Primary Malignant Giant Cell Tumor of Bone:A Case Report

Primary malignant giant cell tumor of bone is clinically rare,lack of specificity,and often misdiagnosed.Currently,related literature about this tumor remains scarce.One case of primary malignant giant cell tumor of bone was diagnosed and treated in our hospital,and the treatment effect was satisfactory.There was no recurrence or metastasis in 2 years of followup.The report is as follows.

The surgical Treatment and Outcome of Pathological Fracture in Patients with Giant Cell Tumor of Bone

Between 1992 and 2008, we treated 35 patients with giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone, seven of the 35 pre-sented with a pathological fracture. The fractures were located in the femur in five, and in the humerus and radius in one patient each. The surgical treatments were curettage in six cases and wide resection in the distal radius case. Two of the seven patients developed local recurrence, giving a local recurrence rate of 29%. The local recurrence rate in GCT patients without a pathological fracture was 21%. There was a tendency for there to be a higher recurrence rate associated with fractured GCT, but no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups. Therefore, it was considered that a pathological fracture was not a risk factor for local recurrence in GCT.

Heat Shock Protein 70 Expression in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone and Its Clinical Application

Objective: To provide a better prognosis after the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone which is a common benign aggressive bone tumor by the use of thermoablation, Hsp70 expression of the tumor was explored and the relationship between the relative amount of expression of this protein and tumor recurrence was studied. Methods: Avascular parts of tumor tissues were collected from 11 patients, 3 male and 8 female with an average age of 32.27 years and were sent for the analysis of protein contents by the use of Western blot. A comparative protein analysis was used for the detection of Hsp70 and beta-actin. Monoclonal antibody was used for the identification of Hsp70. The measurement was carried out two times in one patient. The relationship between ratios of Hsp70/beta-actin and tumor recurrence during 3-year follow-up was carried out. Results: Tumor recurrence was found in 4 patients, 36.6% and none had lung metastasis. Significant HSP expression was found in all specimens. No patient with the ratio of HSP70/beta-actin expression lower than 0.66 had tumor recurrence. Sensitivity of the test was 75% and specificity was 100%. Conclusion: Expression of Hsp70 was found in giant cell tumor of bone and high relative expression of this protein related to tumor recurrence.

Clinical Features of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone in Elderly Patients

Background: Giant cell tumor of the bone (GCTB) occurs most often in younger individuals aged between 20 and 40 years. However, it also occurs in a small proportion of elderly people. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the clinical characteristics of GCTB in elderly people, as only few reports have completely examined the characteristics of GCTB in elderly patients. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 69 patients with benign GCTB. Patients’ information on age, sex, anatomical location and size, Campanacci grade, pathological fracture, treatment for primary tumors, local and distant relapse, and outcome was collected. We compared these clinical courses between the younger and older groups. We divided the age groups into three subgroups: ≤54 years and ≥55 years, ≤59 years and ≥60 years, and ≤64 years and ≥65 years. We compared the two groups in each subgroup. In addition, we examined factors affecting local recurrence and distant metastasis. Results: Tumor size was significantly larger in the older group between the two subgroups of 55 and 60 years. Kaplan-Meier curves for local recurrence-free survival and distant metastasis-free survival between the two subgroups of 65 years showed significant differences (p = 0.0183 and p = 0.0014). In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, female sex, curettage-only surgical procedure, and denosumab usage before surgery affected local recurrence. Conclusion: Age is unlikely to affect local recurrence and distant metastases in GCTB patients, but local recurrence and distant metastases may be noted in elderly patients aged ≥65 years with GCTB.

