Influence of Climatic Conditions on the Time Series Fluctuation of Yellowfin Tuna <i>Thunnus albacares</i>in the South Pacific Ocean

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is one of the most commercially important fish species for South Pacific island nations and territories and for effective conservation efforts it is important to understand the factors which affect its time series pattern. Our research was aimed at elucidating the climatic factors which affected the trajectory of the yellowfin tuna stock in the Eastern and Western South Pacific Ocean. We utilized various climatic factors for the years t - n with n = 0, 1, ..., 8 and investigated their statistical relationship with the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of yellowfin tuna stock from 1957-2008 for three South Pacific zones ranging from the East to the West Pacific Ocean within the coverage area of the Western and Central Pacific Convention Area. Results showed that the climatic conditions of: (i) the global mean land and ocean temperature index (LOTI), (ii) the Pacific warm pool index (PWI) and (iii) Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) had significant relationship with the CPUE of yellowfin tuna in all three zones. LOTI, PWI and SOI were used as independent variables and fitted through modeling to replicate the CPUE trajectory of the yellowfin tuna in Zone 1, Zone 2 and Zone 3. Model selection was based on significant parameter estimates (p < 0.05), Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC) and R2 values. Models selected for all three zones had LOTI, PWI and SOI as the independent variables. This study shows that LOTI, PWI and SOI are climatic conditions which have significant impact on the fluctuation pattern of the yellowfin tuna CPUE in the Eastern and Western South Pacific Ocean. From the findings of this study it can be recommended that when management decisions are made for yellowfin tuna fishery conservation and sustainability in the Eastern and Western South Pacific, it is imperative to take the effect of climatic factors into account.

Impact of Climatic Factors on Albacore Tuna <i>Thunnus alalunga</i>in the South Pacific Ocean

Over the years there has been growing interest regarding the effects of climatic variations on marine biodiversity. The exclusive economic zones of South Pacific Islands and territories are home to major international exploitable stocks of albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga);however the impact of climatic variations on these stocks is not fully understood. This study was aimed at determining the climatic variables which have impact on the time series stock fluctuation pattern of albacore tuna stock in the Eastern and Western South Pacific Ocean which was divided into three zones. The relationship of the climatic variables for the global mean land and ocean temperature index (LOTI), the Pacific warm pool index (PWI) and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) was investigated against the albacore tuna catch per unit effort (CPUE) time series in Zone 1, Zone 2 and Zone 3 of the South Pacific Ocean from 1957 to 2008. From the results it was observed that LOTI, PWI and PDO at different lag periods exhibited significant correlation with albacore tuna CPUE for all three areas. LOTI, PWI and PDO were used as independent variables to develop suitable stock reproduction models for the trajectory of albacore tuna CPUE in Zone 1, Zone 2 and Zone 3. Model selection was based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), R2 values and significant parameter estimates at p < 0.05. The final models for albacore tuna CPUE in all three zones incorporated all three independent variables of LOTI, PWI and PDO. From the findings it can be said that the climatic conditions of LOTI, PWI and PDO play significant roles in structuring the stock dynamics of the albacore tuna in the Eastern and Western South Pacific Ocean. It is imperative to take these factors into account when making management decisions for albacore tuna in these areas.

The Discovery of Atmosphere Cooling Engine

The earth-atmosphere system is an energy equilibrium system, including cooling and heating systems. The conception of “atmospheric heat engine (AH Engine)” was put forward very early in the research of heating processes. However, in the field of research on atmosphere cooling, there is no corresponding academic conception. Here we show how the atmosphere cooling engine (AC Engine) is discovered. The results show that there is a huge cooling center between the subtropical zone of northern hemispheres and the subtropical zone of southern hemispheres in the stratosphere, which is the result of AH engine. In the lower latitudes of the upper troposphere, there is an atmospheric heating belt that reaches directly to the surface of the ocean. In the global ocean surface, there are five heating centers and one cooling center, which are the results of Ocean Stabilization Machine (OSM). Therefore, there are 23 short-term global climate warming trends and 23 short-term global climate cooling trends of Global Mean Lan/Oceans Temperature Anomalies Index, which are actually the result of fluctuations of AH engine, AC engine and OSM, and how the mechanism works by AH engine, AC engine and OSM is also explained.

南大洋海表温度异常年际变化规律研究

基于美国国家海洋大气管理局的最佳插值(NOAA OISST)的海表温度(SST)产品数据(1982—2019年),对南大洋海域38年间海表温度异常(SSTA)的年际变化规律进行了研究,并对SSTA与南方涛动指数(SOI)、厄尔尼诺指数(ONI)进行了相关性分析。其次还研究了南大洋海区SST年际变化规律的空间差异特征。结果显示:在南大洋西南海域(45°S—70°S,120°W—170°W)SSTA与SOI、ONI存在较强的显著相关性,体现了南大洋海域对全球气候变化的响应。基于ONI计算原理,利用该区域SST计算得到南太平洋指数(SPI);通过SPI与厄尔尼诺、拉尼娜事件对比分析,发现该区域SSTA在厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜年份有增加/降低现象,表明该区域与厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件可能存在遥相关性。