Screening of Two Biocontrol Strains of Bacillus subtilis against Ginseng Soil-borne Disease and Their Antifungal Activities

[ Objective] The paper was to obtain biocontrol strains with good control effects against ginseng soil-borne disease through screening. [ Method] Dilu- tion plate method and plate confrontation culture method were used to isolate and screen biocontrol bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of diseased ginseng. The strains were identified through morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA. [ Result ] With Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Fu- sarium solani as the indicator strains, two biocontrol strains B59 and X1 with strong antagonistic effects were screened from the rhizosphere soil of diseased ginseng in Tieli farm of Heilongjiang Province, and they were identified to be Bacillus subtilis. The inhibition rates of two biocontrol strains against eight different fungi were all greater than 90%. The primary study indicated that B59 and X1 strains could secrete antifungal active substances. [ Conclusion] Two biocontrol Bacillus subti- lis strains 1359 and X1 all had strong antagonistic effect against ginseng soil-borne disease, which had certain potential for development and utilization.

Fermentation, formulation and evaluation of PGPR Bacillus subtilis isolate as a bioagent for reducing occurrence of peanut soil-borne diseases

Four isolates of Bacillus subtilis coded,B4,B7,B8 and B10 were examined as biocontrol agents for their abilities and antagonistic effect on the in vitro growth of certain phytopathogenic fungi of peanut,Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii.Bacillus subtilis isolate B4(GenBank accession no.EF150884)was the highly effective one for inhibiting the fungal mycelial growth.Batch fermentation of B.subtilis isolate B4 was carried out and the maximum biomass achieved was 4.53 g L-1 at 11 h.Bacillus subtilis isolate B4 was formulated and evaluated as a biofungicide to reduce peanut soil-borne diseases under greenhouse and field conditions at the side of Rizolex-T(fungicide)as standard.Treatments by formulated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)B.subtilis B4 and Rizolex-T in a soil infested with R.solani,S.rolfsii and mixture of them were more effective in decreasing percentage of damping-off,root and pod rot disease incidence(%)in greenhouse and open field environment during the two seasons 2015 and 2016.Treatments by PGPR gave highly dry weight and number of healthy pods compared to control of fungi treatment which was nearby to dry weights of healthy pods achieved by treatments by Rizolex-T in a soil infested with S.rolfsii,R.solani and mixture of them.Formulated PGPR B.subtilis B4 gave higher increasing of yield percentage than treatment by Rizolex-T in the two evaluated seasons 2015 and 2016.It can conclude that the produced bioforumlated agent was more efficient as fungicide when compared with the other chemical synthesized fungicides,safe for human and the environment and economy.

Prevention and Control Technology of Potato Soil-borne Diseases

In recent years,potato soil-borne diseases have occurred severely.The investigation shows that potato Fusarium wilt greatly affects potato yield,leading to a yield reduction rate of 21.8%.Potato powdery scab shows very mild symptoms on potato tuber,basically with no symptoms in some plots,but shows obvious symptoms on the root system.A large number of nodules which are produced on one side of the root system seriously affect water and fertilizer absorption function of the potato root system.Potato tubers expand slowly,leading to small potato tuber,low yield and low commodity rate.The fungus can survive in soil for more than 10 years.Potato soil-borne diseases are harmful and are difficult to control.Susceptible plants can be detected by high definition chromatographic control method and pathogen detection.For prevention and control of potato soil-borne diseases,first of all,disease-resistant varieties should be chosen and virus-free potato seeds are used for sowing.Secondly,metham and dazomet can be used to treat soil in order to prevent and control potato soil-borne diseases.The results showed that the dead seedling rate treated by metham was reduced from 35%to 12.5%compared with the blank control,and the yield was increased by 44.09 kg/ha,with an increase rate of 18.2%.Compared with the blank control,the dead seedling rate treated by dazomet was decreased from 35%to 7.5%,and the yield was increased by 38.10 kg/ha,with an increase rate of 15.7%.The soil treatment received obvious yield increase effect.