Bioactive glass selectively promotes cytotoxicity towards giant cell tumor of bone derived neoplastic stromal cells and induces MAPK signalling dependent autophagy

Giant cell tumors of bone(GCTB)are associated with massive bone destructions and high recurrence rates.In a previous study,we observed cytotoxic effects of three different compositions of bioactive glasses(BGs)towards GCTSC but not bone marrow derived stromal cells(BMSC)indicating that BGs represent promising candidates for the development of new therapeutic approaches.In the current study we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms that are involved in BG induced cytotoxicity.We observed,that BG treatment was not associated with any signs of apoptosis,but rather led to a strong induction of mitogen activated protein kinases(MAPK)and,as a consequence,upregulation of several transcription factors specifically in GCTSC.Genome wide gene expression profiling further revealed a set of fifteen genes that were exclusively induced in GCTSC or induced significantly stronger in GCTSC compared to BMSC.BG treatment further induced autophagy that was significantly more pronounced in GCTSC compared to BMSC and could be inhibited by MAPK inhibitors.Together with the known osteogenic properties of BGs our findings support the suitability of BGs as therapeutic agents for the treatment of GCTB.However,these data have to be verified under in vivo conditions.

Gene expression disparity in giant cell tumor of bone

The aim of this paper was to study the differential gene expression of giant cell tumor of bone(GCTB)by gene chip technology.Total RNA of 8 fresh GCTB specimens(Jaffe I∶6 cases,II∶1 case,III∶1 case;Campanacci I∶6 cases,II∶1 case,III∶1 case;Enneking Staging G0T1-2M0,5 cases,G1T1-2M0:2 cases,G1T2M0:1 case)and 4 normal bony callus specimens(the control group)were extracted and purified to get mRNA and then reverse transcribed to complementary DNA,respectively.Microarray screening with a set of 8064 human cDNA genes was conducted to analyze the difference among the samples and the control.The hybridization signals were scanned.The gene expression disparity between the GCTB samples and normal bony callus was significantly different(P<0.01),and the disparity of over 5-fold was found in 47 genes in the GCTB specimens,with 25 genes up-regulated and 22 down-regulated including the extracellular matrix and transforming-related genes,oncogene and its homolog genes,cytokine and its receptor genes.Specific gene spectrum associated with GCTB can be identified by cDNA microarray,which will be the foundation of progressive etiology elucidation,diagnosis and treatment of GCTB.

Surgical treatment of giant cell tumors of long bone combined with inserted microwave antennas induced hyperthermia

AIM：To evaluate the surgical treatment methods of giant cell tumors(GCT) of long bone in conjunction with inserted microwave antennas induced hyperthermia.METHODS:46patients,included the surgical procedures,the oncology results,the functions of the limbs and the complications were analyzed.RESULTS:Follow-up 3.5 to 9 years(mean 5.5years).All patients were evaluated according to oncological and orthopaedic criteria.Two tumors were recurred.Orthopaedic furction were perfect in 44 patients and were fair in 2.Infection was found in 2 patients.CONCLUSION:The surgical procedure to treat the giant cell tumors of long bone by inserted microwave antennas induced hyperthermia is a definitive surgical method which is safe and confident.

Three-dimensional-printed custom-made patellar endoprosthesis for recurrent giant cell tumor of the patella:A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Giant cell tumor(GCT)is a benign lesion and rarely involves the patella.This disease is characterized by a relatively high recurrence rate after primary treatment.En bloc resection has been a predominant option for recurrent GCT.However,total patellectomy can lead to disruption of the knee.Therefore,exploration of functional reconstruction of the extensor mechanism is worthwhile.CASE SUMMARY A 54-year-old woman presented with right knee pain and swelling,and was diagnosed as having a GCT in the patella following curettage and autograft.Medical imaging revealed a lytic and expanded lesion involving the whole patella with focal cortical breaches and pathological fracture.Based on the combination of histological,radiological,and clinical features,a diagnosis of recurrent GCT in the patella was made(Campanacci grade III).After a multidisciplinary team discussion,three-dimensional(3D)-printed custom-made patellar endoprosthesis was performed following en bloc resection for reconstructing the extensor mechanism.The patient was followed for 35 mo postoperatively.No evidence of local recurrence,pulmonary metastasis,or osteoarthritis of the right knee was observed.The active flexion arc was 0°-120°,and no extension lag was detected.A favorable patellar tracking and height(Insall-Salvati ratio 0.93)were detected by radiography.CONCLUSION We depict a case of a GCT at the right patella,which was successfully treated by patellectomy and 3D-printed custom-made endoprosthetic replacement.The patella normal reconstruction,the precise-fit articular design,and gastrocnemius flap augmentation could lead to satisfactory knee function and a low rate of complications in the short-term follow-up.

