Analytical model for predicting time-dependent lateral deformation of geosynthetics-reinforced soil walls with modular block facing

To date,few models are available in the literature to consider the creep behavior of geosynthetics when predicting the lateral deformation(d)of geosynthetics-reinforced soil(GRS)retaining walls.In this study,a general hyperbolic creep model was first introduced to describe the long-term deformation of geosynthetics,which is a function of elapsed time and two empirical parameters a and b.The conventional creep tests with three different tensile loads(Pr)were conducted on two uniaxial geogrids to determine their creep behavior,as well as the a-Pr and b-Pr relationships.The test results show that increasing Pr accelerates the development of creep deformation for both geogrids.Meanwhile,a and b respectively show exponential and negatively linear relationships with Pr,which were confirmed by abundant experimental data available in other studies.Based on the above creep model and relationships,an accurate and reliable analytical model was then proposed for predicting the time-dependent d of GRS walls with modular block facing,which was further validated using a relevant numerical investigation from the previous literature.Performance evaluation and comparison of the proposed model with six available prediction models were performed.Then a parametric study was carried out to evaluate the effects of wall height,vertical spacing of geogrids,unit weight and internal friction angle of backfills,and factor of safety against pullout on d at the end of construction and 5 years afterwards.The findings show that the creep effect not only promotes d but also raises the elevation of the maximum d along the wall height.Finally,the limitations and application prospects of the proposed model were discussed and analyzed.

Hydrological Modelling of the Casamance River in Its Upstream Section (Basin at Kolda Level) to Predict Its Future States as a Function of Different Stresses

Flow records for stations in the Casamance basin are incomplete. Several gaps were noted over the 1980-2021 study period, making this study tedious. The aim of this study is to assess the potential impact of climate change on the flow of the Casamance watershed at Kolda. To this end, hydrological series are simulated and then extended using the GR2M rainfall-runoff model, with a monthly time step. Projected climate data are derived from a multi-model ensemble under scenarios SSP2-4.5 (scenario with additional radiative forcing of 4.5 W/m2 by 2099) and SSP5-8.5 (scenario with additional radiative forcing of 8.5 W/m2 by 2099). An analysis of the homogeneity of the rainfall data series from the Kolda station was carried out using KhronoStat software. The Casamance watershed was then delimited using ArcGIS to determine the morphometric parameters of the basin, which will be decisive for the rest of the work. Next, monthly evapotranspiration was calculated using the formula proposed by Oudin et al. This, together with rainfall and runoff, forms the input data for the model. The GR2M model was then calibrated and cross-validated using various simulations to assess its performance and robustness in the Casamance watershed. The version of the model with the calibrated parameters will make it possible to extend Casamance river flows to 2099. This simulation of future flows with GR2M shows a decrease in the flow of the Casamance at Kolda with the two scenarios SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 during the rainy period, and almost zero flows during the dry season from the period 2040-2059.

A Structural Overview through GR(s) Models Characteristics for Better Yearly Runoff Simulation

In rainfall-runoff modelling, a monthly timescale and an annual one are sufficient for the management of deductions. However, to simulate the flow at a large time-step (annual), we generally precede the use of a model working for a finer time-step (daily) while aggregating the desired outputs. The finest time-steps are considered, apriori, as the most performant. By passing from one time-step to another, and in order to work in the desired time-step (annual) and calculate the potential gains or loss, this article proposed a comparative study between the aggregation method of outputs of a modal working at a finer time step, and a method in which we use a conceived model from the beginning. To ensure this comparative and empirical approach, the choice has been focused on (GRs) models to a daily time-step (GR4J), monthly time step (GR2M) and annual time step (GR1A). The modelling platform used is the same for all three models taking into account the specificities of each one: the same data sample, the same optimization method, and the same function criterion are used during the construction of these models. Due to the moving between these time steps, results show that the best way to simulate the annual flow is to use an appropriate and designed modal initially conceived to this time step. Indeed, this simulation seems to be less effective when using a model at a finer time-step (daily).