Total saponins of Panax ginseng effects on proliferation and differentiation of human embryonic neural stem cells and in a Parkinson's disease mouse model

BACKGROUND： Total saponins of Panax ginseng （TSPG） exhibits neuroprotection against Parkinson＇s disease in the substantia nigra. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of TSPG on human embryonic neural stem cells （NSCs） proliferation and differentiation into dopaminergic neurons using in vitro studies, and to observe NSC differentiation in a mouse model of Parkinson＇s disease, as well as behavioral changes before and after transplantation. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： In vitro neural cell biology trial and in vivo randomized, controlled animal trial were performed at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University between September 2004 and December 2007. MATERIALS： TSPG （purity 〉 95%） was isolated, extracted, and identified by Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica. Recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF） and recombinant human epidermal growth factor （EGF） were purchased from PeproTech, USA. A total of 25 C57/BL6J mice, aged 18-20 weeks were included. Twenty were used to establish a Parkinson＇s disease model with i.p. injection of MPTP （1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine） and TSPG alone or combined with interleukin-1 （IL-1）-treated NSCs prior to transplantation into the corpus striatum. The remaining five mice were pretreated for 3 days with TSPG prior to MPTP injection, serving as the TSPG prevention group. METHODS： Primary NSCs were isolated, cultured and purified from embryonic cerebral cortex. Immunocytochemistry was employed to detect specific antigen expression in the NSCs. In vitro experiment： （1） to induce proliferation, NSCs were treated with TSPG, EGF＋bFGF, or TSPG＋EGF＋bFGF, respectively; （2） to induce dopaminergic neuronal differentiation, NSCs were treated with TSPG, IL-1, or TSPG＋IL-1, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： In vitro experiment： the effects of TSPG on NSCs proliferation were evaluated with flow cytometry and MTT assay. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression was determined by immunocytochemistry assay to observe effects of TSPG on dopaminergic neuronal differentiation. In vivo experiment： differentiation of grafted NSCs in the mouse brain was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Behavioral changes were evaluated by spontaneous activity frequency, memory function, and score of paralysis agitans. RESULTS： （1） NSCs were cultured and passaged for more than three passages. Immunocytochemistry revealed positive nestin staining, as well as neurofilament protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein. （2） TSPG significantly increased NSC proliferation, in particular when combined with EGF and bFGF, which was twice as effective as FGF or bFGF alone. TSPG also induced dopaminergic differentiation in NSCs, in particular when TSPG was added together with IL-1, resulting in an effect five times greater than that of IL-1 alone. （3） At day 30 following transplantation, most NSCs in the TSPG prevention group differentiated into dopaminergic neurons, and the scores of paralysis agitans, spontaneous activity, and memory function were significantly increased compared with TSPG alone or TSPG＋IL-1 groups （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： TSPG stimulated NSC proliferation, in particular when combined with FGF and bFGF. TSPG significantly induced dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of NSCs, and the effect was greater when combined with IL-1. In addition, TSPG greatly improved behavior in the Parkinson＇s disease mouse model following NSC transplantation. Following NSC transplantation, TSPG pretreatment exhibited superior efficacy over either TSPG alone or TSPG in combination with IL-1, in terms of behavioral improvements in the Parkinson＇s disease mouse model.

A review: Panax ginseng diseases and the control techniques

Panax ginseng(P.ginseng)is a famous traditional medical plant,with both the medical and economic value.In China,the cultivation of P.ginseng is a major agricultural activity.However,the yield and quality have declined in recent years due to various diseases.This review summarized the common diseases of P.ginseng and the controlling techniques,aiming to enhance the cultivation of P.ginseng and ensure the sustainable development of P.ginseng industry.