Expect the unexpected:Brown tumor of the mandible as the first manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism(HPT)is a condition in which one or more parathyroid glands produce increased levels of parathyroid hormone(PTH),causing disturbances in calcium homeostasis.Most commonly HPT presents with asymptomatic hypercalcemia but the clinical spectrum may include disturbances reflecting the combined effects of increased PTH secretion and hypercalcemia.Brown tumors are rare,benign,tumor-like bone lesions,occurring in 1.5%to 4.5%of patients with HPT,as a complication of an uncontrolled disease pathway,and are nowadays rarely seen in clinical practice.The tumor can appear either as a solitary or multifocal lesion and usually presents as an asymptomatic swelling or a painful exophytic mass.Furthermore,it can cause a pathological fracture or skeletal pain and be radiologically described as a lytic bone lesion.The diagnosis of a brown tumor in HPT is typically confirmed by assessing the levels of serum calcium,phosphorus,and PTH.Although when present,brown tumor is quite pathognomonic for HPT,the histologic finding often suggests a giant cell tumor,while clinical presentation might suggest other more frequent pathologies such as metastatic tumors.Treatment of brown tumors frequently focuses on managing the underlying HPT,which can often lead to regression and resolution of the lesion,without the need for surgical intervention.However,in refractory cases or when dealing with large symptomatic lesions,surgical treatment may be necessary.

Malignant giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath of the right hip:A case report

BACKGROUND Malignant giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath(MGCTTS)is an extremely rare malignant tumor originating from synovial and tendon sheath tissue with highly aggressive biological behavior and a high rate of local recurrence and distant metastasis which should be considered a highly malignant sarcoma and managed aggressively.How to systemically treat MGCTTS remains a challenge.In this case,a patient with MGCTTS suffered a recurrence after 2 surgical resections received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy,but the treatment outcome remained poor.More clinical trials and better understanding of the biology and molecular aspects of this subtype of sarcoma are needed while novel medicines should be developed to efficiently target particular pathways.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old man presented with persistent dull pain in the right groin accompanied by limited right hip motion starting 6 mo ago.Two months before his attending to hospital,the patient’s pain worsened,presenting as severe pain when standing or walking,limping,and inability to straighten or move the right lower extremity.Surgical excision was performed and MGCTTS was confirmed by pathology examination.Two recurrences occurred after surgical resection,moreover,the treatment outcome remained poor after adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy.The patient died only 10 mo after the initial diagnosis.CONCLUSION MGCTTS is characterized by a joint mass with pain and limited motion.It typically grows along the tendons and infiltrated into the surrounding muscle and bone tissue,with a stubborn tendency to relapse,as well as pulmonary metastasis.Radically surgical resection provides a choice of treatment whereas post-operation care should be taken to preserve the function of the joint.Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be used as alternative treatments when radical resection cannot be performed.

Recurrent Giant Cell Tumor of the Distal End Radius: A Case Report and Surgical Treatment with Wide Resection and Reconstruction with Non-Vascularised Autologous Proximal Fibular Graft

Giant cell tumour of the distal radius is the 3rd most common site after proximal tibia and distal femur. It is locally aggressive and is associated with a high rate of recurrence. Although it is usually treated with various modalities of treatment, wide resection and reconstruction with proximal fibular autograft is most commonly accepted in recurrent cases. The following is a case report of such a case with surgical management.

Traumatic giant cell tumor of rib: A case report

BACKGROUND Giant cell tumor(GCT)of the anterior rib origin is extremely rare.We report the first case of trauma-induced GCT of the rib.CASE SUMMARY A 22-year-old female developed a mass over the right anterior chest wall with pain 3 mo after a falling injury with blunt trauma of the right chest wall.Chest computed tomography(CT)showed a tumor originating from the right 6th rib with bony destruction,and a CT-guided needle biopsy revealed a GCT.We completely resected the tumor with chest wall and performed reconstruction.The pathological diagnosis was GCT of the bone.Twelve months after surgery,no signs of recurrence were observed.CONCLUSION GCT of the rib after trauma has not been reported.Meticulous history-taking and image evaluation are essential for the differential diagnosis of unusual chest wall tumors.

