孑遗植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)伴性光合生理特征与进化生态

银杏类是一类古老的雌雄异株植物,目前仅存单科单属。由于银杏在系统发育等方面的独特地位,吸引了科学家从不同方面进行了广泛的研究。在适宜的条件下,测定了生长在野外环境下的成年银杏的雌雄个体的光合特性。研究结果表明,银杏的雌雄植株对光具有相同的表现趋势,光饱和点,光补偿点,光下呼吸速率等均没有明显差异。但是雌性银杏的净光合速率明显大于雄性银杏的净光合速率。这种差异可能与雌性个体在繁衍后代时需要投入更多的能量有关。研究也表明,在与其它的裸子植物和被子植物比较时,银杏的光合能力并没有明显的弱势,因此光合能力可能并不是银杏在第三纪分布受限的直接原因.

孑遗植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)雌雄株水分生理特征初步研究

[目的]研究银杏雌雄株在水分生理上的差异，探讨其水分利用策略，以及在进化过程中的重要作用。[方法]对银杏雌雄株的树干液流（sap flow）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）以及水分利用效率（WUE）进行对比研究。[结果]雌雄银杏的液流昼夜进程具有相似的规律，且白天雌雄株液流基本相同，夜间雄株液流大于雌株；不同性别银杏的丹和岱同样呈现为早晚高、午间低的曲线趋势，早晚雌株有比雄株更高的Tr和Gs，但中午11：00-14：00之间雌株的值低于雄株；雌雄银杏的WUE曲线变化趋势相似，但雌株的平均水分利用效率略小于雄株。[结论]与其他伴性植物比较分析得知，不同性别银杏的水分生理有较强的趋同特征。这可能是在长期进化的压力下，雌雄异株植物的一种生存策略。

银杏(Ginkgo biloba)叶的形态发育与演化

通过对银杏叶的形态发育和解剖结构观察,根据重演律和顶枝学说,以及出土化石的地质年代,对银杏类植物的演化过程进行了讨论和推断.指出其演化总趋势是向着叶裂片由窄变宽,利于光合作用的方向发展.

孑遗植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)雌雄株水分生理特征研究(英文)

[Objective] The experiment aimed to study the difference of water physiology of male and female Ginkgo biloba L. for discussing the strategy of water utilization as well as the important role of this difference during evolution process. [Method] The stem sap flow, stomatal conductance(Gs), transpiration rate(Tr) and water use efficiency (WUE) of male and female Ginkgo biloba L. were comparatively studied. [Result] The day-night processes of flow on male and female Ginkgo biloba L. were similar. The flow on male and female Ginkgo biloba L. in day were almost same while the flow at night on male Ginkgo biloba L. was bigger than that on female Ginkgo biloba L. The Tr and Gs of male and female Ginkgo biloba L. were high in morning and at night but low at noon ,while Tr and Gs of female Ginkgo biloba L. in morning and at night were higher than these of male Ginkgo biloba L. at the same time point. However, these indexes of female plant were lower than these of male plant from 11:00 to 14:00. WUE changing trends of male and female Ginkgo biloba L. were similar, while average water utilization rate of female Ginkgo biloba L. was slightly lower than that of male Ginkgo biloba L. [Conclusion] Compared with other companion plants, water physiology of male and female Ginkgo biloba L. had strong homoplasy. The phenomenon might be a survival strategy of dioecious plants under long term evolutionary pressure.

Protective effects of ginkgo biloba leaves extract on peroxide-induced oxidative stress damage in PC12 cells