Predicting and validating the load-settlement behavior of large-scale geosynthetic-reinforced soil abutments using hybrid intelligent modeling

Settlement prediction of geosynthetic-reinforced soil(GRS)abutments under service loading conditions is an arduous and challenging task for practicing geotechnical/civil engineers.Hence,in this paper,a novel hybrid artificial intelligence(AI)-based model was developed by the combination of artificial neural network(ANN)and Harris hawks’optimisation(HHO),that is,ANN-HHO,to predict the settlement of the GRS abutments.Five other robust intelligent models such as support vector regression(SVR),Gaussian process regression(GPR),relevance vector machine(RVM),sequential minimal optimisation regression(SMOR),and least-median square regression(LMSR)were constructed and compared to the ANN-HHO model.The predictive strength,relalibility and robustness of the model were evaluated based on rigorous statistical testing,ranking criteria,multi-criteria approach,uncertainity analysis and sensitivity analysis(SA).Moreover,the predictive veracity of the model was also substantiated against several large-scale independent experimental studies on GRS abutments reported in the scientific literature.The acquired findings demonstrated that the ANN-HHO model predicted the settlement of GRS abutments with reasonable accuracy and yielded superior performance in comparison to counterpart models.Therefore,it becomes one of predictive tools employed by geotechnical/civil engineers in preliminary decision-making when investigating the in-service performance of GRS abutments.Finally,the model has been converted into a simple mathematical formulation for easy hand calculations,and it is proved cost-effective and less time-consuming in comparison to experimental tests and numerical simulations.

Calibration and Validation of the GR2M Hydrologic Model in the Kouilou-Niari Basin in Southwestern Congo-Brazzaville

The hydrologic simulation of a catchment area, described as the transformation of rainfall into runoff, generally uses hydrologic model. This work opts for the global conceptual hydrologic model GR2M, a monthly time step model, to study the Kouilou-Niari basin, the second most important ones of the Republic of Congo. This includes two parameters to model the hydrologic behavior of a catchment area. The choice of the conceptual model GR2M is justified by the reduced number of parameters and the monthly time scale. The objective of this study is to determine the characteristic parameters of the GR2M model, by a calibrating and a validating procedure. The use of these parameters enables to follow the evolution of the water resources from the climatic variables. It has been first carried out a characterization of some physical, geological and climatic factors governing the flow, by dealing with the main climatic variables which constitute the inputs of the hydrologic model. Then, a hydrologic rainfall-runoff modeling allows to calibrate and validate the model at monthly time scale. Taking into account the number of parameters involved in hydrologic processes and the complexity of the cathment area, this model gives acceptable results throughout the Kouilou-Niari basin. The values of the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion and those of the correlation coefficient obtained are greater than 80% in validation, which explains the performance and robustness of the GR2M model on this basin.

A New Mathematical Justification for the Hypothesis of the Longevity of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot

As is known, the Great Red Spot (GRS) is one of the most mysterious sights in the solar system and is a strong storm that is quite large. According to the laws of hydrodynamics and gas dynamics, it should have disappeared several centuries ago, but scientists still observe it and cannot accurately explain this phenomenon. Since turbulence and atmospheric waves in the GRS region absorb the energy of its winds, the vortex loses energy by radiating heat. In the work, it is proved with a mathematical and non-classical approach that the GRS and anticyclones will live for a long time;otherwise, we had to first of all prove that the vortex threads (loops) and ovals could not exist. Based on these supports, mathematical methods prove their existence forever by observing a large vortex (GRS);moreover, they are sources of heat. When proofs are obtained, the results are consistent with the previous hypotheses of the researcher. The introduction of the work gives a comparison of various hypotheses;for example, one of them states that the decrease in the size of the GRS is only an illusory observation. Next, we first consider the applicability conditions for the mathematical justification of the hypothesis of the longevity of the Great Red Spot. The wind equation and the GRS are energized by absorbing smaller eddies and ovals, and this total energy is constant. With the help of the KH mechanism in the case of Brunt Vaisala, the frequencies (which can be calculated by a program with given formulas) are determined using very strictly mathematical evidence to substantiate the validity of the hypothesis about the longevity of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot.