Malignant giant cell tumor in the left upper arm soft tissue of an adolescent:A case report

BACKGROUND Giant cell tumor of soft tissue(GCT-ST)is an extremely rare low-grade soft tissue tumor that is originates in superficial tissue and rarely spreads deeper.GCT-ST has unpredictable behavior.It is mainly benign,but may sometimes become aggressive and potentially increase in size within a short period of time.CASE SUMMARY A 17-year-old man was suspected of having a fracture,based on radiography following left shoulder trauma.One month later,the swelling of the left shoulder continued to increase and the pain was obvious.Computed tomography(CT)revealed a soft tissue mass with strip-like calcifications in the left shoulder.The mass invaded the adjacent humerus and showed an insect-like area of destruction at the edge of the cortical bone of the upper humerus.The marrow cavity of the upper humerus was enlarged,and a soft tissue density was seen in the medullary cavity.Thoracic CT revealed multiple small nodules beneath the pleura of both lungs.A bone scan demonstrated increased activity in the left shoulder joint and proximal humerus.The mass showed mixed moderate hypointensity and hyperintensity on T1-weighted images,and mixed hyperintensity on T2-weighted fat-saturated images.The final diagnosis of GCT-ST was confirmed by pathology.CONCLUSION GCT-STs should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue tumors and monitored for large increases in size.

Multimodal imaging in the diagnosis of bone giant cell tumors:A retrospective study

BACKGROUND Giant cell tumor of bone is a locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing tumor,and also a potential malignant tumor that may develop into a primary malignant giant cell tumor.AIM To evaluate the role of multimodal imaging in the diagnosis of giant cell tumors of bone.METHODS The data of 32 patients with giant cell tumor of bone confirmed by core-needle biopsy or surgical pathology at our hospital between March 2018 and March 2023 were retrospectively selected.All the patients with giant cell tumors of the bone were examined by X-ray,computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),and 7 of them were examined by positron emission tomography(PET)-CT.RESULTS X-ray imaging can provide overall information on giant cell tumor lesions.CT and MRI can reveal the characteristics of the internal structure of the tumor as well as the adjacent relationships of the tumor,and these methods have unique advantages for diagnosing tumors and determining the scope of surgery.PET-CT can detect small lesions and is highly valuable for identifying benign and malignant tumors to aid in the early diagnosis of metastasis.CONCLUSION Multimodal imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis of giant cell tumor of bone and can provide a reference for the treatment of giant cell tumors.

Co-Inhibitors of Second Signal of Lymphocyte Response in Human Renal Transplants: PD-L2, GITR, and ILT-2/3/5 Positive Cells from Aspiration Biopsies Associate with Acute Rejection-Freedom

Following organ transplantation, the outcome of the encounter between an APC and a T lymphocyte is strongly dependent on the presence of costimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, the former associated with allograft rejection and the latter with allograft acceptance. We evaluated the expression of PD-L2, GITR, ILT-2/3/5, and ILT-4 on graft-infiltrating cells procured by Fnab from human KTx under different immunosuppressive regimens. Methods: Fnab biopsies were performed on days 7 or 14 - 30 in stable KTx and on the day of acute rejection diagnosis. Cytopreparations were studied by the enzymatic avidin biotin complex staining. Results: Acute rejection group showed a significant down-regulated expression of PD-L2, GITR, and ILT-2/3/5 as compared to stable group, while for ILT-4 we did not find significant difference. Anti-IL2αR and rapamicyn treatment trend to down-regulate ILT-4 expression, although meaningless. A significantly positive correlation was observed between PD-L2 and GITR expression in Fnab. The PPV for acute rejection diagnosis for both PD-L2 and GITR was clearly above 0.8. Conclusions: Our findings point to an early entrance of cells expressing PD-L2, GITR and ILT-2/3/5 inside human KTx who are going to remain rejection-free. Both PD-L2 and GITR shared a high ability to rule-in and rule-out acute rejection.