Allelopathy of decomposed maize straw products on three soilborn diseases of wheat and the analysis by GC-MS

In northern China, the soil-born diseases of wheat have been getting more and more serious under a new farming system that returns maize straw to the field. In order to investigate the allelopathy of the decomposed maize straw products on three soil-born diseases of wheat, culture dish and pot experiments were conducted and the compounds in the products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Culture dish experiments showed that the mycelial growth, sclerotia formation amount and total weight of Rhizoctonia cerealis were promoted at concentrations of 0.03, 0.06 and 0.12 g mL-1 and inhibited at concentration of 0.48 g mL-1 of the decomposed products. No significant effects were found of the product concentrations on average weight of the sclerotia. Mycelial growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis was promoted at almost all concentrations except the highest one. Mycelial growth and spore germination of Bipolaris sorokiniana were significantly inhibited by all concentrations of the decomposed products, with enhanced inhibition effects along with the increased concentrations. The length, number and dry weight of roots together with the root superoxide dismutase activity were promoted by the lowest concentration （0.03 g mL-1）, with a synthetic effect index of 0.012, and inhibited by other concentrations. The ion leakage of roots was increased and the root peroxidase activity of roots was lowered by all the treatments. Pot experiments revealed that occurrence of the sharp eyespot was reduced by 0.03 and 0.06 g mL-1 of decomposed products after irrigation. However, the incidence rates and disease indexes were significantly increased by 0.12, 0.24 and 0.48 g mL-1 of decomposed products. The results indicated that incidence rates and disease indexes of the take-all were significantly promoted after being irrigated with the decomposed products, while occurrences of the common rot didn＇t change, significantly. GC-MS results showed that the compounds of the decomposed products included organic acids, esters, hydrocarbons, amides and aldehydes, with the proportions 25.26, 24.01, 17.22, 14.39 and 7.73%, respectively. Further analysis investigated that the allelochemicals identified in straw decomposed products contained p-hydroxybenzoic acid （9.21%）, dibutyl phthalate （6.94%）, 3-phenyl-2-acrylic （5.06%）, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid （2.26%）, hexanoic acid （1.73%）, 8-octadecenoic acid （1.06%）, 3-（4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl）-2-propenoic acid （1.04%）, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid （0.94%） and salicylic acid （0.94%）.

人参、石菖蒲及其药对防治阿尔茨海默症的药理作用研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)病因复杂,发病机制尚未完全阐明,现有药物仅能缓解其症状,亟待研发有效的治疗药物。作为补虚药及开窍药的代表药物,人参及石菖蒲均有提高记忆力、改善学习能力及减轻认知障碍的药理作用,是中医治疗痴呆症的常用药物。人参-石菖蒲药对联用可促进活性成分入脑发挥药效,并通过抗炎、抗氧化应激、调节神经元-突触可塑性等多途径延缓AD进程,具有多层次、多系统和多靶点的作用特点。该文尝试总结现有研究成果,为进一步探讨人参、石菖蒲的联用,实现协同增效的作用机制以及配伍的量效关系奠定基础,为研制防治AD的中药创新药物提供科学依据。

基于血清代谢组学分析人参化橘红干预慢性阻塞性肺疾病的代谢机制

目的基于血清代谢组学探究人参化橘红干预慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的代谢机制。方法选取雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分为对照组、模型组、氨茶碱组、人参化橘红组。除对照组外,其余大鼠接受脂多糖和烟雾诱导刺激,构建COPD大鼠模型,共计造模45 d,造模完成后,对照组和模型组给予等剂量生理盐水,人参化橘红组(0.027 g·mL^(-1))和氨茶碱组(0.009 g·mL^(-1))按100 g每1 mL灌胃,给药15 d;采用HE染色观察肺组织形态学变化及气道变化情况;ELISA法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)水平;应用UPLC-Q-TOF/MS对大鼠血清代谢学分析,筛选潜在生物标志物及其相关通路,并应用Western blot法对相关通路进行验证。结果人参化橘红能明显改善肺组织的炎症浸润和气道壁的增厚;降低血清内炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-9和TIMP-1水平(P<0.05,P<0.01);血清代谢组学分析共得出33个潜在生物标志物,涉及组氨酸代谢、精氨酸合成、花生四烯酸代谢、甘油磷脂代谢等,经Western blot验证后,人参化橘红干预COPD代谢主要通过促进精氨酸合成和抑制花生四烯酸代谢。结论人参化橘红改善COPD大鼠肺组织内炎症浸润和气道壁增厚,其机制可能与促进精氨酸合成和抑制花生四烯酸代谢后保护肺组织有关。

