respondents at cach proficiency level had limited access to and little chance to use German,liked the language,studied it(very)hard and did not think the language was difficult,(2)students at different proficiency levels studied German for similar reasons such as major study/research,further education,future career,interest in foreign language learning and German,and(3)students at higher proficiency levels perceived German to be more difficult and worked harder on it.Students at higher proficiency levels were both integratively and instrumentally more motivated to study German and had greater motivation intensity as well.It is clear that students at different proficiency levels were motivated to study German and that students at the advanced level tended to be more integratively motivated than those at the beginning level.Based on these findings,some suggestions are discussed.

On the Cognition of Second Language Mental Lexicon and Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language

Teaching Chinese as a foreign language is actually the teaching of Chinese as a second language by international Chinese teachers.People must learn vocabulary as a language element in the process of language acquisition.Without vocabulary,there is no language.When we master the vocabulary of a language,we rely on mental lexicon,which is vocabulary that has been stored in the brain for a long time.Through the study of second language mental lexicon,it can be used effectively,and corresponding teaching methods can be used in the vocabulary teaching of Chinese as a foreign language to help students learn Chinese quickly and effectively.

A Study on the Compilation of Dictionaries for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language Based on the Second Language Acquisition Theory

This article intends to demonstrate the principles for dictionary compilation.To summarize,general rules are to be followed.At the same time,this article probes into the differences of Chinese to Chinese dictionary,Chinese to foreign language dictionary,dictionaries for the preparation of certain exams,learner’s dictionaries for reviewing errors,dictionaries with multimedia and dictionaries built via the Internet..In all,one of the key factors for dictionary compilation is the professionalism of editors and writers.The training of the people involved is vital,which would contribute to setting up a better order of the market.Acknowledgements should also be given to achievements in dictionary compilation.Revisions and polishing are required to improve the dictionaries on the market that have already won the acclaim so as to put their influence to the best display.

Differences between the Characteristics of Adults and Children as Second/Foreign Language Learners

In this paper, the author will mainly focus on analysis about the differences between characteristics of older learners and young learners in learning second/foreign language.

EFL Teaching Guided by Krashen's Hypotheses in Second Language Acquisition Theory

Based on discussion of the second language acquisition theories,the thesis aims at improving foreign language teaching,and states the implications on our teaching ideas,and what we teachers should do in our EFL practice.

The Effects of Foreign Language Motivation in Second Language Acquisition

Foreign language motivation is regarded as one source of individual differences in second language acquisition. Learning motivation is a dynamic mechanism which gives rise to learning activities. Learners' motivation is a decisive factor for the success of second language acquisition.

Towards Innovative Research Approaches to Investigating the Role of Emotional Variables in Promoting Language Teachers’ and Learners’ Mental Health

The adequacy of language education largely depends on the favorable and unfavorable emotions that teachers and students experience throughout the education process.Simply said,emotional factors play a key role in improving the quality of language teaching and learning.Furthermore,these emotional factors also promote the well-being of language teachers and learners and place them in a suitable mental condition.In view of the favorable impact of emotional factors on the mental health of language teachers and learners,many educational scholars around the world have studied these factors,their background,and their pedagogical consequences.Nonetheless,the majority of previous studies have employed traditional research methods in assessing these variables and their influences on language teachers’and learners’mental health.Because of the complex and dynamic quality of emotional factors,traditional research approaches often fail to evaluate these factors and their dynamic,non-linear connections with teachers’and learners’mental health and well-being.Accordingly,some novel research approaches are required to measure the dynamicity and complexity of emotional factors in language education settings.To address this call,the current state-of-the-art conceptual article seeks to provide new insights for investigating emotional factors and their potential impact on language teachers’and learners’mental states.This study also intends to offer a comprehensive list of emerging methods that take into account the complex and dynamic nature of emotional variables.Finally,the study outlines the potential implications of this review for educational researchers.

