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A high frequency of GBV-C/HGV coinfection in hepatitis C patients in Germany 被引量:9
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作者 Reinhard H. Dennin 《World Journal of Gastroenterology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2000年第6期833-841,共9页
AIM To detect infection rate of GBV-C/HGV inhepatitis C patients,to determine the methodsof higher sensitivity and the primers of higherefficiency for GBV-C/HGV RNA detection and tostudy the dominant subtype and mutat... AIM To detect infection rate of GBV-C/HGV inhepatitis C patients,to determine the methodsof higher sensitivity and the primers of higherefficiency for GBV-C/HGV RNA detection and tostudy the dominant subtype and mutation ofGBV-C/HGV.METHODS Quantitative RT-PCR for detectionpf HCV RNA concentration in serum samples,RT-nested PCR with two sets of primers fordetection of GBV-C RNA,RT-PCR ELISA with twosets of primers for detection of HGV RNA,nucleotide sequence and putative amino acidsequence analysis.RESULTS The positive rates of GBV-C RNA atthe 5’-NCR and NS3 region in 211 serums amplesfrom the patients with HCV infection were 31.8%and 22.8% respectively.The positive rates ofHGV RNA at the 5’-NCR and NS5 region in thesame samples were 47.9% and 31.8%respectively.The total positive rate of GBV-C/HGV RNA was as high as 55.5%.HCV copynumbers in the patients without GBV-C/ HGVcoinfection were statistically higher than that inthe patients with GBV-C/ HGV coinfection(P【0.01).Frequent mutation of nucleotideresidue was present in the amplificationproducts.Frameshift mutation was found in twosamples with GBV-C NS3 region nucleotidesequences.All nucleotide sequences fromamplification products showed higher homologyto HGV genome than to GBV-C genome even though part of the sequences were amplifiedwith GBV-C primers.CONCLUSION A high frequency of GBV-C/ HGV coinfection existed in the hepatitis C patients. RT-PCR ELISA was more sensitive than RT-nested PCR for detection of GBV-C/ HGV RNA. The primers derived from the 5 -NCR was more efficient than those derived from the NS3 and NS5 regions. A reverse relationship was found to exist between HCV RNA concentration and GBV-C/ HGV infection frequency. HGV was the dominant subtype of the virus in the local area. The major mutations of GBV-C/ HGV genomes were random mutation of nucleotide residue. 展开更多
关键词 GB VIRUS C HEPATITIS G VIRUS HEPATITIS C VIRUS COINFECTION polymerase chain reaction sequencing dominant viral SUBTYPE germany
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Branding of Germany’s Transnational Education and its Potentials in the Arabian Gulf Region 被引量:1
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作者 Sanaa Ashour 《Journal of Contemporary Educational Research》 2018年第3期1-13,共13页
Transnational education(TNE),responding to the growing global demand for education,plays a fundamental role in the current debate on the internationalisation and globalisation of higher education.Conducting a systemat... Transnational education(TNE),responding to the growing global demand for education,plays a fundamental role in the current debate on the internationalisation and globalisation of higher education.Conducting a systematic literature review,this paper examines the characteristics of German transnational education,which has little in common with the American and British models,the reasons for its limited presence in the Gulf and its potential for having a stronger footprint.Since education for Germany is a public good,financial gain has never been a decisive factor for German universities to venture abroad.Whilst the Gulf Region is the largest importer of foreign education,German TNE is only represented by one university there,compared to the overwhelming number of US,UK and Australian higher education institutions.Although the Gulf Region is considered as a lucrative and appealing market for foreign education,lack of engagement of German TNE there could be interpreted through public policy-related reasons.Since Germany has already established its footprint in creating a unique brand of TNE,the paper recommends to build upon the country’s expertise in low-risk option for Germany to invest in the Gulf.For this to materialise,Germany must build awareness of its unique brand to stand out among the competition. 展开更多
关键词 TRANSNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION branch campus foreign-backed UNIVERSITY German-backed UNIVERSITY internationalisation of HIGHER EDUCATION germany Gulf States