GR模型与新安江模型及两参数月水量平衡模型在赣江流域的降雨径流模拟比较

针对赣江全流域及18个子流域,在日和月时间尺度上分别进行GR模型与三水源新安江模型、两参数月水量平衡模型的比较。结果表明:在所选择的研究流域,GR模型在率定期和检验期的确定性系数达到0.85以上,径流总量相对误差在±10%以内;GR日模型的精度略高于新安江模型,具有更强的稳定性,且结构简易,参数不确定性较低;GR月模型的精度及模型复杂性与两参数月水量平衡模型相当。

Gr/Al防热材料的传热特性

通过对Gr/Al防热材料进行氧乙炔烧蚀实验,测定其在烧蚀过程中的升温特性曲线。发现在烧蚀过程中Gr/Al中Al的熔化和蒸发有效地减缓了材料的升温速率,起到很好的热防护作用,并根据Gr/Al的传热特性,建立了传热模型,理论计算与实验结果吻合较好。

GRS结构与MSE结构的性能差异及评价方法

GRS(Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil)结构是指加筋间距不超过30 cm、填料压实度超过95%的加筋土体;MSE(Mechanically Stabilized Earth)结构则是加筋间距相对较大的加筋土体,即目前工程中常用的加筋土结构。相比于MSE结构,GRS结构的加筋间距更小、压实度更高,一般表现出与MSE结构不同的受力机制和结构性能。通过模型试验,对比研究GRS结构和MSE结构在竖向沉降、侧向位移、筋材应变等方面的性能差异,以加深对这2种加筋土结构的认识。试验结果表明:GRS结构的侧向位移明显小于MSE结构,GRS结构中筋材的应变较小且分布更为均匀;这说明GRS结构与MSE结构在结构性能上确实存在明显的区别。此外,还将部分试验实测数据与相关计算评价方法的理论值进行了对比分析,发现适用于MSE结构的现有评价方法通常并不适用于GRS结构;这种评价方法上的差异进一步说明了GRS结构和MSE结构之间存在较大的差别,因此需在工程设计中引起注意并区别对待。

SA508 Gr.3Cl.1钢动态再结晶行为研究

通过在热模拟试验机Gleeble-1500上对SA508 Gr.3Cl.1钢进行变形温度为950~1 200℃、应变速率为0.001~1 s;的等温压缩试验,研究了其在高温热变形时的动态再结晶行为。基于P-J法确定了临界应力和临界应变,建立了其与热变形参数Z之间的数学模型。基于改进的Avrami方程建立了SA508 Gr.3Cl.1钢的动态再结晶动力学模型。以变形温度和应变速率为变量建立了动态再结晶尺寸模型。研究结果表明:SA508 Gr.3Cl.1钢在高温低应变速率下,更容易发生动态再结晶。在动态再结晶进行充分的情况下,温度越高,应变速率越低,动态再结晶晶粒尺寸越大。动态再结晶尺寸模型计算值与试验值之间的相关系数达0.97。

基于LP&GR算法的多优先级虚拟机迁移策略研究

如何对云计算中心的虚拟机(virtual machine,VM)资源进行合理分配是近年来研究的一个热点问题。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于负载预测和灰色关联度(load prediction and gray relational,LP&GR)的虚拟机资源分配算法。首先,通过预测虚拟机的负载状态防止虚拟机发生过载;其次,建立了基于虚拟机负载评价函数的决策分配模型;最后,为虚拟机的迁移队列设置了多个优先级,结合了抢占式与非抢占式的执行策略,保证了虚拟机的有序迁移,并提高了资源利用率。实验结果表明,结合多优先级的LP&GR算法同比其他算法能够有效地实现云中心的负载均衡。

Calorimetric Studies on Enthalpy Relaxation in Maltitol Glass Transition Based on Phenomenological Models

To investigate the enthalpy relaxation behavior of maltitol glass system,differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） was used to obtain the specific heat capacity[C p（T）] near the glass transition temperature（T g） at different cooling rates ranged between 1 and 20 K/min.Three phenomenological models of enthalpy relaxation,ToolNarayanaswamy-Moynihan（TNM） model,Adam-Gibbs-Vogel（AGV） model and Gómez Ribelles（GR） model,were used to simulate the experimental data.The models＇ parameters were obtained via a curve-fitting method.The results indicate that TNM and AGV models gave the almost identical prediction powers and can reproduce the curves of experimental C p（T） very well.However,the prediction power of GR model evolved from configurational entropy approach is not so good as those of TNM and AGV models.In particular,the metastable limit state parameter（δ） introduced by Gómez Ribelles has insignificant effect on the enthalpy relaxation of the small molecular hydrogen-bonding glass system.