Effect of cytokines on in vitro bone resorption by cells isolated from giant cell tumor of bone

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瘤体刮除骨水泥填充保膝手术与瘤段切除肿瘤型假体置换术对膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤的临床疗效比较

目的探讨瘤体刮除骨水泥填充保膝手术与瘤段切除肿瘤型假体置换治疗膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤的临床疗效。方法选取膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤患者,将采用瘤段切除肿瘤型假体置换术治疗的患者纳入至置换组,将瘤体刮除骨水泥填充保膝手术治疗的患者纳入至保膝组。置换组26例,保膝组34例。收集两组患者围术期指标、国际骨与软组织肿瘤协会保肢评分(musculo skeletal tumor society,MSTS)、美国纽约特种外科医院评分(hospital for special surgery,HSS)、复发情况,单因素分析影响骨巨细胞瘤术后复发的因素。结果保膝组手术时间明显短于置换组,P<0.05,保膝组患者术中出血量、住院费用均明显少于置换组,P<0.05,但两组患者住院时间比较,P>0.05。术前两组MSTS评分、HSS评分比较,P>0.05,术后6个月及末次随访,保膝组MSTS评分、HSS评分均更高,P<0.05。通过末次随访发现,复发12例(20.00%),未复发患者48例(80.00%)。单因素分析得出影响骨巨细胞瘤术后复发的因素为Campanacci分级和肿瘤体积(P<0.05)。结论瘤体刮除骨水泥填充保膝手术治疗膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤较瘤段切除肿瘤型假体置换术疗效更优,其复发可能与病理分级或肿瘤体积相关。

脊柱骨巨细胞瘤的影像学特征及诊断价值

目的分析脊柱骨巨细胞瘤的影像学特征,提高对脊柱骨巨细胞瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断水平。方法回顾性分析临床病理证实的25例脊柱椎体及附件骨巨细胞瘤的影像学资料,其中22例行DR检查,23例进行CT检查(其中4例行增强检查),25例行MR检查(其中13例行增强检查),5例行全身核医学检查(其中3例局部图像融合检查),结合文献分析其影像学特征并总结规律。结果25例患者,发生于颈椎4例,胸椎8例(其中1例胸椎病变累及相邻2个椎体及附件),腰椎9例,骶椎4例。骶椎以外21例同时侵犯椎体及椎板,其中5例以附件为中心累及椎体。DR中19例表现为低密度影,其中3例见“皂泡”样改变,14例单侧椎弓根环不完整或消失,1例双侧消失,5例椎体压缩骨折并其中1例椎体滑脱;CT表现为膨胀性溶骨性骨质破坏,密度不均匀减低,8例病灶边缘见局限性硬化缘,7例见骨嵴;MRI表现为T1WI等、低信号为主,T2WI等、高或高、等、低混杂信号,22例见软组织肿块,5例椎体压缩骨折并其中1例椎体滑脱,其中2例椎体呈“哑铃”形改变;5例全身骨扫描表现为病变区放射性核素异常浓聚,其中3例局部图像融合表现为病灶边缘不完整环形放射性核素浓聚。结论脊柱骨巨细胞瘤有一定影像学特征,综合应用多种影像学检查,分析其影像表现,可提高诊断正确率,为临床提供可靠的资料。

自体骨+异体骨填充修复膝周骨巨细胞瘤治疗后骨缺损

2015年1月~2020年12月,我科采用自体骨+异体骨填充修复27例膝周骨巨细胞瘤微波原位消融术后骨缺损患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组27例,男11例,女16例,年龄19~52岁。病变部位:股骨远端12例,胫骨近端15例。按照骨巨细胞瘤的Campanacci系统分级:Ⅰ级9例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级7例。1.2手术方法全身麻醉或腰硬联合麻醉。患者仰卧位,患侧垫高。