参芪地黄汤合桃红四物汤化裁治疗Ⅲ~Ⅳ期糖尿病肾脏病疗效及对氧化应激的影响

目的观察参芪地黄汤合桃红四物汤化裁治疗Ⅲ~Ⅳ期糖尿病肾脏病(DKD)患者的临床疗效及对氧化应激指标的影响。方法选取2021年3月—2023年3月就诊于河北医科大学第三医院肾内科门诊及住院的126例DKD患者,随机分为对照组及观察组,每组63例。2组患者均接受常规西医治疗,观察组同时给予参芪地黄汤合桃红四物汤化裁方治疗,2组均治疗12周。观察2组治疗前后中医证候积分及肾功能指标[24 h尿蛋白定量及血清尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)]、空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、血流变学指标(纤维蛋白原、血浆黏度、全血黏度)、氧化应激指标[血浆丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]变化,统计2组临床疗效、终点事件和不良反应发生情况。结果对照组59例、观察组58例完成研究。2组治疗后中医证候积分及24h尿蛋白定量、BUN、SCr、FPG、HbA1c、TC、TG、纤维蛋白原、血浆黏度、全血黏度、MDA水平均明显降低(P均<0.05),SOD水平均明显升高(P均<0.05);治疗后观察组中医证候积分及24 h尿蛋白定量、BUN、纤维蛋白原、血浆黏度、全血黏度、MDA水平均明显低于对照组(P均<0.05),SOD水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组的总有效率明显高于对照组[84.48%(49/58)比66.10%(39/59),P<0.05]。2组终点事件和不良反应发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论参芪地黄汤合桃红四物汤化裁能有效减轻Ⅲ~Ⅳ期DKD患者的临床症状,减少尿蛋白排泄,保护肾功能,改善糖脂代谢紊乱,调节血液高凝状态,抗氧化应激,效果优于常规西医治疗。

氧化应激在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的生物标志物研究及中药预测

目的:探索氧化应激在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)中的作用,并预测相关治疗中药。方法:从GEO数据库下载COPD的微阵列数据集GSE10006,GeneCards数据库获取氧化应激基因,鉴定氧化应激差异表达基因(DEOSGs);对DEOSGs进行GO、KEGG及GSEA富集分析;使用String数据库和Cytoscape软件构建PPI网络并筛选出候选中心基因;使用独立样本GSE76925对候选中心基因进行验证确定中心基因;运用CIBERSORTF评估样品的免疫微环境,并分析中心基因与22种免疫细胞间的相关性;最后,通过Coremine数据库预测可靶向治疗COPD的中药并统计其相关属性。结果:获得了13个DEOSGs,确定了2个中心基因FN1及PPARG;免疫浸润评估显示,未活化的肥大细胞在COPD组织中明显上调,而活化的肥大细胞则明显下调;提示人参、大黄、天南星等43味中药对COPD具有潜在干预作用。结论:FN1,PPARG可做为COPD的诊断生物标志物,可为该病的诊断及治疗提供潜在依据。