Deformation and localisation behaviours of reinforced gravelly backfill using shaking table tests

To understand the deformational behaviours of geosynthetics-reinforced soil retaining walls(GRS RWs),a series of plane-strain shaking table tests was conducted on retaining wall models.The backfill of the models was made of poorly graded gravel.Deformations and strains in the gravelly backfill induced by seismic loading are recorded in real time,which are of importance to understand the seismic strength and stability of the GRS RW systems,as strain localisation development in the backfill and foundation is related to the degree of strength degradation of the system.In the present study,we aimed at quantifying the induced deformations of the GRS RW models due to shaking.Digital image correlation(DIC)technique was then employed to analyse and provide full-field deformation and motion images with the models.It is demonstrated that,unlike conventional contact devices that are yet limited to provide quantities of a singular and fixed location,DIC provides deformation and motion of the area of interests to reveal the evolution of localisation.

Model Implementation and Analysis of a True Three-dimensional Display System

To model a true three-dimensional(3D)display system,we introduced the method of voxel molding to obtain the stereoscopic imaging space of the system.For the distribution of each voxel,we proposed a four-dimensional(4D)Givone–Roessor(GR)model for state-space representation—that is,we established a local state-space model with the 3D position and one-dimensional time coordi-nates to describe the system.First,we extended the original elementary operation approach to a 4D condition and proposed the implementation steps of the realiza-tion matrix of the 4D GR model.Then,we described the working process of a true 3D display system,analyzed its real-time performance,introduced the fixed-point quantization model to simplify the system matrix,and derived the conditions for the global asymptotic stability of the system after quantization.Finally,we provided an example to prove the true 3D display system’s feasibility by simulation.The GR-model-representation method and its implementation steps proposed in this paper simplified the system’s mathematical expression and facilitated the microcon-troller software implementation.Real-time and stability analyses can be used widely to analyze and design true 3D display systems.

The General and Structural Effect of " Four Agricultural Subsidies " on Grain Yield: Empirical Analysis of Chongqing City

On the basis of empirical data concerning " four agricultural subsidies" in Chongqing City,we establish panel data model to analyze the general effect of " four agricultural subsidies" on grain yield,and the structural effect of " four agricultural subsidies" on grain yield. Based on the F-test and Hausman test,we estimate the model using GLS or FGLS method. The results show that " four agricultural subsidies" have significant positive effect on grain yield; the structural effect of " four agricultural subsidies" on grain yield is different (comprehensive subsidies for means of agricultural production has the strongest effect on grain yield,followed by subsidies for promotion of improved variety of seed; the effect of subsidies for purchase of agricultural machinery on grain yield is not significant) . Therefore,governments at all levels should continue to strengthen the support efforts in " four agricultural subsidies" ,and continually optimize the structure to increase grain yield.

Integrated Water Resource Assessment of Irrigation System of Haryana

Agriculture is the major activity in the state of Haryana and large volume of water is required to meet the irrigation demands of the crops grown. But, there is limited water availability in the state. Haryana receives water from Yamuna River and Bhakra system. Sowmelt, rainfall and groundwater are main sources of water in the catchment. It is essential to integrate the manmade canal system with hydrological system. This paper focuses on integrated hydrological modeling framework to conceptualize the system and to assess the Water Resources of the state. Snowmelt and Rainfall runoff modeling using GR4JSG model were combined to model the inflows to the irrigation system of Haryana. Irrigator canal model of eWater Source has been used to generate water demands from crops grown. The water balance and water use efficiency have been worked out for each district of Haryana. The hydro climate input data, stream flows, crop data and soil data have been used in the study. The flows modeled at Tuini (P), Yashwant Nagar, Bausan, Haripur, Poanta and HKB sites were compared with the observed flows. The objective function of NSE Daily and log Flow duration was used for model calibration and validation at various locations up to Mathura, the outlet of the study area. The value of the objective function at Mathura was 0.54, a fairly good value. The results of the Irrigator canal model have shown that all the Inflows, Outflows and the Utilizations of water have been properly balanced for each district. The water use efficiency of districts varies from 27% to 59%. The overall water use efficiency for Haryana canal system has been calculated as 39%. This is low value indicating excess water is being extracted to meet the water demands.

