Gibbons and siamangs （Hylobatidae） are well-known for their rapid chromosomal evolution,which has resulted in high speciation rate within the family.On the other hand,distinct karyotypes do not prevent speciation,al...Gibbons and siamangs （Hylobatidae） are well-known for their rapid chromosomal evolution,which has resulted in high speciation rate within the family.On the other hand,distinct karyotypes do not prevent speciation,allowing interbreeding between individuals in captivity,and the unwanted hybrids are ethically problematic as all gibbon species are endangered or critically endangered.Thus,accurate species identification is crucial for captive breeding,particularly in China where studbooks are unavailable.Identification based on external morphology is difficult,especially for hybrids,because species are usually similar in appearance.In this study,we employed G-banding karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） as well as a PCR-based approach to examine karyotypic characteristics and identify crested gibbons of the genus Nomascus from zoos and nature reserves in China.We characterized and identified five karyotypes from 21 individuals of Nomascus.Using karyotypes and mitochondrial and nuclear genes,we identified three purebred species and three hybrids,including one F2 hybrid between N.gabriellae and N.siki.Our results also supported that N.leucogenys and N.siki shared the same inversion on chromosome 7,which resolves arguments from previous studies.Our results demonstrated that both karyotyping and DNA-based approaches were suitable for identifying purebred species,though neither was ideal for hybrid identification.The advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed.Our results further highlight the importance of animal ethics and welfare,which are critical for endangered species in captivity.展开更多
海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)是中国特有灵长类动物,也是世界上最濒危的灵长类动物之一(周江,2008;Fan,2017;Geissmann and Bleisch,2020;Ren et al.,2022)。海南长臂猿被世界自然保护联盟列为极度濒危(CR)物种,在《中国脊椎动物红色...海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)是中国特有灵长类动物,也是世界上最濒危的灵长类动物之一(周江,2008;Fan,2017;Geissmann and Bleisch,2020;Ren et al.,2022)。海南长臂猿被世界自然保护联盟列为极度濒危(CR)物种,在《中国脊椎动物红色名录》中也被评为“极度濒危”(蒋志刚等,2021)。2019年海南热带雨林国家公园正式成立,旨在保护以海南长臂猿为旗舰物种的热带雨林栖息地,经过持续保护,其野生种群得以缓慢恢复。展开更多
The cao vit gibbon is a critically endangered species.Only approximately 110 individuals remain in degraded karst forest along the China-Vietnam border.Karst forest is unusual gibbon habitat.Currently,the canopy heigh...The cao vit gibbon is a critically endangered species.Only approximately 110 individuals remain in degraded karst forest along the China-Vietnam border.Karst forest is unusual gibbon habitat.Currently,the canopy height of cao vit gibbon habitat is approximately 10 m.Research on the locomotor behavior of gibbons living in this particular forest type might provide important insight into locomotor stability and variability of gibbons.We used 5 min scan samples to record the locomotion mode,support use and canopy strata of gibbons in 3 groups for 2096 h between January 2008 and December 2009.Although cao vit gibbon habitat has a lower canopy in comparison to that of other forests inhabited by gibbons,cao vit gibbons displayed a similar overall locomotor pattern to other gibbon species(Symphalangus syndactylus,Hylobates lar and Hylobates agilis)in which brachiation dominate their locomotor behavior.Cao vit gibbons spent most of their time travelling on inclined branches(2-10 cm)in the middle stratum through the forest canopy.Adult females appear to more often employ safer modes of locomotion(bridging more often and brachiation less),while adult males choose riskier modes(leaping more and climbing less).As gibbons increased in body weight,as they grew from infant to adult,they tended to use larger supports.This research documented that locomotor behavior in Hylobatidae is strongly determined by anatomical characters,but cao vit gibbons also show the ability to use various supports,enabling them to survive in karst forest.展开更多
基金supported by the Wildlife Conservation Program of Yunnan Province,ChinaK.H. was supported by a JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowship for Overseas Researchers(P16092)
文摘Gibbons and siamangs （Hylobatidae） are well-known for their rapid chromosomal evolution,which has resulted in high speciation rate within the family.On the other hand,distinct karyotypes do not prevent speciation,allowing interbreeding between individuals in captivity,and the unwanted hybrids are ethically problematic as all gibbon species are endangered or critically endangered.Thus,accurate species identification is crucial for captive breeding,particularly in China where studbooks are unavailable.Identification based on external morphology is difficult,especially for hybrids,because species are usually similar in appearance.In this study,we employed G-banding karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） as well as a PCR-based approach to examine karyotypic characteristics and identify crested gibbons of the genus Nomascus from zoos and nature reserves in China.We characterized and identified five karyotypes from 21 individuals of Nomascus.Using karyotypes and mitochondrial and nuclear genes,we identified three purebred species and three hybrids,including one F2 hybrid between N.gabriellae and N.siki.Our results also supported that N.leucogenys and N.siki shared the same inversion on chromosome 7,which resolves arguments from previous studies.Our results demonstrated that both karyotyping and DNA-based approaches were suitable for identifying purebred species,though neither was ideal for hybrid identification.The advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed.Our results further highlight the importance of animal ethics and welfare,which are critical for endangered species in captivity.
文摘海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)是中国特有灵长类动物,也是世界上最濒危的灵长类动物之一(周江,2008;Fan,2017;Geissmann and Bleisch,2020;Ren et al.,2022)。海南长臂猿被世界自然保护联盟列为极度濒危(CR)物种,在《中国脊椎动物红色名录》中也被评为“极度濒危”(蒋志刚等,2021)。2019年海南热带雨林国家公园正式成立,旨在保护以海南长臂猿为旗舰物种的热带雨林栖息地,经过持续保护,其野生种群得以缓慢恢复。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(#30900169)the International Foundation for Science+1 种基金the Conservation Leadership ProgrammeFauna and Flora International.
文摘The cao vit gibbon is a critically endangered species.Only approximately 110 individuals remain in degraded karst forest along the China-Vietnam border.Karst forest is unusual gibbon habitat.Currently,the canopy height of cao vit gibbon habitat is approximately 10 m.Research on the locomotor behavior of gibbons living in this particular forest type might provide important insight into locomotor stability and variability of gibbons.We used 5 min scan samples to record the locomotion mode,support use and canopy strata of gibbons in 3 groups for 2096 h between January 2008 and December 2009.Although cao vit gibbon habitat has a lower canopy in comparison to that of other forests inhabited by gibbons,cao vit gibbons displayed a similar overall locomotor pattern to other gibbon species(Symphalangus syndactylus,Hylobates lar and Hylobates agilis)in which brachiation dominate their locomotor behavior.Cao vit gibbons spent most of their time travelling on inclined branches(2-10 cm)in the middle stratum through the forest canopy.Adult females appear to more often employ safer modes of locomotion(bridging more often and brachiation less),while adult males choose riskier modes(leaping more and climbing less).As gibbons increased in body weight,as they grew from infant to adult,they tended to use larger supports.This research documented that locomotor behavior in Hylobatidae is strongly determined by anatomical characters,but cao vit gibbons also show the ability to use various supports,enabling them to survive in karst forest.