从汗出发热探讨白虎汤、白虎加人参汤、竹叶石膏汤及四逆加人参汤方证

白虎汤证、白虎加人参汤证、竹叶石膏汤证、四逆加人参汤证均有汗出发热的表现,四种方证的病机根本区别为有无里热、津液与阳气的盛衰。白虎汤证的病机为里热亢盛、津气略损,机体多无休克表现;白虎加人参汤证的病机为热盛津亏、津亏为重,机体多有低血容量休克前兆的表现;竹叶石膏汤证的病机为余热未清、气津两伤,机体多处于疾病将愈的状态;四逆加人参汤证的病机为气随血脱、阴阳两虚,机体多已经进入休克状态。四个方剂的用药区别为清热、补益与回阳的侧重比例不同。白虎汤全方以寒凉药物为主导,共奏清解里热之功;白虎加人参汤清热与补益兼顾;竹叶石膏汤则以补气益津为主,清解里热为辅;四逆加人参汤以回阳固脱为主,补气益津为辅。四个方剂在临床运用时,既要审视病机的不同,也要注重病情的动态变化。

白虎加人参汤的古代文献考证及现代临床应用

目的:对古代文献中白虎加人参汤的历史沿革、药量、药物基原与炮制方法、制法与煎服法及主治病证等进行考证,并总结白虎加人参汤的现代临床主治疾病。方法:检索第五版中华医典数据库、中医智库、湖南中医药大学读秀数据库等中医古籍数据库,以“白虎加人参汤”“白虎加参汤”“人参白虎汤”“化斑汤”为关键词,总结古代文献中有关白虎加人参汤的药物组成、用量、炮制方法、制法、煎服法及主治病证等。再以中国知网数据库为基础,以“白虎加人参汤”为主题词进行检索,统计白虎加人参汤现代临床应用病证。结果:共收集到442条有关白虎加人参汤记载的文献数据,涉及167部医书,筛选出明确记载白虎加人参汤药物组成、用量、炮制方法、制法、煎服法等详细内容的古籍共84部。可得到白虎加人参汤药物组成及用量为盐知母82.8 g,生石膏(打碎)220.8 g,炒甘草27.6 g,人参27.6 g或41.4 g,粳米110 g;煎服方法为加水2 000 mL,先煮石膏20~30 min,再加入余下药物,煮至粳米熟,总共煎取药液600 mL,过滤去滓,将600 mL药液分3次温服,其中人参可另煎后将参汁兑服;主治病症为中暍(中暑)、膈消、消渴等。白虎加人参汤在现代临床应用中可用于治疗多系统疾病,其中以内分泌系统的糖尿病居多。结论:通过对白虎加人参汤的古代文献及现代临床应用文献进行考证挖掘,可为白虎加人参汤的现代临床应用提供一定的参考依据。

Antagonistic Effects of Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on 4 Kinds of Pathogenic Bacteria of Ginseng

[Objectives]To explore effective biocontrol methods for diseases in the process of ginseng cultivation,and develop an efficient and environmentally friendly biocontrol agent.[Methods]In this study,2 strains were isolated from biogas slurry,and Cylindrocarpon destructans(XF),Fusarium solani(GF),Botrytis cinerea Pers(HM)and Alternaria panax Whetz(HB)were used as test materials.The strains were isolated and identified by dilution plate method,16S rDNA sequence identification method,confrontation culture method,filter paper method and ultraviolet spectrophotometer method,and the bacteriostatic activity and bacteriostatic rate were tested.[Results]Strain 15(Sphingomonas)and strain 19(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)were screened out through identification and analysis,and they grew stably within 8-10 d.The bacteriostatic rates of strain 15 against A.panax and B.cinerea were 47.37%and 43.40%,respectively,and the bacteriostatic rates of strain 19 against A.panax and B.cinerea were 62.30%and 63.27%,respectively.The bacteriostatic activity of the extract of strain 19 increased with the increase of OD_(600) value,and the bacteriostatic effect was optimal when the OD_(600) value was in the range of 0.8-1.0,up to 70%,so it had a strong biocontrol potential.[Conclusions]This experiment provides convenience for more effective inoculation,establishes a fast,simple and accurate method for the determination of the best bacteriostatic rate of P.aeruginosa culture solution to HM,and lays a foundation for large-scale culture of P.aeruginosa culture solution.Besides,it is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient control of ginseng B.cinerea in field production,use it for the prevention and control of ginseng shoot diseases,and provide a reference for the efficient and diverse development of biocontrol agents for ginseng shoot diseases.