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Psychological preparation practices for children undergoing medical procedures in Japan and Germany 被引量:2
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作者 Naomi Matsumori Michael Isfort 《Open Journal of Nursing》 2013年第2期281-286,共6页
The present study aimed to clarify the current status and awareness of psychological preparation for children undergoing medical procedures in pediatric nursing in Japan as compared with that in Germany. An original q... The present study aimed to clarify the current status and awareness of psychological preparation for children undergoing medical procedures in pediatric nursing in Japan as compared with that in Germany. An original questionnaire about the current status and awareness of psychological preparation for children in hospitals was distributed by mail to nurses’ working on Japanese pediatric wards in 2010. The same questionnaire, translated into German, was distributed to nurses working on German pediatric wards via the internet in 2010. A large majority of respondents strongly agreed that children have a right to informed consent. German nurses expressed a longer-term viewpoint on the effects of preparation than Japanese nurses. Japanese nurses recognized a greater need for improvement in their duties than German nurses. The results suggest that we should consider our own country’s nursing practices and need for improvement, but also learn from studies of other countries to address each culture and medical situation appropriately. 展开更多
关键词 PSYCHOLOGICAL Preparation CHILDREN Undergoing Medical Procedures PEDIATRIC NURSING Japan germany
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Prevalence of Mental Disorders and Health Service Utilization among Individuals with Turkish Migration Backgrounds in Germany: A Study Protocol for an Epidemiological Investigation
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作者 Mike Mösko Demet Dingoyan +5 位作者 Simone Penka Azra Vardar Holger Schulz Uwe Koch Andreas Heinz Ulrike Kluge 《Open Journal of Psychiatry》 2016年第3期237-252,共17页
Background: There is a lack of reliable epidemiological data on prevalence and comorbidity rates of mental disorders in the migrant population in Germany. Despite existing national and international data on the extent... Background: There is a lack of reliable epidemiological data on prevalence and comorbidity rates of mental disorders in the migrant population in Germany. Despite existing national and international data on the extent of psychosocial burdens in migrant populations the prevalence among the study population remains unclear. The aim of this study was to collect prevalence data for the largest migrant population in Germany-individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds—using a culturally and linguistically sensitive approach. Methods: The study employs a cross-sectional design. The multi-centre study (Hamburg, Berlin) is based on a sample of individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds living in the two cities stratified by age, gender, and education. The study programme consists of three phases: 1) a qualitative focus group to collect information on how to increase the participation rate of the target population as a minority group in Germany;2) a translation phase to create culture and linguistic sensitive versions of the assessment tools (e.g., the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) for Turkish speaking individuals;and 3) a baseline community study to assess the lifetime, 12-month and four-week prevalence and comorbidity rates of mental disorder, health care utilization and help-seeking behaviour in individuals of Turkish migration backgrounds living in Germany. Discussion: The study provides important data on the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders and health care utilization of individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds. Furthermore, the study is an important step towards gaining a better understanding of potential barriers to participation, creating resources for difficult-to- reach minorities, and understanding the need for assessing mental disorders in migrant populations. These results can offer a starting point for the initiation of the necessary structural changes for mental health care services and policies for groups with migration backgrounds. 展开更多
关键词 Mental Health Mental Disorder MIGRATION TURKISH germany PREVALENCE COMORBIDITY Health Care Utilization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Epidemiology
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GERMANY REMAINS AN ANCHOR OF STABILITY IN THE EU?