Critical Pedagogy and Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Chinese College Context

In the field of second language acquisition(SLA),weight has been increasingly attached to the role that a problem-pos ing model of education plays in English as second/foreign language(ES/FL)teaching and learning.By exploring various concepts of the problem-posing approach,also known as critical pedagogy,and its implications for English language teaching(ELT)in the Chinese postsecondary EFL context,the paper makes a tentative attempt to acknowledge the future directions of implementing critical pedagogy in the EFL context.Therefore,the paper is inspired by the ever-increasing popularity of the critical pedagogical approach in the ESL context.The application of critical orientation in language education derives from critical theories of the Frankfurt School,which centers on Marxist societal beliefs of struggling against social inequalities.With the concept of critical pedagogy drawing increasing attention from language educators and teachers alike in English-speaking countries;non-native English teachers who teach in the EFL context has also begun to focus their attention on the educational philosophy as a means to help transform traditional oppressed status of the Chinese EFL learners.From this perspective,this paper,by investigating the multi-dimensional implied meanings of implementing critical pedagogy in the EFL context,unraveling how it works as a way of"doing"in second language(L2)teaching and learning,identifying the probable contexts of critical pedagogy and the contesta tions surrounding critical pedagogy,aims to address the significance of implementing critical pedagogy as an effective way of re forming the ailing English education condition in China.

Second Foreign Language Learning

With the process of economic and cultural globalization,the number of second foreign language learners has soared in recent years.Second foreign language learning has been an obvious trend in our times.This essay is devoted to exploring the causes of the phenomenon,the status of our second foreign language learning,the gains,the obstacles and their possible reasons during the learning process of the second-foreign-language learning.This essay falls into a questionnaire and four chapters in the body part.The questionnaire aims to help us find out the current status and the influence of second foreign language learning,the learners' attitude to learning and the material,the practical methods of learning the second foreign language.

Development of Content-based Instruction and Its Advantages over the Traditional Language Teaching Approaches in FL/L2 Education

Since the approach of content-based instruction (CBI) has been widely applied in all kinds of learning contexts in thepast twenty years, there has been a great amount of discussions about its potential benefits for second language (L2) and foreign lan-guage (FL) learning. This paper reviews the literature as well as research about CBI, focusing on its development and characteris-tics. Pedagogical implications for classroom teachers to achieve the balance between language instructions and content teaching areexplored as well.

CONSCLOUSNESS—RAISING OR EXPLICIT INSTRUCTION?——A REVIEW OF CELCE—MURCIA'S“GRAMMAR PEDAGOGY IN SECOND AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING”

Introduction There is a general consensus among language learning theorists,educational psycholo-gists,and language—teaching professionals that the learning of anything does not occur in avacuum.That is,successful language learning of whatever kind comes out only when what isto be learned can be meaningfully related to something that is already known.Learning,inother words,must take place within some kind of familiar context or framework——an ex-tension of the familiar to the unfamiliar,if you will.The natural question to raise,then,iswhat such"frameworks"——and ones familiar to the learner——we might identify for thelearning of second/foreign language grammar.In what way,we are entitled to ask,wouldgrammatical consciousness—raising fit into this roughly—drawn,very general picture of lan-

国际中文教育资源建设背景下的对外中文词典编纂研究

对外中文词典是中文二语学习者自主学习的必备工具,也是国际中文教育基础资源的重要组成部分。国际中文教育资源发展要求对外中文词典应立足现有成果,以词典用户为中心,凸显词典的外向型和学习型特征。针对词典使用率低、数字化滞后的现实困境,我们需要吸收语言学、词典学等学科的前沿理论,借鉴其他辞书、教学资源的数字化经验,不断完善对外中文词典的编纂实践和推广工作。同时,应利用科技赋能,加快对外中文词典数字化转型的步伐;抓住“中文+职业技能”教育趋势带来的机遇,丰富词典类型,为新形势下国际中文学习者多元的资源需求提供精准服务。