BACKGROUND： Extracts of ginkgo biloba leaves （EGB） and its metabolites have been reported to enhance brain function and nerve behavior. It has also been hypothesized that they can protect neurons from oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE： To investigate protective effects of EGB on peroxide （H2O2）-induced oxidative stress damage in PC12 cells. DESIGN： Observational contrast study. SETTING： Department ofPathophysiology, Guangdong Pharmacological College. MATERIALS： EGB was provided by Xi＇an Fujie Biotechnological Development Company; 1640 culture medium, methylthiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT）, trypsin and dimathyl sulfoxide （DMSO） by Sigma Company; PC12 cell strain by Cell Center of Medical College of Zhongshan University; calf serum by Hangzhou Sijiqing Bioengineering Company; lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） kit by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Research Institute. METHODS： The experiment was carried out in Department of Cell Biology of Guangdong Pharmacological College from June to December 2005. ①Cell culture： PC12 cells were cultured in 1640 medium containing 200 g/L fetal calf serum. The cells were diluted to 1 × 10^7 L^-1 and washed every two days. Those cells were used to experiment until they grew in logarithm on solid wall. ② Grouping and intervention： PC12 cells （1 × 10^8L^-1） were plated in 96-well plates with the density of 200 μ L/hole and divided into three groups： normal control group （routinely adding media）, H2O2 group （treating with media and H2O2 for 20 hours） and EGB group （adding media, 100μmol/L EGB and 100 μmol/L H2O2）. ③ MTT assay： PC12 cells （1 × 10^8L^-1） were plated in 96-well plates and divided into three groups with 8 holes for each group. Under sterile condition, cells were added with 5 g/L MTT （100μL） and cultured for 4 hours. And then, 200 μ L DMSO fluid was added and shaken for 30 minutes until blue crystal products formed were dissolved soundly ④ Experimental evaluation： Absorbance （A） at 630 nm was measured and LDH activity was measured at the same time. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Results of MTT assay and LDH activity. RESULTS： ① Results of MTT assay： A value was lower in the H2O2 group than that in the normal control group （P 〈 0.01）, while A value was higher in the EGB group than that in the H2O2 group （P 〈 0.01）. ② LDH activity： LDH activity was higher in the H2O2 group than that in the normal control group （P 〈 0.01 ）, while LDH activity was lower in the EGB group than that in the H2O2 group （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： EGB can inhibit H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage in PC12 cells possibly by preventing damage to the cell membrane.

Experimental Study on Inhibition of Neuronal Toxical Effect of Levodopa by Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Parkinson Disease in Rats

In order to observe neuronal toxical effect of Levodopa and investigate if using Levodopa together with Ginkgo Bilobar Extract (EGb) would be an workable method to treat Parkinson disease, rat models of Parkinson disease (PD) were made by injecting 6-OHDA stereotaxically to right side of the mesencephic ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Rotational behavioral observation, TUNEL, immunocytochemistry, Nissl's body staining were performed to measure the difference between group treated by Levodopa (50 mg/kg every day for 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, L-dopa group) and group treated by Levodopa combined with EGb (100 mg/ kg every day, E-D group). The results showed that in the L-dopa group, the numbers of apoptosis of substantial nigra, rings of rotational behavior were more than those in the E-D group (P<0. 05). The numbers of Nissl's cells in L-dopa group were fewer than in E-D group (P<0. 05). The results suggested that Levodopa had neur toxic effect and EGb may decrease the toxicity of levodopa. The combined use of EGb with Levodopa may be a workable method to treat PD and may be better than using Levodopa alone.

Extraction Process and Content Determination of Total Flavonoids in Ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L. ) Leaves

[Objectives]This study was conducted to study the extraction process and the content determination of flavonoids in ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L.) leaves.[Methods]Ethanol extraction and methanol extraction of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves were studied,and the optimal extraction conditions for flavonoids were determined by orthogonal test; and with quercetin as reference substance,total flavonoid content in ginkgo leaves was determined by UV spectrophotometry.[Results]The optimal extraction process was 4 h of Soxhlet extraction with methanol; and the total flavonoid contents had a good linear relation in the range of 0. 006 5-0. 039 mg/ml( R^2= 0. 999 9),the average content was stabilized at 1. 135%,and the average recovery of the method was 102. 0%. [Conclusions]This study selected the optimal extraction process for total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves. The test method is simple with high accuracy and precision,and is suitable for the extraction and determination of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves.

Dynamic changes of telomeric restriction fragment (TRF) lengths in cells during the developmental process from embryos to seedlings and a comparison with the embryonal calli in Ginkgo biloba L.