人参治疗阿尔茨海默病药理作用及机制研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是最常见的神经退行性疾病,因大脑逐渐退化而引起记忆、日常功能减退和行为障碍问题,俗称“老年痴呆”。痴呆症患者有多种类型,阿尔茨海默病占比最大,目前尚无逆转其病程的特效药物。近年来,对这种疾病的发病机制及药物尤其是中药及复方治疗方面,逐步取得了实质性进展,利用动物与细胞模型,诸多研究学者已经从不同角度证实了人参药材提取物、有效部位、单体化合物及复方人参制剂治疗AD具有显著的疗效。就近年来国内外关于人参对AD的治疗新进展研究文献进行梳理归纳,为将其开发成治疗阿尔茨海默病和各种类型记忆障碍的健康产品提供参考和科学依据。

人参防治疫病应用浅析

中医学对疫病的认识源远流长,留下了许多关于疫病的病因、病机以及治疗方法的文献。中医认为疫病的发生是由于感受“疠气”“疫毒”,其发病机理是正气空虚,正邪交争,脏腑气血津液严重失调所致。人参作为一味重要的补益中药,具有大补元气的作用,一直受到历代医家的重视。现从疫病防治角度,梳理人参的作用,发现人参具有除邪气、助药力、滋津液、养胃气的功效,这对人参在疫情防治中的运用具有重要意义。

红参-制何首乌药对抗衰老作用的HT22细胞和秀丽隐杆线虫模型初步研究

目的初步探讨不同提取工艺下红参-制何首乌药对对神经细胞的抗衰作用,为红参-制何首乌药对在抗衰及抗阿尔茨海默病(AD)作用的应用提供数据支撑。方法分别制备30%和70%乙醇回流提取物,30%和70%乙醇渗漉提取物和水提取物。通过流式细胞术检测不同提取物对HT22细胞中β-半乳糖苷酶含量的影响,初步筛选红参-制何首乌药对神经细胞抗衰效果最佳的提取物,并通过β-半乳糖苷酶染色直观分析该提取物对神经细胞的抗衰效果,用秀丽隐杆线虫寿命试验及瘫痪实验验证其抗衰及抗AD作用。结果红参-制何首乌药对的不同提取方式均对HT22细胞具有显著的抗衰老作用,其中70%乙醇渗漉提取物效果最佳。对其进行多浓度验证,显示具有剂量依赖性的保护作用。浓度为0.2 mg·mL^(-1)的70%乙醇渗漉提取物对秀丽隐杆线虫的寿命有明显的延长作用,浓度为0.008 mg·mL^(-1)的70%乙醇渗漉提取物具有缓解瘫痪的趋势。结论红参-制何首乌药对的70%乙醇渗漉提取物具有明显抗神经细胞衰老的作用,具有抗衰老延长寿命与治疗AD的潜力,应深入研究。

人参活性成分在防治神经退行性疾病中应用的研究进展

神经退行性疾病是一类由神经系统内特定神经细胞的进程性病变或丢失而导致的神经功能障碍疾病,随着全球人口的老龄化,其发病率呈明显上升趋势。目前,此类疾病的发病机制尚不明确,临床上缺乏有效的治疗措施。人参含有多种活性成分,具有十分广泛的药理功效,在治疗神经退行性疾病中表现出巨大应用潜力。本文总结归纳了人参在神经退行性疾病防治中的活性成分及检测方法;然后,概述了人参在防治神经退行性疾病中的具体药理作用;最后,对其相关机制和通路进行了总结和评述。目前已经发现的具有神经退行性疾病的预防治疗活性的化学成分种类多,但其更多的活性成分及临床应用研究仍有待进一步深入研究。