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作者 YANG XIEPU 《Contemporary World》 2017年第2期30-33,共4页
Riddled with populism,the EU faces many political uncertainties European integration has been suffered serious setbacks in recent years as evidenced by the lack of cohesion among EU members caused by the European debt... Riddled with populism,the EU faces many political uncertainties European integration has been suffered serious setbacks in recent years as evidenced by the lack of cohesion among EU members caused by the European debt crisis,Ukraine crisis,refugee crisis,Brexit,and terrorism.The future of the EU is faced with more un- 展开更多
关键词 germany REMAINS AN ANCHOR OF STABILITY IN THE EU is as have of been for in
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Long-term cost and efficacy analysis of latanoprost versus timolol in glaucoma patients in Germany
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作者 Ulrich Thelen Dietmar Schnober +4 位作者 Sonja Schlzel Michael S.Kristoffersen Lindsay A.Nelson Jeanette A.Stewart William C.Stewart 《International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition)》 SCIE CAS 2013年第2期155-159,共5页
AIM: To evaluate 5-year effectiveness and cos between latanoprost or timolol monotherapy in a pilot trial.METHODS: A retrospective, multi-center trial performed at 6 sites in Germany of patients who had a diagnosis of... AIM: To evaluate 5-year effectiveness and cos between latanoprost or timolol monotherapy in a pilot trial.METHODS: A retrospective, multi-center trial performed at 6 sites in Germany of patients who had a diagnosis of primary open-angle or pigmentary glaucoma, in at least one eye, initiated on monotherapy with latanoprost or timolol maleate. Qualified consecutive charts were reviewed in which 5-year efficacy, safety and cost data was abstracted.RESULTS: Seventy-seven latanoprost and 49 timolo patients were included, at the final visit no difference existed between the two groups in disc parameters including: rim area, rim area/disc area ratio, cup volume or vertical cup/disc ratio (P 】0.05). There was no difference in intraocular pressure (IOP) between the initial latanoprost (17.4 ±2.6) and timolol (16.3 ±2.8mmHg) groups. There was less change in medicines over the follow-up period (0.1 vs 0.8) and fewer medications at the final visit (1.2 vs 1.8) with latanoprost compared to timolol. No patient treated with latanoprost discontinued therapy during follow-up, while 12% discontinued timolol mostly due to inadequate IOP control. Cost/year was less with initial timolol ($458±236) as compared to latanoprost ($552±202). CONCLUSION: Patients begun on latanoprost o timolol and followed over 5 years may have similar clinical outcomes. However, timolol patients may require more medicines and medicine changes to control IOP for long-term, but at a lower cost. 展开更多
关键词 GLAUCOMA ECONOMIC EFFICACY safety LATANOPROST TIMOLOL germany
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Pig Manure Systems in Germany and China and the Impact on Nutrient Flow 被引量:3
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作者 F. Schuchardtl, T. Jiang T. Jiang +1 位作者 G. X. Li R. Mendoza Huaitalla 《Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A)》 2011年第6期858-865,共8页
Germany and China use different stable systems for fattening pigs. Widespread systems in Germany are closed stables with slatted or partly slatted floor, which produce liquid manure (a mixture of urine, faeces, and c... Germany and China use different stable systems for fattening pigs. Widespread systems in Germany are closed stables with slatted or partly slatted floor, which produce liquid manure (a mixture of urine, faeces, and cleaning water) whereas in China open stables with closed concrete floors are used with separate collection of faeces and urine. Based on data from literature and own analyses nutrient flows of both systems are calculated. The Chinese manure system or mechanized belt or V-shaped pit floor systems with faeces/urine separation are more effective to separate solids, nutrients, carbon, and heavy metal than mechanical separation from liquid manure. The separation rates can be up to 88% for the solids, 67% for nitrogen, 93% for phosphorus, 60% for potassium, 94% for magnesium, 97% for cupper, and 98% for zinc. The faeces can be used for composting to produce a market product. 展开更多
关键词 Pig manure China germany nutrient flow fattening pigs gan qing fen.
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Germany's Energy Transition and the European Electricity Market: Mutually Beneficial?
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作者 Thomas Sattich 《Journal of Energy and Power Engineering》 2014年第2期264-273,共10页
Germany's energy system is in transition towards less nuclear, lower carbon emissions and more renewables. Notwithstanding widespread neglect of its European dimension, this Energiewende will further exacerbate curre... Germany's energy system is in transition towards less nuclear, lower carbon emissions and more renewables. Notwithstanding widespread neglect of its European dimension, this Energiewende will further exacerbate current network fluctuations due to the significant increase in wind and solar power. Key data from Denmark show that this transition will soon bring the German national power system to its limits for absorbing the resulting intermittency, and increase the need for more cross-border power transfers. Yet network analysis of import/export data shows that Germany's position in the European power system is contrary to the Danish case. The need for a European solution for Germany's energy transition will therefore soon become evident. In order to establish the necessary infrastructure, the Energiewende needs hence to be guided by an economic approach designed to prevent further fractures in the Internal Electricity Market. Constructive negotiations with neighbouring countries on market designs and price signals will be important preconditions. The article emphasizes the still neglected European paradox of Germany's energy transition and presents working examples and possible solutions to uphold electricity supply in Europe's power house. 展开更多
关键词 germany energy system energy exchange power grids power distribution power distribution faults.