Telomeres are the structures that locate at the terminals of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. They can play essential roles in many cellular processes. The terminal location ofArabidopsis-type TTTAGGG tandem repeats were thought to be highly conserved. The terminal location of Ginkgo biloba L. consisting of TTTAGGG tandem repeats, were confirmed by Bal31 exonuclease degradation and Southern blotting. By comparing telomeric restriction fragment （TRF） lengths at different developmental stages from embryos to seedlings, a fluctuant tendency towards variation was found in these samples. The TRF length of embryos was also compared with that of embryonal calli and an upward trend was discovered in callus culture. The results suggest that there should be a telomerase mechanism or/and ALT mechanism for the maintenance of telomere length.

Content Determination of Quercetin in Ferment of Ginkgo biloba L. Leaves by HPLC

[Objectives] This study aimed to determine the content of quercetin in ferment of Ginkgo biloba L.leaves.[Methods]Bacillus licheniformis was selected for solid-state fermentation of G.biloba leaf powder,and the content of quercetin in ferment of G.biloba leaves was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.First,the flavonoid glycosides were extracted with methanol.Then,the flavonoid glycosides were hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid to prepare the test solution.The chromatographic conditions were as follows:Platisil ODS C_(18) column(150 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm);V_(methonal)∶V_(water)(0.4% phosphoric acid solution) =55∶45;flow rate of 1 m L/min;Shimadzu UV detector;detection wavelength of 360 nm.[Results] Quercetin was used as a reference substance.In the range of 0.002 6-0.036 0 g/L,there was a good linear relationship,with correlation coefficient of 0.999 8 and RSD of 1.26%.[Conclusions] This method is simple,easy to operate,accurate,and reproducible.It is suitable for the determination of quercetin content in G.biloba leaves.

Effects of Coupling Treatment of Acid and Aluminum under Soilless Culture on Water Content of Ginkgo biloba L.

In this experiment,two-factor 7-level uniform design scheme was applied.Separate treatment of each factor was performed for single effect test.Then,it analyzed the effects of acid and aluminum stress under soilless culture on the water content of plant during the growth of Ginkgo biloba L.seedlings,so as to provide a theoretical basis for studying the connection between plant water and physiological stress.The results showed that the water content of G.biloba plants declined with the decrease of p H,but the water content of G.biloba plants declined with the increase in the concentration of aluminum treatment,indicating that the stronger the acid and aluminum stress,the lower the water content of the plants,affecting the normal absorption of water content of G.biloba plants,accordingly leading to lack of water.According to the analysis of the degree of influence on the water content,p H is the first factor influencing the growth of G.biloba plants.If p H is lower than 3.5,G.biloba plants will not growth,while p H is higher than 5.0,aluminum has no significant effect on the water content of G.biloba plants.In conclusion,the water content of G.biloba plants can be used as an essential indicator for acid and aluminum stress.

Determination of the Content of Kaempferol from Fermented Ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L.) Leaves

[Objectives] This study was conducted to determine kaempferol content in ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L.) leaves subjected to microbial fermentation.[Methods]Bacillus licheniformis was selected for solid-state fermentation of ginkgo leaves,and the content of kaempferol in ginkgo leaves was determined by RPHPLC method. At first,methanol was used to extract flavonoid glycosides,which were then hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid solution. HPLC was performed with Platisil ODS column C18( 150 mm ×4. 6 mm,5 μm) using mobile phase Vmethanol∶ Vwater( 0. 4% phosphoric acid solution) = 55∶45 at a flow rate of 1 ml/min,and the eluate was detected with a shimadzu HPLC ultraviolet detector at 360 nm. [Results]With kaempferol as the reference substance,the correlation coefficient was0. 999 2 in the range of 0. 001 06-0. 016 96 g/L. The content in the fermented product was less than that in the non-fermented product by 28%. [Conclusions]The method is simple,accurate,and is suitable for determination of kaempferol. This study will provide an experimental basis for the development and utilization of ginkgo.