开心散及其组方中药治疗阿尔茨海默病研究进展

阿尔兹海默病(AD)是最常见的痴呆类型之一,发病特征以认知障碍和神经精神症状为主。开心散作为益智健脑代表方剂,契合AD的中医病机。开心散中包含人参、茯苓、远志、石菖蒲四味中药,各中药单体的作用机制是复方深入研究的基础,因此将其归纳总结对此方治疗AD的机制研究有着重要意义。文章从组成开心散的四味药及全方入手,归类综述开心散与AD机制相交集的有效单体最新研究进展,主要包括抗Aβ沉积、抑制Tau蛋白磷酸化、抗氧化应激、改善胆碱能活性、抑制细胞凋亡等多种机制,涉及若干信号通路,同时将中医理论与分子机制相互结合,为今后关于此方向研究的学者提供理论参考。

人参对自发性糖尿病小鼠的肾脏保护作用及机制研究

目的观察人参对自发性2型糖尿病(db/db)小鼠糖脂代谢、炎症反应及氧化应激的影响,探讨其肾脏保护作用的内在机制。方法选取8周龄雄性自发性2型糖尿病db/db小鼠18只,分为模型组、人参组、二甲双胍组,另取同周龄雄性同窝野生型db/m小鼠6只为正常组,干预9周后测量小鼠的体质量、6小时尿蛋白定量(six hours urinary total protein,6hUTP)及尿微量白蛋白与尿肌酐比值(albumin/urine creatinine ratio,ACR)。采用病理染色观察小鼠肾脏病理改变。检测血清甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、糖化血清白蛋白(glycated serum protein,GSP)、血肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)水平,以及氧化应激指标过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)水平,炎症因子白细胞介素1β(interleukin1β,IL-1β)、白介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)水平。结果与正常组比较,模型组小鼠体质量、ACR、6hUTP显著升高(P<0.01),肾脏病理可见肾小球肥大,系膜细胞增殖,系膜基质扩张,纤维组织增生,大片炎细胞浸润等典型表现,血清TG、TC、GSP、BUN、MDA、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α显著升高(P<0.05),SOD、CAT显著下降(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,人参组上述指标均有改善(P<0.05或P<0.01),且能显著降低SCr(P<0.01)。与二甲双胍组比较,人参组上述指标差异无统计学意义。结论人参可能通过改善炎症反应、氧化应激,调节糖血脂代谢,发挥对糖尿病小鼠肾脏的保护作用。

基于Aβ42转基因果蝇对红参多糖防治阿尔茨海默病作用及机制的研究

目的:观察红参多糖对β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)42转基因果蝇阿尔茨海默病模型行为学的影响,并检测果蝇脑组织β淀粉样蛋白1-42(Aβ1-42)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、环腺苷酸(cAMP)及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)水平,评价红参多糖对阿尔茨海默病的治疗作用并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法:正常野生型果蝇作为空白组,Aβ42转基因果蝇随机分为3组,即模型组、红参多糖组、盐酸多奈哌齐阳性对照组。8 d后比较果蝇的攀附指数、进入无障碍可食离心管果蝇的个数以及果蝇脑组织中Aβ1-42、SOD、MDA、cAMP及AChE含量。结果:攀附指数显示红参多糖组、阳性对照组均极显著高于模型组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),且红参多糖组与阳性对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在各时段内,红参多糖组、阳性对照组进入无障碍可食离心管果蝇个数均显著高于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。红参多糖组、阳性对照组果蝇SOD活性均显著高于模型组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),红参多糖组、阳性对照组果蝇Aβ1-42、MDA、cAMP、AChE含量均显著低于模型组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),且红参多糖组与阳性对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:红参多糖可提高果蝇脑组织中SOD活性、降低其Aβ1-42、MDA、cAMP及AChE水平,推测红参多糖可能是通过改善Aβ沉积、抗氧化和改善神经细胞信号转导等方面,对Aβ42转基因果蝇起到较好的治疗作用,且其效果与阳性对照药相当。