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“Breast is best”—Infant-feeding, infant mortality and infant welfare in Germany during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries
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作者 Jorg Vogele Luisa Rittershaus Thorsten Halling 《Health》 2013年第12期2190-2203,共14页
Breastfeeding is considered to be the key variable for infant health. Consequently, UNICEF and the World Health Organization promote the beginning of breastfeeding within the first hour after birth and recommend to ex... Breastfeeding is considered to be the key variable for infant health. Consequently, UNICEF and the World Health Organization promote the beginning of breastfeeding within the first hour after birth and recommend to exclusively breastfeed the infant during the first six months. The origins of these modern breastfeeding campaigns can be traced back to the beginning of the twentieth century. Whereas high infant mortality rates traditionally were considered to be a matter of fate and the declining birth rates towards the end of the nineteenth century raised fears about the nation’s future and led to the emergence of an increasing infant welfare movement in imperial Germany. As low breastfeeding rates were identified as a key factor behind the high infant mortality rates, the main objective of the infant care movement was to increase breastfeeding. The paper examines how the context of infant care and infant mortality was constructed and how breastfeeding campaigns in the context of infant mortality, breastfeeding rates and socio-political changes developed during the twentieth century. Thus the paper covers the period from the beginnings of social paediatrics at the beginning of the 20th century, the breastfeeding campaigns embedded into Nazi ideology during the Third Reich, until the declining breastfeeding ratios and the “feeding on demand”-movement in the 1970s as well as the ideological differences between West and East Germany during the Cold War. 展开更多
关键词 PAEDIATRICS History of Medicine Infant Feeding Infant Mortality Infant Health germany
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Mining Rehabilitation in New South Wales (Australia) and Germany 被引量:1
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作者 Lisa J. K. Zillig Naomi Keenan Tim Roberts 《Journal of Earth Science and Engineering》 2015年第8期499-511,共13页
The rehabilitation of coal mines is an up-to-date issue, heavily discussed not only by the industry but also by scientists and the adjacent communities since open cut coal mining has extensive impacts affecting all pa... The rehabilitation of coal mines is an up-to-date issue, heavily discussed not only by the industry but also by scientists and the adjacent communities since open cut coal mining has extensive impacts affecting all parties. Whereas, before and during the mining process not only nature but sometimes also the population of a whole region has to give way to a mine, the consequences of the operations remain long after mining closure. Typically a once intact and functioning ecosystem is replaced with a destroyed wideness evocative of a moon landscape. Fortunately, the awareness of the need to rehabilitate the destroyed nature is increasing steadily and all involved parties are making efforts to improve the situation, even if it is a major challenge to bring all parties to a consensus. Therefore, a legislative basis is required and the know-how of optimal rehabilitation solutions must be developed. In this article the rehabilitation of mined land in Australia and Germany are compared. More precisely the article will present an overview of the legislative regulations, certain applied methods of rehabilitation work and the problems that are likely to occur in respect to the influence of mining on nature. 展开更多
关键词 Mining rehabilitation mining Australia mining germany mine closure legislation mining rehabilitation.
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Clinical Observation on the Treatment of Insomnia in Germany with Deficiency of Heart and Spleen by the Ear Bean Therapy 被引量:1
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作者 XIONG Hang MA Shu-hui +1 位作者 LI Yuan-yuan DAI Jing-zhang 《World Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine》 2020年第9期7-11,共5页
Objective: To observe the effect of insomnia patients with deficiency of heart and spleen in Germany by the therapy of ear points pressing with bean. Methods: A total of 80 cases of insomnia with deficiency of heart a... Objective: To observe the effect of insomnia patients with deficiency of heart and spleen in Germany by the therapy of ear points pressing with bean. Methods: A total of 80 cases of insomnia with deficiency of heart and spleen in Germany were divided into the observation group and the control group, with 40 cases in each group. The patients in the control group were treated with oral modified Guipi Decoction(归脾汤), while the patients in the observation group were treated with oral traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and the therapy of ear points pressing with bean. The efficacy, sleep quality, the TCM syndromes score and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results: The effective rate in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, and there was statistical difference between the two group(P<0.05). After treatment, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale(PSQI) score, insomnia severity index(ISI) score and the TCM syndromes score in the two groups were decreased sharply(P<0.01), and those scores in the observation group were lower than that in the control group(P<0.05). There was no adverse reaction between the two groups. Conclusion: The therapy of ear points pressing with bean is effective on insomnia in Germany, which is worth further study and promotion. 展开更多