Cloning and Analysis of Telomere-associated Sequences of Ginkgo biloba L..

Total genomic DNA was extracted from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. by the method of hot CTAB. After determining quantification of DNA sample by microclorimetric spectrophotography, Arabidopsis-type telomere primer and Sau3AⅠ cassette primer were used to isolate telomere-associated sequences from G. biloba L. by the method of cassette-ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using this method, two telomere-associated sequences, TAS1 and TAS2, were isolated. The authors preformed Southern hybridization of EcoRⅠ-treated G. biloba genomic DNA with each clone. The hybridization pattern showed that the clones obtained were derived from G. biloba genomic DNA. There are the Arabidopsis-type TTTAGGG tandem repeats in telomeres of G. biloba.

Historical Changes of Ginkgo Biloba L. Culture

Ginkgo Biloba L.is a rare species endemic to China,strengthening the study of Ginkgo culture is of great significance to eco-economic development.This paper uses the historical research methods to study the Ginkgo and its cultural development process in China.According to the characteristics of the development of Ginkgo culture,the process can be divided into three stages:Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Northern and Southern Dynasties(which is named theological era),Sui and Tang Dynasties to early Qing Dynasty(which is named the literature era),and the modern China which is named the scientific era.The history of Ginkgo culture is a history of Ginkgo being gradually recognized,and the Ginkgo culture's connotation and extension are gradually deepened and developed.The construction of Ginkgo today's culture should be in the inheritance of historical culture,and combined with the needs of the times comprehensive innovation,take the science and human harmonious development road.

Mechanism of Ginkgo biloba L.leaf in the treatment of ischemic stroke based on network pharmacology,bioinformatics and molecular docking

Ginkgo biloba L.leaf(GBL)has been reported to protect against ischemic stroke(IS),one of the leading causes of death and longterm disability worldwide,while there is a lack of systematic study on the exact mechanism.Here,network pharmacology and bioinformatics were used to predict the active components,important targets,and potential mechanisms of GBL in the treatment of IS.Active compounds of GBL were screened based on drug-like index and oral bioavailability,key target genes were screened based on network pharmacology and gene chip,downstream pathways for the regulation of key target genes were predicted based on gene set enrichment analysis,and the interaction between key targets and active compounds was verified based on molecular docking.The results showed that GBL played a protective role in cerebral ischemia with mainly 14 active compounds,such as isoquercitrin,luteolin-4’-glucoside,beta-sitosterol,campesterol,diosmetin,ginkgolide B,ginkgolide C,ginkgolide J,ginkgolide M,isogoycyrol,laricitrin,luteolin,sesamin,and stigmasterol.Further studies revealed that GBL played important role in immunomodulation and inflammation inhibition after cerebral ischemia by acting on its peripheral targets ARG1 and MMP9 to regulate Toll-like receptor,Chemokine and Notch signaling pathway.Meanwhile,GBL played important role in reducing neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier damage after cerebral ischemia by acting on its central targets,CCL2,PTGS2,IL6,IL1B and MMP9 to regulate the Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction,Jak-STAT,and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway.Additionally,molecular docking verified that the active compounds mentioned above could bind to ARG1,MMP9,CCL2,PTGS2,IL6,and IL1B.The present study shows the multicomponent,multitarget and multichannel pharmacological effects of GBL on cerebral ischemia and provides a new strategy for the treatment of IS.