考虑筋材蠕变-温度耦合效应的加筋土挡墙变形分析

基于既有土工合成材料筋材蠕变试验结果及蠕变特性分析,构建一种考虑蠕变-温度耦合效应的筋材本构模型,并利用二维瞬态热传导方程,建立计算加筋土挡墙温度的有限差分公式,进而确定加筋土挡墙温度并结合筋材本构模型计算面板水平位移和筋材最大应变,综合分析了初始温度、温度幅值、筋材层间距、墙顶超载、填土内摩擦角和导热率等因素对挡墙水平位移和筋材应变的影响。计算结果表明:挡墙竣工后初次环境温度升温过程使面板水平位移和筋材最大应变增加明显,后续温度周期性变化时挡墙变形增长缓慢;挡墙初始温度越高,其初期变形增加明显,而增加温度幅值导致面板长期变形量增加明显;增加墙顶超载、筋材层间距或减小填土摩擦角,导致相同时间内面板水平变形增加明显;填土导热率对面板水平位移和筋材最大应变的影响较小;环境温度周期性变化下,3 a内挡墙最大水平位移δ_(max)与墙高H比值δ_(max)/H变化范围在0.9%~1.5%;筋材最大应变靠近面板且最大值接近10%的限值,实践中应重点关注靠近面板的筋材长期性能变化对加筋土挡墙变形和稳定性影响。

Ebola virus disease model with a nonlinear incidence rate and density-dependent treatment

This paper studies an Ebola epidemic model with an exponential nonlinear incidence function that considers the efficacy and the behaviour change.The current model also incorporates a new density-dependent treatment that catches the impact of the disease transmission on the treatment.Firstly,we provide a theoretical study of the nonlinear differential equations model obtained.More precisely,we derive the effective reproduction number and,under suitable conditions,prove the stability of equilibria.Afterwards,we show that the model exhibits the phenomenon of backward-bifurcation whenever the bifurcation parameter and the reproduction number are less than one.We find that the bi-stability and backward-bifurcation are not automatically connected in epidemic models.In fact,when a backward-bifurcation occurs,the disease-free equilibrium may be globally stable.Numerically,we use well-known standard tools to fit the model to the data reported for the 2018–2020 Kivu Ebola outbreak,and perform the sensitivity analysis.To control Ebola epidemics,our findings recommend a combination of a rapid behaviour change and the implementation of a proper treatment strategy with a high level of efficacy.Secondly,we propose and analyze a fractional-order Ebola epidemic model,which is an extension of the first model studied.We use the Caputo operator and construct the Grünwald-Letnikov nonstandard finite difference scheme,and show its advantages.

考虑利他主义的古诺模型研究

针对完全利己和(或)完全利他可能不具有集体帕累托效率这些经济现象,利用文献[1]建立的GR博弈模型和GR均衡,建立了基于GR(黄金规则)的古诺模型,研究了GR均衡的集体帕累托效率性质与GR博弈中权重系统(描述厂商关心自己和他人的程度)之间的关系。结果表明,(1)对于N-厂商的情形,GR均衡集合与具有集体帕累托效率的策略组合构成的集合一致的充分必要条件是每个厂商都均等地关心自己和他人的利润;(2)对于两厂商的情形,GR均衡都具有集体帕累托效率的充分必要条件是,存在一个厂商均等地关心自己和他人的利润。这些结果一方面在古诺竞争的背景下加强了文献[1]的结果;另一方面表明。一个"平等地看待竞争对手利益"的古诺竞争将会获得集体有效率的竞争均衡。

基于RS和GIS的岷江流域退耕还林还草的初步研究

目前我国西部地区大力开展改善生态环境的退耕还林还草工程。岷江属于长江上游重要的支流之一 ,其水保工作将对整个长江流域的生态环境建设直接产生影响。退耕还林还草的科学问题在于水土保持 ,利用 RS和GIS数据以及通用水土流失模型对岷江上游进行侵蚀强度分级和填图、坡耕地的提取 ,最后统计分析坡耕地和侵蚀强度间的关系 ,确定区域内退耕还林还草的标准 ,并且对退耕还林还草后生态环境的变化和水土流失量进行了初步预测方法。