关键词 Therapy of ear points pressing with bean germany Insomnia with deficiency of heart and spleen Pittsburgh sleep quality index Insomnia severity index
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The Route of V-2 Technology Transfer from Germany to the USSR,and on to China
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作者 WANG Fang Yuri M.BATURIN LI Chengzhi 《Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology》 2021年第2期114-140,共27页
V-2 technology was transferred from Germany to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)and then on to China.The USSR imitated the captured German V-2 rocket,and independently developed the R-2.Later,China imitate... V-2 technology was transferred from Germany to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)and then on to China.The USSR imitated the captured German V-2 rocket,and independently developed the R-2.Later,China imitated the R-2 rocket provided by the USSR,and independently developed the Dong Feng-2(DF-2).The imitation or localization of foreign products is a key stage prior to independent development.Independent development of new models,in turn,is not only indicative of an upgrading of the transferred technology and the mastering of foreign technology,but also an illustration of innovation.Talent is the crucial resource on which technology transfer relies.The administrative system and domestic collaboration network required to coordinate the necessary tasks,including research,experimentation,design,and manufacture were established both in the USSR and in China. 展开更多
关键词 V-2 rocket technology transfer germany the USSR China
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The Difference and Its Study of the Cultures of West and East Germany Around the Reunification in 1989
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作者 DING Xinyi 《Psychology Research》 2022年第9期763-770,共8页
The then West and East Germany originated from one nation,but there was big difference between their cultures before and immediately after the reunification in 1989.The difference is embodied in many aspects of the so... The then West and East Germany originated from one nation,but there was big difference between their cultures before and immediately after the reunification in 1989.The difference is embodied in many aspects of the society,affecting deeply the individual life and national situation.Their formation has multiple causes,and various measures need to be made to bridge these gaps to reach the balance,so that Germany after the fall of Berlin Wall can go ahead prosperously,and brings benefits to all its people. 展开更多
关键词 culture germany TOTALITARIANISM system BALANCE
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Climate Protection in Urban Transport--Six Scenario Studies in Germany: More Climate Protection, Fewer Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Less Car Traffic
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作者 Oscar Reutter Ulrike Reutter 《Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering》 2016年第2期75-85,共11页
Six German scenario studies on urban passenger transport for Munich 2058, Wuppertal 2050, Eastern Ruhr Region 2030, Tuebingen 2030, Cologne 2020 and Hanover Region 2020 investigate the key question: With which strate... Six German scenario studies on urban passenger transport for Munich 2058, Wuppertal 2050, Eastern Ruhr Region 2030, Tuebingen 2030, Cologne 2020 and Hanover Region 2020 investigate the key question: With which strategies and on what kind of scale, is it possible to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions of urban passenger transport to accomplish the 2℃ climate protection goal with a consequently huge reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 80% to 95% by 2050 in relation to the base year 1990? The scenarios show that the major challenge of a "climate-friendly city transport" can be achieved by appropriate measures (regarding direction and scale): in small and medium-sized cities, large cities, cities of over a million people, and metropolitan regions. The scenarios demonstrate the extent to which the considered measures contribute to the CO2 reduction, and which gap to the achievement of the goal remains if that which is currently regarded as realistic in practice is really implemented in future. Thus, they illustrate the conflict between that which is necessary for climate protection and that which is currently considered feasible in politics. The scenarios show that it is essential to act quickly and appropriately, and not hesitantly or without conviction. 展开更多
关键词 Climate protection CO2 reduction urban transport scenario studies germany.