银杏雌、雄植株叶片药用成分含量及转录组差异分析

【目的】探究雌、雄银杏叶片中萜内酯和黄酮醇苷及其主要组分的含量差异及基因在转录水平上的差异。【方法】选取雌、雄银杏各10株,以叶片为试验材料,运用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)、高效液相色谱-紫外检测法(HPLC-UV),分别测定萜内酯、黄酮醇苷含量,并选取萜内酯和黄酮醇苷含量具有代表性的3个雌株和3个雄株进行转录组测序。【结果】雌株中萜内酯及其主要组分含量均略高于雄株,但差异不显著;黄酮醇苷及其主要组分含量均高于雄株,但各组分中仅槲皮素含量差异显著(P=0.045)。转录组测序共得到288 023 696条Raw reads,257 059 884条Clean reads,Q30≥91.24%,GC含量≥45.95%,唯一比对率≥85.04%。共鉴定(P <0.05且|log2FC|≥1)出676个差异表达基因,与雌株相比,雄株有340个差异表达基因上调表达,336个差异表达基因下调表达。GO富集分析显示有372个差异表达基因显著富集到氧化还原过程、碳水化合物代谢过程、解毒、催化活性等163个GO条目中。KEGG富集分析表明差异表达基因主要与植物激素信号转导、植物-病原互作、其他聚糖降解、类固醇生物合成等代谢通路有关。银杏萜内酯和黄酮醇合成通路上相关结构基因的表达在雌株中均高于雄株,与雌株中萜内酯、黄酮醇苷含量高于雄株的趋势相一致。【结论】不同性别银杏叶片中萜内酯和黄酮醇苷含量及生物合成途径相关基因的表达量均有差异,雌株略高于雄株。研究为基于不同性别的叶用银杏优良种质的筛选和培育提供了一定的理论基础。

插穗预处理和激素处理对金叶银杏硬枝扦插生根的影响

以观赏良种金叶银杏‘万年金’为材料,研究了插穗预处理(冷藏、蔗糖、硼酸)和激素(NAA、IBA、NAA+IBA)对金叶银杏硬枝扦插生根的影响,分析不同处理下的不定根长、不定根数、生根率的差异,筛选出较优的预处理和激素处理,为金叶银杏硬枝扦插育苗技术体系建立提供数据支撑。结果表明:(1)基于隶属函数综合评价,排名前三的预处理依次是冷藏10 d、5.0%蔗糖、0.1%硼酸,其中冷藏10 d处理同步提高了金叶银杏插穗不定根长、不定根数和生根率,5.0%蔗糖处理仅提高了不定根长,0.1%硼酸处理仅提高了不定根数。(2)基于隶属函数综合评价,排名前四的激素处理依次是IBA800、NAA400+IBA400、IBA500、NAA200+IBA200,四个处理均同步显著提高了不定根长、不定根数和生根率;IBA对金叶银杏扦插生根有明显的促进作用,优于NAA和NAA+IBA。(3)基于隶属函数综合评价,IBA500处理1 h对金叶银杏硬枝扦插生根效果较优。

丁苯酞联合银杏叶提取物对急性缺血性脑卒中患者血流动力学及血清神经营养因子的影响分析

目的:探讨丁苯酞联合银杏叶提取物对急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者血流动力学及血清神经营养因子的影响。方法:选取2020年1月~2022年4月期间某院收治的147例AIS患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为银杏叶组、丁苯酞组、联合组,每组49例。3组患者均给予阿司匹林肠溶片等常规治疗,银杏叶组在常规治疗基础上加用银杏叶提取物注射液,丁苯酞组在常规治疗基础上加用丁苯酞氯化钠注射液,联合组在银杏叶组基础上加用丁苯酞氯化钠注射液。比较3组患者美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、巴塞尔指数(BI)、卒中患者专用生活质量量表(SS-QOL)评分、血流动力学指标(平均血流速度、动态阻力、外周阻力)、血清神经营养因子[胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)]、血清胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平、临床疗效和不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,3组患者NIHSS评分均降低(P<0.05),且联合组更低(P<0.05);BI、SS-QOL评分均升高(P<0.05),且联合组更高(P<0.05);外周阻力、动态阻力均降低(P<0.05),且联合组更低(P<0.05);平均血流速度均升高(P<0.05),且联合组更高(P<0.05);血清GDNF、BDNF水平均升高(P<0.05),且联合组更高(P<0.05);血清GFAP、Hcy和hs-CRP水平均降低(P<0.05),且联合组更低(P<0.05);联合组患者临床治疗总有效率高于银杏叶组和丁苯酞组(χ^(2)=6.019,P=0.049);3组患者不良反应总发生率比较无统计学差异(χ^(2)=0.632,P=0.729)。结论:丁苯酞联合银杏叶提取物可有效恢复AIS患者的神经功能,提高生活质量,改善脑部血流动力学与血清神经营养因子水平,临床疗效较好,且不会增加不良反应发生率。