基于日语特点的“应用型”二外日语教学、考核方式探索与实践

针对目前应用型本科高校中日语教学质量普遍不高、课堂气氛低迷、学生学习热情不高的现象,通过对日语特点的分析,提出了基于日语特点的“导”“借”“设”“比”四个层次的日语教学方式。在上述教学方式的实施过程中,提出了适应上述教学方式的全程基础性考核、学生“应用型”表现实时考核、客观公正的多方性考核相结合的“应用型”日语考核方式,并对该考核方式对应的指标进行了量化细分,以便于应用;将上述考核方式应用于教学过程,并对考核结果进行了分析,发现考核分数分布合理、区分度较好。

The Teaching and Learning of Chinese as a Second or Foreign Language:The Current Situation and Future Directions

In this opening commentary,we highlight the development of the teaching and learning of Chinese as a second or foreign language(CSL/CFL),which has attracted much attention from researchers,language educators,and other stakeholders worldwide.To contribute to this ongoing examination and discussion,this special issue documents the collective efforts of scholars in different educational contexts to review six critical issues in teaching and learning CSL/CFL:learning and instruction of reading Chinese as an additional language,Chinese character teaching and learning,learner identity in CSL/CFL education,teaching and learning Chinese through immersion,technology assisted CSL/CFL teaching and learning,and mobile assisted learning CFL.We contend that all efforts to address these critical issues require constant examination to facilitate further development in CSL/CFL education around the world.

当代大学生第二外语学习意向调查研究——以湖北文理学院为例

为了解当代大学生第二门外语的学习现状及意向动机,项目组对湖北文理学院在校学生展开线上问卷调查。调查显示,大多数学生仅学习英语一门外语,但为拓宽自己的就业渠道,他们有强烈的意愿选择自己感兴趣的语言作为第二外语在校内进行线下课堂学习,内容以掌握日常交际用语和语言国家文化为主。目前,因时间精力不足、学习路径不畅等原因未能达成意愿。由此建议学校赋予学生外语学习自主选择权,充分利用现有资源,满足学生第二外语学习的意愿,助力国家建构公共外语多元化格局,促进学生自由全面发展,进而为社会培养“专业+多语种”复合型人才。

关于Krashen第二语言习得理论的五个假设及相关思考

美国语言学家Krashen提出了关于第二语言习得的5个理论假设。这5个理论假设具有内在的逻辑层次,即以习得—学习假设为基础和前提,以输入假设为中心,以自然顺序假设为具体操作指导,以监控假设和情感过滤假设为辅助。它为对外汉语教学提供了可借鉴的理论基础和很多启发,如何更好地利用它为对外汉语教学服务,还需要对外汉语工作者在教学实践中进行摸索。

Krashen的习得/学得假说及其意义

人们对Krashen的习得与学得假说批评多赞成少。从“第二语言”和“外语”两个术语的区别以及此假说所适用的范围可以看出,此假说主要涉及语言的规则系统即语法,应给予肯定;全面、准确地认识习得与学得假说,对于更好地认识外语学习的本质具有积极意义。

Krashen语言输入假说与外语教学实践

在众多二语习得理论中,极具影响力的是美国语言学家克拉申的语言输入假说。语言输入假说指出学习者需要的是大量的、可理解的、有趣的语言输入。在具体外语教学实践中,教师应注重语言输入的数量和质量;同时注重教学策略的改变,增加知识趣味性,提高学生积极性,从而取得最佳的教学效果。

Krashen的第二语言习得理论与外语教学

Krashen的第二语言习得理论由五个假说构成:习得-学习假说、监控假说、输入假说、情感过滤假说以及自然顺序假说。该理论启发我们在外语教学过程中应当注意创造自然语言交际环境,注重可理解输入,并努力营造宽松和谐的教学氛围,以降低学生的"情感障碍",最终促进学生吸收"可理解输入"的最大化。