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Eocene fauna of Messel Pit Fossil Site, Germany
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作者 Stephan Schaal 《Journal of Geoscientific Research in Northeast Asia》 2005年第1期9-14,共6页
The paper reports sunthetically the Cocene fauna of the Messel Pit Fossil site of Germany, in detail, including its rich taxanomic composttions, geological and paleogeographic backgroud, and the studying and applying ... The paper reports sunthetically the Cocene fauna of the Messel Pit Fossil site of Germany, in detail, including its rich taxanomic composttions, geological and paleogeographic backgroud, and the studying and applying history. 展开更多
关键词 EOCENE FAUNA Messel Pit Fossil site germany
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品味德国germany
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作者 Traey 《汽车时代》 2003年第6期110-111,共2页
美丽的亮马河畔,座落着具有浓郁德国风格的“燕沙中心”。身处其中的燕莎商城,自然与德国有着不解之缘。燕莎商城通过“燕莎视点——德国优质商品推广”活动,把精致的德国商品和迷人的德国风情展示给大家。在这里,我们先为您制作一份丰... 美丽的亮马河畔,座落着具有浓郁德国风格的“燕沙中心”。身处其中的燕莎商城,自然与德国有着不解之缘。燕莎商城通过“燕莎视点——德国优质商品推广”活动,把精致的德国商品和迷人的德国风情展示给大家。在这里,我们先为您制作一份丰盛的德国文化大餐,和您一同感受德国的风韵…… 展开更多
关键词 germany
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Team Germany (Technische Universitt Darmstadt)
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《建筑技艺》 2011年第5期-,共6页
设计理念我们的设计初衷就是大限度地提供居住空间、能源供给,并与环境最大适应.为了达到这些目标,我们在“方盒子”中植入了一个多功能体块,这也是设计的核心.它整合了建筑所有的基本功能、服务和陈设,并根据用户的要求进行使用.根据... 设计理念我们的设计初衷就是大限度地提供居住空间、能源供给,并与环境最大适应.为了达到这些目标,我们在“方盒子”中植入了一个多功能体块,这也是设计的核心.它整合了建筑所有的基本功能、服务和陈设,并根据用户的要求进行使用.根据这些特点,我们创造出一个高功能化和多方面的一室空间,通过一层的地形设计和上层设计的画廊定义出公共与私密空间.建筑立面仍然具有多功能性,成功解决了各种技术要求. 展开更多
关键词 Team germany Technische Universit t Darmstadt
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Why Germany?
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作者 Connie Sean 《数字家庭》 2009年第7期162-166,共5页
在这里,每一个橱窗,小窗台,都充满着精心打理的痕迹 窗台里的鲜花、小玩偶都展现德国人的精致与爱生活……
关键词 Why germany?》
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Groundwater protection:What can we learn from Germany?
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作者 Klaus-Dieter BALKE 《Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B(Biomedicine & Biotechnology)》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2008年第3期227-231,共5页
For drinking water security the German waterworks proceed on a comprehensive concept,i.e.,the protection of all the regions from the recharge area to the client.It includes the protection of the recharge area by a pre... For drinking water security the German waterworks proceed on a comprehensive concept,i.e.,the protection of all the regions from the recharge area to the client.It includes the protection of the recharge area by a precautionary management,a safe water treatment,a strict maintenance of the water distribution network,continuous control and an intensive training of staff.Groundwater protection zones together with effective regulations and control play a very important role.Three protection zones with different restrictions in land-use are distinguished.Water in reservoirs and lakes is also protected by Surface Water Protection Zones.Within the surrounding area the land-use is controlled,too.Special treatment is necessary if acidification happens caused by acid rain,or eutrophication caused by the inflow of sewage.Very important is the collaboration between waterworks and the farmers cultivating land in the recharge area in order to execute water-protecting ecological farming with the aim to reduce the application of fertilizers and plant protection agents.Probable financial losses have to be compensated by the waterworks. 展开更多
关键词 Drinking water security germany Groundwater protection zone Water protection
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New Changes in Germany s Leading Role in the European Union
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作者 Li Chao 《Contemporary International Relations》 2020年第4期82-108,共27页
For a long time, Germany played a leading role in the European Union(EU), but in recent years it has reduced its investment in the EU affairs and lessened its enthusiasm for European integration due to its multiple fr... For a long time, Germany played a leading role in the European Union(EU), but in recent years it has reduced its investment in the EU affairs and lessened its enthusiasm for European integration due to its multiple frustrations in maintaining the unity of the EU and leading the EU in global affairs. As a result, its leading role in the EU is apparently on the decline. This change has taken place for the following reasons: internally,it derives from Germany’s domestic political dilemma, changes in its social ecology, and structural defects in its economy;externally, it relates closely to the intensifying interest divides between EU member states, and the major-country global-scale game that is entering a new phase for which Germany is not yet ready. The decline of Germany’s leading role in the EU will intensify rivalry between EU member states, impede the process of European integration, and cause further setbacks to the EU’s global standing. Nonetheless, Germany is aware of this, and is now engaging in profound reflection and active adjustment. Accordingly, the German engine is expected to restart. 展开更多
关键词 germany EU European integration MERKEL
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