银杏叶提取物联合多奈哌齐对阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠的协同作用及其机制

目的探讨银杏叶提取物(EGb 761)联合多奈哌齐对阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型大鼠的协同作用及其机制。方法取雄性SD大鼠72只,随机分为正常组(等体积生理盐水)、假手术组(等体积生理盐水)、模型组(等体积生理盐水)、多奈哌齐组(25 mg/kg)、EGb 761组(50 mg/kg)和联合组(多奈哌齐25 mg/kg+EGb 76150 mg/kg),各12只。腹膜内注射水合氯醛300 mg/kg麻醉,将聚集的Aβ25-35(10μL)以1μL/min的速率注入大鼠双侧海马,以复制AD大鼠模型。建模成功后,各组大鼠均灌胃相应药物或生理盐水,每天1次,共2个疗程(每个疗程10 d,间隔3 d)。采用Morris水迷宫实验评估大鼠的认知和记忆能力;采用TUNEL染色法,观察大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡情况,并计算凋亡指数;采用酶联免疫吸附法检测大鼠血清乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平;采用Western blot法检测大鼠海马组织中核因子(NF)-κB通路相关蛋白p-IKKα,p-IκBα,p-NF-κB表达水平。结果与模型组比较,各给药组大鼠Morris水迷宫实验第6天逃避潜伏期均大幅缩短,第7天各给药组大鼠在象限Ⅰ中穿越平台的次数及耗时百分比均显著增加;各给药组大鼠海马神经细胞阳性数量均显著减少,凋亡指数均显著降低(P<0.05);各给药组大鼠AChE和MDA水平均显著降低,SOD水平显著升高(P<0.05);各给药组大鼠NF-κB通路相关蛋白p-IKKα,p-IκBα,p-NF-κB的表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05);且联合组上述指标变化均更显著(P<0.05)。结论EGb 761联合多奈哌齐可协同改善AD模型大鼠的记忆能力,其机制可能与减少海马神经细胞NF-κB通路激活后的细胞凋亡有关。

银杏叶提取物注射液联合盐酸倍他司汀治疗脑动脉供血不足性眩晕患者的效果

目的:观察银杏叶提取物注射液联合盐酸倍他司汀治疗脑动脉供血不足性眩晕患者的效果。方法:选取2021年6月至2022年12月该院收治的68例脑动脉供血不足性眩晕患者进行前瞻性研究,按随机数字表法将其分为对照组和研究组各34例。对照组采用注射用盐酸倍他司汀治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合银杏叶提取物注射液治疗。比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后眩晕程度[眩晕残障程度评定量表(DHI)]评分、血流动力学指标[左侧椎动脉(LVA)、右侧椎动脉(RVA)、基底动脉(BA)血流速度]水平,以及不良反应发生率。结果:研究组治疗总有效率为88.24%(30/34),高于对照组的55.88%(19/34),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组躯体、情绪、功能等DHI评分均低于治疗前,且研究组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组LVA、RVA、BA血流速度均高于治疗前,且研究组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:银杏叶提取物注射液联合盐酸倍他司汀治疗脑动脉供血不足性眩晕患者可提高治疗总有效率和血流动力学指标水平,降低DHI评分,其效果优于单纯盐酸倍他司汀治疗。

Biotransformation of 14-Deacetoxy-13-oxo sinenxan A by Ginkgo Cell Cultures

Deacetoxy-13-oxo sinenxan A (1) was converted to 9a-hydroxy-13-oxo-2a, 5a, 10b-triacetoxy-4(20),11-taxadiene (2) and 10b-hydroxy-13-oxo-2a,5a,9a-triacetoxy- 4(20), 11- taxadiene (3) by Ginkgo cell suspension cultures in 45% and 15% yields, respectively.